Increase In Air Temperature Research Articles

Assessment of indoor environmental comfort for individuals wearing face masks of different thickness

The present paper experimentally analyses the subjective assessment of indoor environment comfort based on a questionnaire survey conducted in a climate chamber located at Kielce University of Technology (Poland), if two types of face masks are worn by the respondents: thin (medical) and thick (cotton-made) masks. Air temperature and relative humidity in the chamber ranged from around 19 to 28oC and 20 – 70%, respectively. Precise measurement of the microclimate parameters was obtained with a microclimate meter, which recorded air temperature and relative humidity at the moment of completing the questionnaires. The respondents were of similar age (22 – 31 years old) and wore two types of clothing during the experiments: summer and winter, which differed by thermal resistance. This value amounted to 0.5 clo for the summer outfit and 0.8 clo for the winter one.In total 960 questionnaires were analysed in the study. The results indicate that the increase in air temperature led to poorer overall comfort, while the largest comfort sensation was recorded for the most favourable thermal sensation range. In general, thicker masks provided lower overall comfort than thinner masks for all relative humidity values.

Impact of windows on the indoor thermal environment of Chinese Chuandou-style timber residential houses: Tests and simulations

Model tests and simulations were conducted to investigate the influence of windows on the thermal environment of Chinese Chuandou-style timber residential houses. Besides, the thermal comfort of the house was also analyzed. The test results indicated that the measured temperature curves have obvious five-stage characteristics. The air temperature in the attic during the daytime was higher than that in the room, especially when the windows were open. During the daytime, when the windows were closed, the indoor air temperature was higher than the outdoor air temperature, while when the windows were fully open, the opposite pattern was observed. Numerical simulations showed that increasing the window–wall ratio could lead to an increase in indoor air temperature during the daytime, and decreasing the window width–height ratio would slightly reduce the indoor air temperature. The window opening degree has a significant impact on the indoor thermal environment, the higher the window opening degree, the lower the indoor air temperature during the daytime. Further, reducing the window heat transfer coefficient could also lead to a slight increase in indoor air temperature. The thermal comfort of the house was poor during the daytime in summer, but it was slightly improved when the windows were open.

The synergy of hybrid desiccants and membrane-assisted techniques for enhancing dehumidifier efficiency

ABSTRACT This research project delves into the application of membrane-based dehumidification, employing a hydrophobic PVDF membrane in conjunction with a liquid desiccant. The experimental setup consists of acrylic sheets arranged in a cross-flow configuration to encase the membrane material. In this setup, MgCl2 functions as the desiccant, while zeolites serve as the enhancing additive. The experiments involve varying the air velocity within the range of 2m/s to 8m/s, adjusting the desiccant concentration from 20% to 40%, and exploring different zeolite concentrations at mass ratios ranging from 1:3 to 1:2 relative to the desiccant. The results showed that zeolites significantly enhance desiccant efficiency, with effectiveness ranging from 9.7% to 82.7%. Systems with zeolites exhibited efficiency gains of up to 82.7% compared to those without, especially at higher concentrations and velocities. The maximum COP of 2.1 was observed for 40% MgCl2 with (1:2) concentration and 8m/s velocity. The addition of zeolite caused a slight increase in the exit air temperature compared to the temperature rise observed with only the MgCl2 solution. In a 40% MgCl2 desiccant solution with zeolites, the temperature rise was 12% higher with a 1:2 zeolite ratio compared to a 1:3 ratio.

Influence of Atmospheric Rivers on Alaskan River Ice

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) transport vast amounts of moisture from low to high latitude regions. One region particularly impacted by ARs is Interior Alaska (AK). We analyze the impact of ARs on the annual river ice breakup date for 26 locations in AK. We investigate the AR‐driven rise in local air temperatures and explore the relationship between ARs and precipitation, including extremes and interannual variability. We found that AR events lead to an increase in local air temperatures for over 1 week (by ). ARs account for 40% of total precipitation, explain 47% of precipitation variability, and make up 59% of extreme precipitation events, each year. By estimating the heat transfer between winter precipitation and the river ice surface, we conclude that increased precipitation during the coldest period of the year delays river ice breakup dates, while precipitation occurring close to the breakup date has little impact on breakup timing.

