Increase In Sulfur Content Research Articles

Evidence of catalytic effect of sulphur on graphitization between 1400 and 2000°C

The catalytic effect of the sulphur content of carbons was studied on samples of petroleum and pitch cokes with 0.4–1.7 w/o S. It is shown by in situ X-ray diffraction measurements that the irreversible contraction of interlayer distance starts during heating below 1500°C, indicating an amplified tendency towards graphitization of the main part of the sample with increasing sulphur content. Studies of the graphitization kinetics revealed a reduction of the activation energy of graphitization from 7–10 eV to about 3–4 eV between 1400 and 2000°C caused by the catalytic effect of sulphur. Besides this effect a shoulder at the high angle side of the (001)-reflections appears at the temperatures of the sudden sulphur release. This shoulder indicates the formation of a well ordered graphitic phase with an interlayer distance of 3.359 Å at temperatures above 1500°C. The content of this graphitic phase within the sample is found to be below 0.5 w/o.

Physico-chemical Properties of Selenium-Tellurium-Sulfur Crystals

Abstract The temperature dependence of electric conductivity and Vickers hardness of Selenium–Tellurium–Sulfur (Se–Te–S) crystals were studied. The conductivity decreased with an increase in sulfur content, remaining almost constant when the sulfur content was 40–80 atomic % at 20 and 30 atomic % of tellurium content. When tellurium content was 10%, both conductivity and hardness decreased abruptly when sulfur content exceeded 10%. It was found by means of X-ray diffraction that a hexagonal crystal structure with size twice the lattice constant of Se–Te crystals is formed when the sulfur content is 20% at 10% of tellurium content. When sulfur content exceeds 80%, the crystal structure becomes similar to that of pure sulfur (orthorhombic) at 20 and 30% of tellurium.

ステンレス鋼の石油燃焼ガス中での酸化

The effects of sulfur contained in gas oil on high temperature oxidation of stainless steel was investigated by exposing the specimens to combustion gases containing various amounts of sulfur. The experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 850-1000°C for 20-120min. The weight increase of specimens by oxidation was remarkable with the increase in sulfur content of the gas oil up to 0.33%.; but the more increase of sulfur content had little effects. Sulfur was not detected in the oxidized surface layer by X-ray diffraction, the reason of which was theoretically discussed.

快削ステンレス鋼の連続鋳造について

Free-machining stainless steel containing sulfur has been continuously cast in square shape of 165 mm×165 mm and its surface grade and hot-workability as well as mechanical property have been tested under various casting conditions.The results are summarized as follows;(1) The increase in sulfur content in the range 0.014 to 0.32 wt% decreased the surface quality. The number of transverse cracks on the surface depended on the property of mold powders used. The mold powders with slow melting property and low viscosity after melting decreased remarkably the number of the surface cracks.(2) The number of the longitudinal cracks was related to the carbon content and to the secondary cooling rate. When the carbon content was more than 0.09 wt% and the secondary cooling rate was 0.8 1/kg, internal cracks have been observed in the as-cast blooms.(3) Surface smoothing by mechanical polishers was very effective for the improvement of the hotworkability of the cast blooms. A deep oscillation mark behaved as a notch upon hot rolling. A succssful hot-rolling was practiced, only when the ratio of manganese content to sulfur content was more than 9.0 and the oxygen content was less than 130ppm.(4) The bars hot-rolled from the blooms continuously cast showed same mechanical properties as the conventional ones. Because the forging ratio of the continuous-cast bars is smaller than that of the conventional ones, the non-metallic inclusions are not elongated and thus, the former has shown the better machinability.

Phase Relation of Nonstoichiometric Chromium Sulfide CrSx in the Range of \(1.200{\lesssim}x{\lesssim}1.480\)

Composition analysis and vapor pressure measurement on the chromium sulfides prepared under the controlled pressures and temperatures indicated that the equilibrium sulfur pressure for the CrS x increases monotonically with the increasing sulfur content in both ranges of 1.200< x <1.390 and 1.420< x <1.480 and is kept constant in the range of 1.390< x <1.420 corresponding to the coexistence of two crystalline phases. The existence of two crystalline phases with 1.420< x <1.463 and 1.463< x <1.480 was estimated from the abrupt change in the heat of vaporization of sulfur in the CrS x at x ≈1.463. The hexagonal unit cell dimension of the superstructure for x =1.200 is expressed in terms of \(\sqrt{3}\) a and 2 c . Fox x =1.333, monoclinic deformation is observed. The magnetic susceptibility of single crystals with the various controlled compositions was measured.

