Increase In Longevity Research Articles

Impact of the fiber-optic faceplate on the imaging performance of a CMOS X-ray detector

Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) active-pixel detectors are widely used in various imaging applications owing to their faster operation with lower noise and higher sensitivity than their conventional amorphous silicon-based counterparts. However, CMOS detectors are vulnerable to radiation damage owing to their crystalline structures. They also suffer from ghosting artifacts and gradual reduction of dynamic range along with their lifetime. Most CMOS detectors employ a fiber-optic faceplate (FOP) between the X-ray converter and CMOS active-pixel array to mitigate the radiation effect and increase longevity. In this study, we investigated the effect of an additional FOP layer on the imaging performance of a CMOS detector, including the modulation-transfer function (MTF), noise-power spectrum (NPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE). For X-ray energies ranging from 40 to 70 kV, we measured the large-area signal-transfer functions, MTFs, and NPSs and calculated the corresponding DQEs. The FOP degraded the MTF performance over the entire spatial frequency, but improved the NPS performance with increasing spatial frequency. Consequently, the FOP layer enhanced the DQE performance for the given energy ranges. The measured results are discussed in detail using a theoretical cascaded-systems model.

7.L. Practice session: Is there an investment case for health at older ages?

Abstract The global demographic landscape is undergoing significant transformation due to increases in longevity and declining birth rates. According to the United Nations, the world’s population aged 65 and over is projected to more than double, reaching over 1.5 billion by 2050, while global fertility rates are expected to decline to 2.4 births per woman by 2030 and continue decreasing to 2.2 births per woman by 2050. Ageing populations have frequently concerned decision-makers due to the potential implications of changes in population age-mix for labour markets and the economy, as well as for the sustainability of public programs and spending, particularly the health sector. For example, as the share of the population at older age increases, there are concerns over how to cope with the possible economic implications of having a smaller share of people at traditional working age (with potentially more people obtaining income security through both public and private pensions) and how to respond to greater health and long-term care needs. Without appropriate policy responses, there are worries that demographic changes will have inevitable consequences for households, public finances and possibly for economic growth and development. To support policy decisions related to population ageing it is important to have informative evidence and modelling tools that allow policymakers to better understand both the implications of population ageing as well as the consequences of policy action or inaction. To this end, this session presents three recently developed modelling tools that aim to address a number of policy relevant questions related to ageing: 1) How does ageing affect health financing and are health systems unsustainable? 2) How does ageing affect economic objectives and does health at older ages matter? 3) Can we develop economically relevant measures of health at older ages if older people do not have formal ties to the labour force? Using data and analyses from a range of European countries, we will demonstrate empirically that the way ageing affects health financing systems, economies, and societies more broadly reflects policy choices and is not an inevitable consequence of demographic changes. Key messages • Policymakers must prioritize informed policies to comprehensively understand the impact of aging on health financing and economies, facilitating the development of sustainable solutions. • Immediate action is imperative to address the implications of aging on labor markets and public spending, ensuring future economic stability and safeguarding societal well-being.

Ethical implications in using robots among older adults living with dementia.

The aging of the world's population due to accelerating demographic shift on all continents is causing increasing pressure worldwide, giving rise to a "crisis of care" or "care wave." The increase in longevity is resulting in an increase in chronic diseases (such as dementia), an increase in care needs to perform the activities of daily living, and situations of isolation and profound loneliness among older adults. These circumstances are opening the debate on the need to use technology, such as robots, to improve the wellbeing of older adults and their caregivers. The aim of this paper is to address the ethical questions in using social and companion robots for people with dementia, such as concerning consent, the replacement of human care, the potential for increased dependency, and the burden on caregivers. Involving older adults and other stakeholders offers the potential to pursue robotics to support older people while also ensuring a strong ethical commitment. The study is a review of high-impact articles on the topic of the use of social and companion robots with older people with dementia.

Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Weight Loss and Metabolic Health

Introduction and Purpose: Intermittent fasting (IF) has become a popular strategy for combating obesity and improving metabolic health. This dietary regimen alternates between periods of fasting and eating, aiming to enhance cellular health and increase longevity. With obesity rates doubling globally since 1990 and metabolic diseases on the rise, IF offers a potential solution by promoting metabolic benefits and reducing obesity-related conditions. Material and Method: This review examines various IF methods, including alternate-day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating. The analysis focuses on the impact of these fasting methods on body weight, insulin sensitivity, and lipid profiles, based on a compilation of studies that explore the physiological effects and health outcomes associated with IF. Results: IF has shown to be effective in reducing body weight and improving metabolic parameters. Studies indicate significant benefits in insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles, with some variations across different IF protocols. Physiological insights reveal that IF leads to a metabolic switch from glucose-based to ketone-based energy, which plays a critical role in its effectiveness. Conclusions: Intermittent fasting appears to be a viable alternative to continuous calorie restriction for weight loss and metabolic enhancement. It not only aids in weight management but also offers additional health benefits such as improved insulin sensitivity and better lipid profiles. However, more long-term studies are needed to fully understand its benefits and potential risks. Future research should focus on optimizing fasting protocols and exploring their long-term effects on health and disease.

High predicted durability for the novel small-diameter OmniaSecure defibrillation lead

BackgroundDefibrillation leads remain the Achilles heel of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. As patients with implantable cardioverter-defibrillators are living longer and battery longevity increases, more durable leads are needed. The LEADR trial evaluated the novel, lumenless, small-diameter, OmniaSecure defibrillation lead and demonstrated favorable safety and efficacy profile as well as zero fractures through 12.7 ± 4.8 months and remains in clinical follow-up. To augment the clinical trial, advanced cardiac lead reliability modeling was used to project long-term lead durability. ObjectiveWe aimed to project the 10-year fracture-free survival of the OmniaSecure defibrillation lead using reliability modeling. MethodsThe validated reliability model, which incorporates patient and bench test data, was used to project the 10-year fracture-free survival of the OmniaSecure lead. A subset of LEADR trial patients underwent biplane fluoroscopy imaging during cardiac and patient motion to evaluate the lead’s bending curvature in vivo. Bench tests then reproduced these use conditions with greater bending curvatures than observed in patients to exaggerate stress on the lead and to evaluate the lead fatigue strength. ResultsThe reliability modeling projects a 98.2% fracture-free survival rate of the OmniaSecure lead at 10 years, including a 10-year fracture-free survival rate of 97.9% in adolescents, exceeding both the modeled and clinical 10-year performance of the highly reliable, larger diameter Sprint Quattro lead. ConclusionConsistent with early clinical trial experience, modeling projects highly durable 10-year performance of the OmniaSecure lead, including within the active adolescent pediatric population, which may uniquely benefit from a novel 4.7F defibrillation lead designed for reliability. ClinicalTrials.gov identifierNCT04863664

An expedited screening platform for the discovery of anti-ageing compounds in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundRestraining or slowing ageing hallmarks at the cellular level have been proposed as a route to increased organismal lifespan and healthspan. Consequently, there is great interest in anti-ageing drug discovery. However, this currently requires laborious and lengthy longevity analysis. Here, we present a novel screening readout for the expedited discovery of compounds that restrain ageing of cell populations in vitro and enable extension of in vivo lifespan.MethodsUsing Illumina methylation arrays, we monitored DNA methylation changes accompanying long-term passaging of adult primary human cells in culture. This enabled us to develop, test, and validate the CellPopAge Clock, an epigenetic clock with underlying algorithm, unique among existing epigenetic clocks for its design to detect anti-ageing compounds in vitro. Additionally, we measured markers of senescence and performed longevity experiments in vivo in Drosophila, to further validate our approach to discover novel anti-ageing compounds. Finally, we bench mark our epigenetic clock with other available epigenetic clocks to consolidate its usefulness and specialisation for primary cells in culture.ResultsWe developed a novel epigenetic clock, the CellPopAge Clock, to accurately monitor the age of a population of adult human primary cells. We find that the CellPopAge Clock can detect decelerated passage-based ageing of human primary cells treated with rapamycin or trametinib, well-established longevity drugs. We then utilise the CellPopAge Clock as a screening tool for the identification of compounds which decelerate ageing of cell populations, uncovering novel anti-ageing drugs, torin2 and dactolisib (BEZ-235). We demonstrate that delayed epigenetic ageing in human primary cells treated with anti-ageing compounds is accompanied by a reduction in senescence and ageing biomarkers. Finally, we extend our screening platform in vivo by taking advantage of a specially formulated holidic medium for increased drug bioavailability in Drosophila. We show that the novel anti-ageing drugs, torin2 and dactolisib (BEZ-235), increase longevity in vivo.ConclusionsOur method expands the scope of CpG methylation profiling to accurately and rapidly detecting anti-ageing potential of drugs using human cells in vitro, and in vivo, providing a novel accelerated discovery platform to test sought after anti-ageing compounds and geroprotectors.