Study of fog dissipation in an internal boundary layer on Sable Island

AbstractAn interesting fog dissipation event was observed during the Fog and Turbulence Interactions in the Marine Atmosphere (FATIMA) Grand Banks field campaign, where a fog‐free region appeared immediately downstream of Sable Island as fog advected past it. This fog‐free region was predicted a priori by a high‐resolution numerical model that guided intensive operational periods of the FATIMA campaign, and its presence was adumbrated by GOES satellite observations. A comprehensive set of field observations shows that this fog‐free layer was due to the development of a (daytime) thermal internal boundary layer (IBL) that grew with distance from the leading shore line. The net incoming radiation following sunrise led to an increased air temperature and decreased relative humidity close to the ground, thus dissipating fog over the island. The height of the thermal IBL, as identified by the thickness of the superadiabatic layer, was found to be consistent with several available theoretical IBL formulae.

A Deeper Understanding of Climate Variability Improves Mitigation Efforts, Climate Services, Food Security, and Development Initiatives in Sub-Saharan Africa

This research utilized the bagging machine learning algorithm along with the Thornthwaite moisture index (TMI) to enhance the understanding of climate variability and change, with the objective of identifying the most efficient climate service pathways in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Monthly datasets at a 0.5° resolution (1960–2020) were collected and analyzed using R 4.2.2 software and spreadsheets. The results indicate significant changes in climatic conditions in Sudan, with aridity escalation at a rate of 0.37% per year. The bagging algorithm illustrated that actual water use was mainly influenced by rainfall and runoff management, showing an inverse relationship with increasing air temperatures. Consequently, sustainable strategies focusing on runoff and temperature control, such as rainwater harvesting, agroforestry and plant breeding were identified as the most effective climate services to mitigate and adapt to climate variability in SSA. The findings suggest that runoff management (e.g., rainwater harvesting) could potentially offset up to 22% of the adverse impacts of climate variability, while temperature control strategies (e.g., agroforestry) could account for the remaining 78%. Without these interventions, climate variability will continue to pose serious challenges to food security, livelihood generations, and regional stability. The research calls for further in-depth studies on the attributions of climate variability using finer datasets.

Effect of hot air temperature and slice thickness on the drying kinetics and quality of Hami melon (Cantaloupe) slices

The effects of hot air temperature and slice thickness on the drying kinetics and quality of Hami melon slices (HMS) were studied. HMS (3 mm and 5 mm) were carried out in a forced convection drying oven at temperatures ranging from 60 ~ 90 °C. The increase in hot air temperature and the decrease in slice thickness led to shorter drying times and higher drying rates. The drying rate curves indicated that the drying process of HMS did not exhibit a constant drying rate period. In the drying kinetics modeling process, the Explinear model was suited for describing the drying curves with higher accuracy. According to Fick’s second law, the moisture effective diffusion coefficient of 3 mm and 5 mm HMS ranged from 4.72 ~ 15.96 × 10-11m2/s at temperatures of 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C. When the thickness of HMS were 3 mm and 5 mm, the activation energies were 30.13 and 43.75 kJ/mol, respectively. When dried at low temperatures, the color of HMS was closer to fresh Hami melon. With the increase of hot air temperature, the hardness of HMS decreases and the rehydration increases. When the thickness of the HMS decreases, the hardness of the slices decreases and the rehydration increases.

To epiphytotic process at bursaphelenchosis (Bursaphelenchus mucronatus) of common pine

The purpose of the research is to study pine bursaphelenchosis foci identified in Vladimir Region and to describe the epiphytotic process at bursaphelenchosis of common pine Pinus sylvestris caused by the coniferous wood nematode Bursaphelenchus mucronatus Mamiya, Enda, 1979.Materials and methods. Research was conducted on the wilt of pine P. sylvestris L. in July 1998 in the Gus-Khrustalniy district of Vladimir Region. The symptoms of the lesion are similar to wilt caused by the nematode B. xylophilus. Selected large branches with yellow or red needles from 4 wilt centers. Rotten wood with bark beetle tracks was taken from windbroken trees. Externally uninfected trees were stripped of their bark and pieces of wood were cut. In the lab, the samples were pulverized, cut and placed in water. Nematodes were counted under binoculars. Nematodes were identified using methods generally accepted in phytohelminthology.Results and discussion. Foci of phytohelminthosis were found in pine plantations of Gus-Khrustalny District. The symptoms are similar to pine stem nematode infection, including yellow or red needles and tree death. B. mucronatus nematodes were found in small and large branches, trunks with bark beetle passages and in tree wood with alternating light and dark bluish layers. Capricorn beetles Monochamus spp. are vectors of the pathogen. B. mucronatus, phytopathogenic fungi, and symbiont bacteria contribute to pine death. Capricorn beetles lay eggs the larvae of which eat wood and complete the epiphytotic process. Transportation of contaminated materials facilitates the spread of bursaphelenchosis over long distances. Increasing air temperature increases the symptoms of bursaphelenchosis.