高温焼入れした軟鋼の焼戻しにおける硬度と靱性におよぼす硫黄の影響

The changes in hardness and notch toughness with tempering of mild steels (10 mm∅), water-quenched fromhigh temperatures above 1200°C, were studied with particular reference to the effect of sulfur content.The results obtained were as follows;(1) On tempering at temperatures above 500°C, it was observed that the resistance to softening increaseswith increasing sulfur content. This effect of sulfur was found to be dependent on the solid-solution hardeningof ferrite, caused by the increase of solubility of sulfur.(2) It was shown that the relation between quenching temperature and hardness tempered at a temperatureabove 600°C corresponds approximately with the relation between the temperature and solubility sulfurin austenite.(3) Sulfur dissolved in the matrix acted to reduce the notch toughness in the mild steel containinghigher sulfur.(4) Mild steels quenched from high temperature were superior in notch toughness to Ni-Cr steels containing similar amount of sulfur.

Free radical addition of hydrogen sulfide and thiols to linseed oil and methyl oleate

AbstractFree radical additions of hydrogen sulfide, ethanedithiol, and 1,6‐hexanedithiol have been made to methyl oleate and linseed oil with ultraviolet radiation. Reactions were carried out in dichloromethane at −70C and in benzene at 25C. With the dithiols, a new dibasic ester has been prepared from methyl oleate in which bridging is accomplished through a dithiol moiety. Hydrogen sulfide has been added to linseed oil in suitable solvents at both −70C and 25C. It appears that zero‐order kinetics control the additions at both temperatures. Infrared data show a linear relationship between mercapto absorption and the amount of sulfur incorporated. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra demonstrate a decrease in olefinic protons with an increase in sulfur content. Fair agreement on the extent of reaction exists between data from NMR, sulfur content, and infrared analyses. Hydrogen sulfide‐treated linseed oil films air‐dry slowly at room temperature; at 250C for 1 hr under a CO2 atmosphere these oils cure to brown films with Sward Rocker values of 24 to 32 and pencil hardness values of five to greater than six. Pencil hardness and alkali resistance increased with sulfur content. The film from the 4.2% sulfur sample resisted alkali at room temperature for 24 hr.

Influence of Sulfur on the Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic Stainless Steel

Abstract The influence of sulfur in the range 80 to 1700 ppm on the corrosion resistance of a 14 wt % Cr-14 wt % Ni-balance Fe alloy has been determined in various media. In general, high purity alloys containing sulfur are shown to have excellent general corrosion resistance to oxidizing and nonoxidizing acids when compared with equivalent alloys of commercial purity. Susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking in boiling magnesium chloride is low compared with commercial purity materials and an increase in sulfur content does not affect this susceptibility. High purity alloys containing sulfur are susceptible to attack in aqueous ferric chloride. Severity of attack increases with increased sulfur content. Pitting attack initiates at sulfide inclusions in all high purity alloys studied. A sevenfold increase in the anodic dissolution rate in 1.0 N H2SO4 was found when the sulfur content was increased from 80 to 1700 ppm. Analysis of electrochemical polarization data indicates that an increase in sulfur co...

Sulfur dioxide gas injury to fruit trees. VI

1. Leaf fall of Satsuma orange trees (Citrus unshu) as induced by the sulfur dioxide fumigation particulary after the sulfur containing sprays such as lime sulfur was studied with 2-year-old potted plants. Fumigation was conducted with 0, 1, and 5ppm of sulfur dioxide for 3 weeks 2 hours each day, in December.2. Sodium sulfide (0.4% water solution) had the worst influence on leaf fall, and it was followed by wettable sulfur (0.4% water suspension). The higher the concentration of lime sulfur, the more increased the leaf fall with the fumigation of higher concentration of sulfur dioxide. Namely, it is suggested that spray of lime sulfur from autumn to winter with practical concentration would be safety unless the sulfur dioxide concentration be not markedly high.3. Kinetin (20ppm in 20% ethanol solution) had no effect to prevent the leaf fall due to sulfur dioxide fumigation in winter.4. Increase of sulfur content of leaves as indication of infiltration of sprays was generally low, though in the lime sulfur spray of Be 1.4° was the highest. Sodium was the highest in the sodium sulfide spray among the treatment, but sulfur suffered no change in this spray. Therefore, the promotion of leaf fall due to sulfur containing sprayss with sulfur deoxide fumigation would be caused by infiltration of sprays, but not be always by sulfur.