Outrunning the grim reaper: longevity of the first 200 sub-4 min mile male runners

ObjectivesTo determine the impact of running a sub-4 min mile on longevity. It was hypothesised that there would be an increase in longevity for runners who successfully completed a sub-4...

Are We Adding Pain-Free Years to Life? A Test of Compression Versus Expansion of Morbidity.

There has been debate regarding whether increases in longevity result in longer and healthier lives or more disease and suffering. To address the issue, this study uses health expectancy methods and tests an expansion versus compression of morbidity with respect to pain. Data are from 1993 to 2018 Health and Retirement Study. Pain is categorized as no pain, nonlimiting, and limiting pain. Multistate life tables examine 77996 wave-to-wave transitions across pain states or death using the Stochastic Population Analysis for Complex Events program. Results are presented as expected absolute and relative years of life for 70-, 80-, and 90-year-old men and women. Confidence intervals assess significance of differences over time. Population- and status-based results are presented. For those 70 and 80 years old, relative and absolute life with nonlimiting and limiting pain increased substantially for men and women, and despite variability on a wave-to-wave basis, results generally confirm an expanding pain morbidity trend. Results do not vary by baseline status, indicating those already in pain are just as likely to experience expansion of morbidity as those pain-free at baseline. Results are different for 90-year-olds who have not experienced expanding pain morbidity and do not show an increase in life expectancy. Findings are consistent with extant literature indicating increasing pain prevalence among older Americans and portend a need for attention to pain-coping resources, therapies, and prevention strategies.

An energy efficient authentication scheme for cluster-based wireless IoT sensor networks

Wireless Internet of Things (IoT) sensor networks (WITSN) play a pivotal role in modern society, facilitating a myriad of applications ranging from smart homes to industrial automation. Therefore, safeguarding these networks against security threats is paramount to ensure the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of data transmitted within them. However, WITSNs face escalating security threats due to their diverse structures and platforms. Existing literature has identified these vulnerabilities but lacks comprehensive solutions to address them effectively. To bridge this gap, this paper proposes a novel security approach termed Randomized Bi-Phase Authentication Scheme (RBAS), which integrates digital watermarking techniques to fortify both external and internal network security. RBAS not only tackles data availability, confidentiality, and authenticity challenges prevalent in WITSNs but also strives to maintain a delicate equilibrium between robust security measures and energy efficiency. Key contributions of this work include the meticulous examination and validation of the integration of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) codes in IoT sensor network authentication, demonstrating their efficacy in error detection through simulations. Furthermore, RBAS employs advanced hashing, cryptography, and dynamic verification codes to ensure strong error detection and data authenticity, leveraging robust CRC codes and randomization to thwart potential attacks. The scheme's complexity acts as a deterrent against manipulation, while its cluster awareness enhances adaptability, and cryptographic principles bolster overall security. Extensive performance evaluation using the Network Simulator-2 (NS2) reveals significant benefits of RBAS, including an 8 % reduction in power consumption and a 7 % increase in network longevity. Notably, RBAS surpasses existing solutions with a 14 % reduction in dropping ratio and an 8 % decrease in latency. The success of RBAS stems from its innovative utilization of lightweight watermarking techniques and cluster-based routing, enabling proactive identification of data tampering and thereby enhancing the network's overall security posture. This pioneering work not only advances the state of the art in WITSN security but also holds profound implications for the practical deployment of secure and efficient IoT sensor networks in real-world scenarios.

Zygomorphic flowers last longer: the evolution of floral symmetry and floral longevity.