Architectural coatings and temperature Adaptive radiative cooling strategies applied in ten climate zones in China: Annual energy consumption Reductions and potentials

This research evaluates the energy-saving potential of high-reflectivity building materials, including three common coating types—normal (absorptivity 0.8, emissivity 0.8), cooling (absorptivity 0.2, emissivity 0.9), supercooling (absorptivity 0.05, emissivity 0.95), and Temperature-Adaptive Radiative Cooling (TARC) materials across 49 representative cities within ten climate zones in China using computational fluid dynamics simulations combined with the Demand.ninja energy consumption model. The results reveal that optimal solar absorptivity varies significantly between different climate zones, with higher absorptivity benefiting colder regions and lower absorptivity benefiting hotter regions. Urban microclimate simulations confirm that low solar absorption materials effectively reduce wall temperatures during the daytime and boost overall cooling energy savings, despite a slight increase in ambient air temperature. Building height-to-width ratios also influenced energy efficiency, with the best performance observed at a ratio of unity for both cooling and supercooling materials. Additionally, tests on the Temperature-Adaptive Radiative Cooling (TARC) materials demonstrate that TARCs offer significant energy-saving advantages, achieving an annual saving of 23.1 billion kWh across China by effectively balancing heating and cooling demands across different seasons. This superior performance is primarily attributed to TARCs’ ability to mitigate increased heating energy demands often associated with conventional cooling materials, especially in regions with substantial winter heating needs. Present research has highlighted the importance of climate-specific building material strategies and the potential of innovative materials like TARC for reducing energy consumptions, and this could favour the low carbon urban development.

Direct radiative effects of black carbon and brown carbon from Southeast Asia biomass burning with the WRF-CMAQ two-way coupled model

Black carbon (BC) and brown carbon (BrC) are significant light-absorbing components of particulate matter that impact weather and climate. Biomass burning (BB) and biofuel (BF) emissions in Southeast Asia are key global sources of BC and BrC. This study utilizes the Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality (WRF-CMAQ) model, integrating a BrC module for the first time, alongside the Global Fire Emissions Database Version 4, to assess the direct radiative effect (DRE) of BC and BrC in March 2015 over Southeast Asia. The novel BrC module parameterizes light absorption based on the BB BC to organic aerosol (OA) ratio in each model grid and time step, aligning better with smog chamber experiments than default coefficients. Results show that BC DRE affects clear sky net radiation at the top of the atmosphere, reaching 14.6 W/m2 in Indochina and 5.1 W/m2 in southern China, while BrC DRE reaches 1.9 W/m2. Additionally, BC and BrC DRE induce a cooling effect at the Earth's surface, with the maximum reduction of the clear sky downward shortwave radiation by −36.9 W/m2 and −5.2 W/m2, respectively. BC and BrC lead to a tiny decrease (<0.1 °C) in surface temperature and an increase in upper air temperature. Surface O3 concentration tends to slightly decrease (<1.0 ppbv) due to the DRE of BC and BrC. In comparison to studies using the default coefficient, this result contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the interactions between BC, BrC, and radiation.