Sulfur dioxide gas injury to fruit trees. V.

Absorption of sulfur dioxide by citrus trees and its relation to the injury and the content of nutrient elements of leaves were studied. Two-year-old trees were fumigated with constant flow of SO2-air mixture in the cabinets reported previously.1. In Satsuma orange (Citrus unshiu), Hassaku (C. Hassaku) and Natsudaidai (C. Natsudaidai) fumigated with 5, 1 and 0ppm concentrations for 2 hours per day from November 18 to December 23 (during 34 days), 1963, the leaf fall increased with the higher concentration of the fumigation, though the smoke lesion did not occur. The increase of sulfur content of the leaves coincided with the tendency of leaf fall rate.2. Hassaku and Natsudaidai accumulated the greater amount of sulfur than Satsuma orange, but the leaf fall rate was markedly less than Satsuma orange.3. Calcium content of leaves greatly decreased and potassium content a little decreased in all species with the fumigation of 5ppm sulfur dioxide as compared with those of the control.4. In the growing season, from May to June, 1964, the same relationship was recognized, but the amount of absorption of sulfur was markedly greater than in the winter fumigation in spite of the short duration of fumigation, and the smoke lesion also did not occur.5. Calcium content of leaves was not clearly connected with sulfur dioxide fumigation in growing season, but potassium content of fumigated trees was higher than the control. Nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium contents were not concerned with sulfur dioxide fumigation in all species.6. In November, 1965, the fumigating experiment was done in the controlled chamber, in which the temperature was 30°C and the illumination was about 18, 000lux. Trees were treated with SO2-air mixtures of 0ppm, 2ppm-6 hours, 10ppm-12 hours, 5ppm-24 hours and 2.5ppm-48 hours respectively (each plot recieved 120ppm of sulfar dioxide gas accumulatively). As the result, the higher the concentration of sulfur dioxide, the more sever the injury of Satsuma orange. But the sulfur content of leaves did not coincide with the injury. Therefore, analysis of sulfur content of leaves may be useful for estimation of chronic injury, but in acute injury it may not be always useful method.

Crosslinking in keratins. III. Acid hydrolysis of keratins

The fraction soluble during hydrolysis in an HCOOH–HCl–H2O mixture was measured as a function of time for Lincoln wool, human hair, and kid mohair. Evaluation by crosslinking theory of the equivalent relative increase in sulfur content of the three insoluble residues shows the likely presence of two components in each with equal sulfur content although the less abundant component differs by having mainly intramolecular crosslinking. Overall variation in sulfur content entirely accounts for the variation in rate of hydrolysis among these α-keratins. The data of Leach, Rogers, and Filshie for the amino acid content of the insoluble residue following hydrolysis of wool in dilute HCl also depend in a simple way on the amount dissolved; in this case the disproportionation of amino acids between the residue and extract depends on the degree of their affiliation with the crosslink-containing cystine.

Sulfur group analysis in unaccelerated vulcanization of natural rubber

AbstractThe reaction of lithium aluminum hydride forming mercaptan with disfulfides and mercaptan as well as hydrogen sulfide with polysulfides has been applied in order to characterize the structure of the crosslinks in the case of unaccelerated vulcanization of natural rubber with sulfur. The mercaptans formed were determined amperometrically, and the hydrogen sulfide was determined as cadmium sulfide. These measurements, coupled with the estimation of total crosslinks as measured by swelling, provide valuable information as to the distribution f different crosslinks (monosulfide, polysulfide, cyclic structures, etc.) in the vulcanizate. When extended to compounds of different sulfur concentrations (2.92‐33.9%) these studies show how the distribution of different linkages changes with sulfur concentration from compositions corresponding to soft rubber to those corresponding to hard rubber. The present study provides conclusive evidence that the long polysulfidic crosslinks first formed during vulcanization decrease in chain length as vulcanization progresses. Polysulfides also increase with the increasing sulfur content in the stock except in the range 6‐10%. Monosulfidic crosslinks increase with increasing sulfur in the stock. In contrast to accelerated vulcanization, a high proportion of combined sulfur was found to be present in cyclic structures, and this increases with temperature of curing. These findings tally with the results of the earlier workers and have been explained with the present day ideas of the vulcanization reaction. Inaccuracies in the measurements and inherent limitations of the method were discussed.