Floral longevity, the length of time a flower remains open and functional, is a phylogenetically conserved trait that balances floral costs against the rate at which flowers are pollinated. Floral symmetry has long been considered a key trait in floral evolution. Although zygomorphic (bilaterally symmetric) flowers typically receive fewer floral visitors than actinomorphic (radially symmetric) flowers, it is yet to be determined whether this could be associated with longer floral longevity. Using newly collected field data combined with data from the literature on 1452 species in 168 families, we assess whether floral longevity covaries with floral symmetry in a phylogenetic framework. We find that zygomorphic flowers last on average 1.1 days longer than actinomorphic flowers, a 26.5% increase in longevity, with considerable variation across both groups. Our results provide a basis to discuss the ecological and evolutionary costs of zygomorphy for plants. Despite these costs, zygomorphy has evolved numerous times throughout angiosperm history, and we discuss which rewards may outweigh the costs of slower pollination in zygomorphic flowers.

Effect of Longevity on Economic Growth, Accounting for Variability in Demographic Transition: Evidence for Pakistan using ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

Rising longevity due to access to better health services affects the growth and composition of the population differently than birth rates. In addition, empirical evidence of the effects of rising longevity on standards of living is ambiguous. From the perspective of developing nations, it is important to understand how rising longevity affects national prosperity, as this allows governments to develop programs for increasing investment in the health sector. This study explicitly tested varying intertemporal impacts of rising longevity on the GDP per capita of Pakistan between 1967 and 2020. An Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to cointegration was used to estimate and compare short-run and long-run estimates of longevity. The results indicated that a 1% increase in longevity increased the growth rate of GDP per capita in Pakistan by 0.64% in the long-run. In addition, a 1% increase in life expectancy at birth above 62 years increased economic growth by an additional 0.009%. In general, the estimated effect of increased longevity varied by stages of demographic transition in Pakistan.

Socio-Demographic and Clinical Profile of Patients Attending Geriatric Clinic Over Five Years: A Retrospective, Hospital Based Study

Background: Population ageing is an inescapable and irreversible phenomenon, increasing the burden on the health care system. Mental illnesses in the geriatric population are unique and identification of the same amidst the co-morbidities is a challenging task. Objectives: To assess the difference in the clinical and sociodemographic profile of patients attending Geriatric Clinic in a tertiary care centre over five years. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of patients, who attended the Geriatric Clinic of a tertiary care centre in 2012 and 2016 was conducted. The psychiatric diagnoses were made according to the ICD-10 diagnostic guidelines. Sociodemographic variables and clinical variables including social support were assessed. Data were analysed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 16 version and Microsoft Excel Version 2007. Results: The total number of patients attending Geriatric clinics were 31 and 147 in 2012 and 2016 respectively. The mean age of patients attending the geriatric clinic was 74.32±7.89 in 2012 and 71.88±6.76 in 2012. The difference between the study group was statistically significant with regard to religion, marital status, socio-economic status and location of residence.64.52% of the study population had average social support in 2012 and a statistically significant decline was noticed in 2016.The most common psychiatric diagnoses were organic mental disorders (93.55%) in 2012 and mood disorders (40.82%) in 2016. Cardiovascular diseases were most common medical co-morbidity seen among the geriatric patients in both the years. Conclusions: Psychiatric illness in geriatric population is often associated with medical co-morbidities. With the increase in longevity, awareness and identification of symptoms can decrease significant morbidity and improve the quality of life. Keywords: Ageing, psychiatric disorders, medical comorbidity

Factors of food choice and nutritional intake of Brazilian older adults according sociodemographic and health characteristics

The rapid demographic transition in developing countries has always posed a challenge for the social and economic policies of these nations. The increase in longevity poses new challenges for understanding dietary consumption among different age groups at the old age population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reasons for food choice and the composition of nutritional intake of older adults and its relationship to individual characteristics. Community-living older adults aged 60 and older were interviewed in their homes at the southeastern region of Brazil, between December 2021 and February 2022. The Food Choice Questionnaire and a Food Frequency Questionnaire were administered to obtain data on the reasons for food choice and nutritional intake. A structured interview was employed to gather information on individual characteristics. 168 older adults (mean age of 72.6 ± 8.9; 69.6% women) participated. The reasons for food choice differed significantly, with weight control being one of the least important and health being one of the most important. But older adults aged 80 and over valued the health criterion less than younger participants (60–69 years old). The intake of macronutrients and energy were below nutritional recommendations. Carbohydrate consumption was positively correlated with the mood motive. There was a relationship between the reasons for choosing food and/or the components of nutritional intake with: gender, age, living with a partner, self-report of depression/anxiety, self-perception of health and nutritional status anthropometric. The results are important to be considered in prevention policies and clinical-nutritional management, with special attention to the oldest-old.