Experimental investigation of thermal micro-environments and local thermal sensations in enclosed and semi-enclosed localized heating systems

Traditional building heating warms entire rooms, often leaving some dissatisfied with uneven warmth. Recently, the personalized heating system has addressed this by providing targeted warmth, enhancing comfort and satisfaction. The personalized heating system in this study is a new enclosed personalized heating system consisting of a semi-enclosed heating box and an insulated chair covered with a thick blanket. The study compares the heating effects of semi-enclosed and enclosed localized heating systems on the body and examined changes in subjects’ thermal sensations. Due to the lower heat loss of the enclosed personalized heating system compared to the semi-enclosed version, it created thermal micro-environments with higher ambient temperatures. The maximum air temperature increase within the enclosed system was twice that of the semi-enclosed system, with the heating film surface temperature rising by up to 6.87 ℃. Additionally, the temperature of the skin could increase by as much as 6.19 ℃, allowing individuals to maintain thermal neutrality even when the room temperature dropped as low as 8 ℃. A two-factor repeated measures analysis of variance revealed differences in temperature sensitivity across various body regions, with the thighs showing a notably higher response under high-power heating conditions. The corrective energy and power requirements of the enclosed personalized heating system also made it more energy-efficient than other personalized heating systems, with a minimum value reaching 6.07 W/K.

Hydrological Sustainability of Dam-Based Water Resources in a Mediterranean Basin Undergoing Climate Change

The Flumendosa dams are a key part of the water resources system of the island of Sardinia. The analysis of a long-term (1922–2022) hydrological database showed that the Flumendosa basin has been affected by climate change since the middle of the last century, associated with a decrease in winter precipitation and annual runoff (Mann–Kendall τ = −0.271), reduced by half in the last century, and an increase in the mean annual air temperature (Mann–Kendall τ = +0.373). We used a spatially distributed ecohydrological model and a water resources management model (WARGI) to define the economic efficiency and the optimal water allocation in the water system configurations throughout the evaluation of multiple planning and management rules for future climate scenarios. Using future climate scenarios, testing land cover strategies (i.e., forestation/deforestation), and optimizing the use of water resources, we predicted drier future scenarios (up to the end of the century) with an alarming decrease in water resources for agricultural activities, which could halt the economic development of Sardinia. In the future hydrological conditions (2024–2100), irrigation demands will not be totally satisfied, with up to 74% of future years being in deficit for irrigation, with a mean deficit of up to 52% for irrigation.

Distribution and Dynamics of Icings in the Selenga Middle Mountains

The paper presents the results of the study on icings in the Selenga middle mountains (Western Transbaikalia). Current and retrospective maps of their distribution have been drawn up, relevant data on the main morphometric characteristics, interannual spatial dynamics, and area variability have been obtained. Comparison of vector data on the location of the icings in different years, together with the materials obtained during field expedition studies, allowed us to preliminary assess their belonging to different genetic types. It has been established that in the Selenga Middle Mountains, the predominant icings are formed as a result of groundwater rise to the surface during the seasonal freezing of rocks. About 30% of the icings are associated with groundwater sources coming from deep aquifers (key icings), river water icings are very rare. The interannual variability of the size of icings is in sync with the hydration cycles, at the same time, there is a tendency for an increase in the total number of icings. At the same time, the number of very large icings has decreased 2 times as compared to 1990, while the number of medium and small icings has increased. These trends are a consequence of changes in the state of the natural environment under the influence of climatic processes (increase in air temperature) and anthropogenic factors, which influence on the intensity of the icing formation processes in the Selenga Middle Mountains is significant.

Modern Climate Changes in the Selenga Mid-mountain Region and their Reflection in Rivers Runnow and Tree Ring Chronologies

Based on data from 7 meteorological stations, the main parameters (surface air temperature, precipitation, aridity and humidification indices) characterizing climate trends for 1950–2021 were considered on the territory of the Selenga midlands (The Republic of Buryatia), and their influence on river flow and radial growth of Scots pine. A significant increase in surface air temperature is shown, occurring with a high degree of consistency at different weather stations. The average value of the linear trend for the territory for the general period was 2.1°C. The most intense increase in temperature and increase in the frequency of above-zero anomalies has been observed in the last 11 years (2011–2021). In the precipitation regime during the study period, two complete moistening cycles were identified (1961–1981 and 1982–2018) lasting 21 and 37 years. Currently, there is a humid phase, which began in 2019. An increase in temperature leads to increased aridity of the region, which is especially noticeable during the arid phases. The cyclicity characteristic of the precipitation regime is also manifested in long-term changes in river flow. The river’s water flows are most dependent on precipitation. Selenga. However, the synchronicity of their changes is not observed throughout the entire time series. In the precipitation regime, the phase of reduced moisture at the beginning of the 21st century is not as clearly expressed as in the runoff regime. The same differences were revealed in the flow regime of different rivers, which is due to the location of their catchment areas. The watersheds of only two rivers — Dzhida and Orongoy — are located entirely in the Selenga midlands. Most of the catchments of the Selenga and Chikoy rivers are located outside the study area. This circumstance determines to a large extent the good consistency of long-term changes in the water flows of these rivers and the differences from the river flow regime. Orongoya and especially r. Jids. The dynamics of the width of the annual rings of Scots pine trees growing in the Selenga midlands reflects changes in its hydrothermal regime during the current and previous growing seasons. The influence of atmospheric precipitation is pronounced, so the amount of precipitation for May–June explains about 40% of the increase for the residual (without autocorrelation component) tree-ring chronology.