SHIFTing goals in cystic fibrosis—managing extrapulmonary disease in the era of CFTR modulator therapy; Proceedings of the International Shaping Initiatives and Future Trends (SHIFT) Symposium

AbstractBackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is a life‐shortening multisystem genetic disease. Although progressive pulmonary disease is the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality, improvements in treatment for CF‐related lung disease, with associated increase in longevity, have increased the prevalence of extrapulmonary manifestations1.MethodsTo discuss these issues, a multidisciplinary meeting of international leaders and experts in the field was convened in November 2021 at the Shaping Initiatives and Future Trends Symposium with the goal of highlighting shifting management paradigms in CF. The main topics covered were: (1) nutrition and obesity, (2) exocrine pancreas, (3) CF‐related diabetes, (4) CF liver disease, (5) CF‐related bone disease, and (6) post‐lung transplant care. This document summarizes the proceedings, highlighting the key priorities and important research questions that were discussed.ResultsImproved life expectancy, the advent of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators, and the increasing appreciation of the heterogeneity or spectrum of disease are leading to a shift in management for patients with cystic fibrosis. Care should be individualized to ensure that increased longevity is accompanied by improved extra‐pulmonary care and reduced morbidity.

Disease-State Understanding and Experience of Patients Receiving Continuous Intravenous Inotropic Support as Palliative Therapy: A Multicenter Survey.

Background: The use of continuous intravenous inotropic support (CIIS) as palliative therapy in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) has increased over the past decade. CIIS improves New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class but does not impact survival. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine patients' understanding of the therapeutic intent of CIIS, prognostic awareness, and quality of life with CIIS. Design: We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter study of patients with advanced HF receiving CIIS as palliative therapy between 2020 and 2022. Settings/Subjects: An investigator-developed survey instrument was administered to outpatients on CIIS in the United States via telephone. Measurements: Survey data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Forty-eight patients, 63% male, 81% African American/Black, with a mean age of 68.9 (standard deviation 12.3) years, participated in this study. The majority of patients responded that they expected CIIS to make them feel better (79%) and increase longevity (75%), but few expected that CIIS would cure their HF (19%). Patients described their overall quality of life on CIIS as not better/worse (19%), somewhat better (46%), and significantly better (35%) and reported high treatment satisfaction (87% were at least somewhat satisfied). Conclusions: In this study, patients report improved quality of life with CIIS as palliative therapy. Patients on CIIS as palliative therapy expected increased survival on CIIS, which is incongruent with current evidence. Further studies on how we can improve care processes so that patients have accurate prognostic and disease-state awareness, and receive goal concordant care, are warranted.

The Formal Demography of Peak Population

When will the human population peak? In this article, we build on classical results by Ansley Coale, who showed that when fertility declines steadily, births reach their maximum before fertility reaches replacement level, and the decline in total population size does not occur until several decades after fertility has reached that level. We extend Coale's results by modeling longevity increases, net immigration, and a slowdown in fertility decline that resembles current projections. With these extensions, our models predict a typical lag between replacement-level fertility and population decline of about 35 to 40 years, consistent with projections by the United Nations and about 15 years longer than the lag predicted by Coale. Our analysis helps reveal underlying factors in the timing of peak population.

The development and research of a novel biodegradable technology for the regeneration of microdamages and regulation of the elasticity of delicate fabrics during laundry washing cycles

The synthetic textiles are most responsible for non-biodegradable microplastic release during laundry washing cycles. European directives try to promote and encourage the use of natural textiles, such as delicate fabrics, as a new ecological approach. Delicate fabrics aren’t resistant to multiple microdamages by commercial products with proteases, rapid wear, loss of elasticity and fabric strength, and colour fading due to protein structure of these fibers. The aim of this research was to evaluate the beneficial effects of transglutaminase (TGase) in household products for the regeneration of microdamages and regulation of the elasticity of delicate fabrics during laundry washing cycles. In the present study, the effects of TGase on silk and wool were investigated by modern methods: scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and deformation-strength technique using Shimadzu AG 10kNX. SEM showed that the bonds formed by TGase exhibited high resistance of fibers before and after protease application. TGase in laundry washing gel provided the restoration of silk and wool fibers up to 85% after 10 washing cycles. The elasticity of delicate fibers was increased by 16% after 1 wash cycle. The strength of silk and wool was improved by 2 and 5 times, respectively, with decrease in fiber elongation. Thus, TGase can be promising compound to provide the deep regeneration of microdamages and increase longevity of delicate fabrics.

Targeting vascular senescence in cardiovascular disease with aging.

Aging is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Two major age-associated arterial phenotypes, endothelial dysfunction and large elastic arterial stiffness, are autonomous predictors of future CVD diagnosis and contribute to the progression of CVD in older adults. Senescent cells lose the capacity to proliferate but remain metabolically active and secrete inflammatory factors termed senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), leading to an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress. Accumulation of senescent cells is linked with the progression of age-related diseases and has been known to play a role in cardiovascular disease. In this brief review, we describe the characteristics and mechanisms of senescent cell accumulation and how senescent cells promote endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. We focus on a range of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the burden of endothelial dysfunction leading to atherosclerosis through targeting senescent cells. Studies have begun to investigate a specific class of drugs that are able to selectively eliminate senescent cells, termed senolytics, which have shown great promise in reversing the aging phenotype and ameliorating pathologies in age-related disorders, creating a new opportunity for aging research. Generating therapies targeting the elimination of senescent cells would improve health span and increase longevity, making senolytics a promising therapy for cardiovascular diseases.

Development of an application in the healthcare area using the Design Science Research methodology

Purpose: Pressure injuries are serious health problems and are considered to be one of the biggest challenges that health services face on a daily basis, especially nurses. In addition to the impact on institutions, such as increased treatment costs and length of stay, pressure injuries also have a major impact on patients' lives. Method: The method used was the Research Methodology in Design Sciences, this methodology is used to accurately describe the development of an innovation from the elaboration of the initial index to the communication of results. Results: The development of a mobile platform application that performs the appropriate classification of pressure injuries and has a support system for the correct choice of coverage, can provide safer and consequently quality health care. Conclusion: At the moment we live with the increase in people's longevity and consequently the increase in chronic diseases, this app can improve the quality of life of the population and also qualify health care, through correct information and easy accessibility and usability.

The Burden of Cardiovascular Disease from Air Pollution in Rwanda.

Rwanda, like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, is still relatively early in development. Industrialization and urbanization are major drivers of the county's economic growth. Rwanda is also undergoing an epidemiological transition, from a pattern of morbidity and mortality dominated by infectious diseases to a pattern shaped by non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The rise in NCDs is due, in part, to increasing exposures to environmental hazards. These include emissions from the growing number of motor vehicles and toxic occupational exposures. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is now an increasingly important cause of death in Rwanda, and ambient air pollution is a CVD risk factor of growing importance. To quantify the burden of CVD attributable to air pollution in Rwanda and identify opportunities for prevention and control of air pollution and pollution-related disease. We relied on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study for information on levels, sources, and trends in household and ambient air pollution and the burden of pollution-related disease in Rwanda. Information on pollution sources was obtained from the Health Effects Institute State of Global Air 2019 report. An estimated 3,477 deaths (95% Uncertainty Interval [UI]: 2,500-4,600) in Rwanda in 2019 were attributable to air pollution-related CVD. Of these, 689 (UI: 283-1,300) deaths were from ambient air pollution-related CVD, while 2,788 (UI: 1,800-3,800) deaths were from household air pollution-related CVD. Rwanda is experiencing increased rates of disease and premature death from NCDs, including CVD, as the country grows economically. While household air pollution is still the top pollution-related cause of disease and premature death, rising levels of ambient air pollution are an increasingly important CVD risk factor. Actions taken now to curb rising levels of ambient air pollution will improve health, reduce CVD, increase longevity, and produce great economic benefit for Rwanda. The single most effective intervention against air pollution will be a rapid nationwide transition to renewable energy. We recommend additionally that Rwanda prioritize air pollution prevention and control, establish a robust, nationwide air monitoring network, support research on the health effects of air pollutants, and build national research capacity. The allocation of increased resources for rural and urban public health and health care will complement air pollution control measures and further reduce CVD. To incentivize a rapid transition to renewable energy in Rwanda and other nations, we recommend the creation of a new Global Green Development Fund.