Searching for consistent postemergence weed control in progressively inconsistent weather

Abstract Foliar applied postemergence herbicides are a critical component of corn and soybean weed management programs in North America. Rainfall and air temperature around the time of application may affect the efficacy of herbicides applied postemergence in corn or soybean production fields. However, previous research utilized a limited number of site-years and may not capture the range of rainfall and air temperatures that these herbicides are exposed to throughout North America. The objective of this research was to model the probability of achieving successful weed control (≥85%) with commonly applied postemergence herbicides across a broad range of environments. A large database of over 10,000 individual herbicide evaluation field trials conducted throughout North America was used in this study. The database was filtered to include only trials with a single postemergence application of fomesafen, glyphosate, mesotrione, or fomesafen + glyphosate. Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuburculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer), morningglory species (Ipomoea spp.), and giant foxtail (Setaria faberi Herrm.) were the weeds of focus. Separate random forest models were created for each weed species by herbicide combination. The probability of successful weed control deteriorated when the average air temperature within the first ten d after application was &lt;19 or &gt;25 C for most of the herbicide by weed species models. Additionally, dryer conditions prior to postemergence herbicide application reduced the probability of successful control for several of the herbicide by weed species models. As air temperatures increase and rainfall becomes more variable, weed control with many of the commonly used postemergence herbicides is likely to become less reliable.

Thermodynamic evaluation of contrail formation from a conventional jet fuel and an ammonia-based aviation propulsion system

Condensation trail (contrail) formation in an airplane’s wake requires thermodynamics supersaturation and ice nucleation to form visible ice crystals. Here, using a thermodynamic analysis, we evaluate the potential for forming contrails in a carbon-free, ammonia-powered propulsion system compared to conventional planes powered by jet fuel. The analysis calculates the moisture released by fuel into the atmosphere for each one-degree increase in air temperature due to exhaust gas. It then determines if this moisture can saturate the initially undersaturated atmosphere, maintain saturation as temperature rises, and result in supersaturation with respect to ice while leaving enough moisture for a visible cloud to form. With ammonia increases the critical temperature required for supersaturation. Although ammonia does not generate soot particles in the exhaust gas, various aerosols exist in the atmosphere through other sources that can facilitate heterogeneous ice nucleation. Hence, while ammonia’s contrails might not be as dense, they can form at lower altitudes where the air is warmer and endure longer due to the increased water content, which preserves supersaturation for longer as fresh air dilutes the contrail.

Prominent Increase in Air Temperatures on Two Small Mediterranean Islands, Lastovo and Lošinj, Since 1998 and Its Effect on the Frequency of Extreme Droughts

The article analyzes the development of air temperatures and precipitation on two remote islands in the Adriatic Sea from 1961 to 2023, examining annual and monthly time scales. Lastovo Island is located in the southern Adriatic, and Lošinj Island is situated 277 km north, and both exhibit a sharp rise in air temperatures since 1998, though precipitation series show no significant trends of an increase or decrease. Using the New Drought Index (NDI) method, this study calculated drought intensities for the period 1961–2023. The analyses conducted in this study undoubtedly indicate a rising frequency and intensity of droughts, with severe droughts doubling and extreme droughts increasing fourfold in the recent period (1998–2023) compared to the previous one (1961–1997). The most pronounced increase in severe and extreme droughts occurs specifically from June to August. This trend is likely applicable to many small Mediterranean Islands, which number over 10,000 and have a permanent population of more than 1.6 million people, with numbers significantly rising during the tourist season. The increased water demand for agriculture and daily use, combined with increased drought risk, not only exacerbates the potential for forest fires but also threatens social structures and ecological conditions. This is particularly critical as the combination of drier conditions and increased fire risk poses a significant challenge, endangering natural landscapes and valuable historical sites that are integral to the islands’ identity and heritage. This study’s findings indicate a dangerous trend likely to persist and worsen with continued increases in air temperatures in the Mediterranean region.

Assessing of monthly surface water changes impact on thermal human discomfort in Baghdad

In urban areas, surface water bodies play an important role in mitigating thermal discomfort, which is mainly caused by increasing air temperatures. Based on daily temperature and relative humidity data recorded by the Baghdad weather station for the two years 2018 and 2021, the monthly human discomfort index was calculated and then combined with monthly surface water areas extracted by a modified normalized difference water index using Sentinel-2A satellite imagery for the same period. The results show that the winter and most spring months of these years have no discomfort, and the summer months (July and August) in 2021 have the highest discomfort with severe thermal stress due to the large deficit in rainfall events. The monthly relationship between urban water surfaces and the level of the discomfort index was also studied, which was non-linear and followed the exponential decay function. This means that as the amount of surface water increased, the levels of the discomfort index decreased exponentially until no discomfort conditions existed.

Impact scenarios on groundwater availability of southern Italy by joint application of regional climate models (RCMs) and meteorological time series.

Nowadays the phenomenon of global warming is unequivocal, as confirmed by the latest reports of the IPCC and studies of the climate-change impacts on ecosystems, global economy, and populations. The effect of climate change on groundwater is a very relevant task especially for regions dependent chiefly on groundwater availability, as for the southern Italy. In such a territorial framework, to achieve a detailed hydro-climatological characterization, an Ensemble of 15 RCMs (E15) derived from the EURO-CORDEX project was analyzed considering two IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). The E15 was calibrated over the period (1950-1996) by a statistical comparison with data observed by the regional meteorological network managed by the former National Hydrological Service (SIMN), Department of Naples. The effects of climate change on air temperature (T), precipitation (P) and, consequently, on actual evapotranspiration (ETR) and effective precipitation Pe (P - ETR) were analyzed until 2100. The latter was considered as a proxy of groundwater recharge of the principal aquifer systems, represented chiefly by the karst aquifers. As a principal result, it was found that the E15 is basically able to reproduce the observed annual precipitation (OBSP) and mean annual air temperature (OBST), being characterized by a very similar frequency distribution. Accordingly, an inferential statistical approach was performed for calibrating E15 precipitation (E15P) and air temperature (E15T) based on the compensation of the difference with OBSP (+ 7%) and OBST (-16%). The E15 projects a reduction in precipitation and an increase in air temperature under both RCPs, with a divergence point between the two scenarios occurring by about 2040. As a principal result, Pe shows declining trends for both RCP scenarios, reaching a decrease of the 11-yrs moving average down to -20%, for RCP4.5, and -50%, for RCP8.5, even if characterized by relevant inter-annual fluctuations.

Impact of Site Conditions on Quercus robur and Quercus petraea Growth and Distribution Under Global Climate Change

Climate change has significant natural and economic implications, but its extent is particularly challenging to assess in forest management, a field which combines both of the previous aspects and requires the evaluation of the impact of climate change on tree species over a 100-year timeframe. Oaks are among the tree species of significant natural and economic value in Europe. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze all oak stands in Poland and verify the hypothesis regarding differences between Quercus robur and Quercus petraea stands in terms of soil type, annual total precipitation, average annual air temperature, and the length of the growing season. Additionally, this study aimed to analyze the impact of these differences on the growth rates of both oak species and test whether climate change may affect oak stands. A database containing 195,241 tree stands, including different oak species with varying shares in the stand (from 10% to 100%), was analyzed. A particular emphasis was placed on Q. robur and Q. petraea. The results show that, although both oak species have a wide common range of occurrence, there are clear differences in their habitat preferences. Based on the ordinal regression analysis of selected oak stands, it was concluded that an increase in air temperature of 1 °C could impair the growth of Q. robur and slightly improve the growth of Q. petraea. This may indicate the possibility of expanding the geographic range of sessile oaks towards the east and northeast under warming climatic conditions, provided that appropriate moisture conditions are maintained.