チタンを含むAlnico系磁石合金の硫黄添加による磁性の改良

Effects of sulphur addition on the structure and magnetic properties of Alnico type alloys containing titanium were studied. Alnico type alloys containing 1 to 5% titanium could be converted into a columnar crystal structure by the addition of sulphur. Consequently, the residual induction amounts to 10100 G, the coercive force 1350 Oe, and the maximum energy product 7.2 M.G.Oe in Alnico 8 magnet alloy.The columnar crystals of Alnico type alloys containing titanium are smaller in diameter than those of Alnico 5. For example, the columnar structure of Alnico 6 (1.2%Ti) contains 150 to 400 crystals per 1 cm2 of the cross section, while in Alnico 5, merely some tens of crystals.The residual induction, 11000 G in the columnar Alnico 7 and 10000 G to 10500 G in the columnar Alnico 8, is not affected by sulphur addition. The coercive forces of columnar Alnico 7 and Alnico 8 containing about 0.2% sulphur are 1100 Oe and 1350 Oe respectively, but they fall down with the increasing sulphur content.The amount of sulphur remaining in the solidified alloys is smaller than that initially added, and the loss of added sulphur through casting and freezing becomes greater as the amount of sulphur addition becomes large.Microstructures of sulphur added Alnicos show needle or rod-shaped precipitations, which increase in amount with the increasing sulphur content and are considered to be some sulphides of metals.

Sulfur dioxide gas injury to fruit trees. III.

Absorption of sulfur dioxide by citrus trees and its relation to the injury and the content of nutrient elements of leaves were studied. Two-year-old trees were fumigated with constant flow of SO2-air mixture in the cabinets reported previously.1. In Satsuma orange (Citrus unshiu), Hassaku (C. Hassaku) and Natsudaidai (C. Natsudaidai) fumigated with 5, 1 and 0ppm concentrations for 2 hours per day from November 18 to December 23 (during 34 days), 1963, the leaf fall increased with the higher concentration of the fumigation, though the smoke lesion did not occur. The increase of sulfur content of the leaves coincided with the tendency of leaf fall rate.2. Hassaku and Natsudaidai accumulated the greater amount of sulfur than Satsuma orange, but the leaf fall rate was markedly less than Satsuma orange.3. Calcium content of leaves greatly decreased and potassium content a little decreased in all species with the fumigation of 5ppm sulfur dioxide as compared with those of the control.4. In the growing season, from May to June, 1964, the same relationship was recognized, but the amount of absorption of sulfur was markedly greater than in the winter fumigation in spite of the short duration of fumigation, and the smoke lesion also did not occur.5. Calcium content of leaves was not clearly connected with sulfur dioxide fumigation in growing season, but potassium content of fumigated trees was higher than the control. Nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium contents were not concerned with sulfur dioxide fumigation in all species.6. In November, 1965, the fumigating experiment was done in the controlled chamber, in which the temperature was 30°C and the illumination was about 18, 000lux. Trees were treated with SO2-air mixtures of 0ppm, 2ppm-6 hours, 10ppm-12 hours, 5ppm-24 hours and 2.5ppm-48 hours respectively (each plot recieved 120ppm of sulfar dioxide gas accumulatively). As the result, the higher the concentration of sulfur dioxide, the more sever the injury of Satsuma orange. But the sulfur content of leaves did not coincide with the injury. Therefore, analysis of sulfur content of leaves may be useful for estimation of chronic injury, but in acute injury it may not be always useful method.

Electronic conduction in polymers. V. Aromatic semiconducting polymers

Electronically conducting polymers have been prepared by treating hexa- chlorobenzene with sodium at 300�, using sodium chloride as a diluent. The products, presumably polybenzenes, have resistivities of 0.2-25 ohm cm depending on the amount of sodium used; less crosslinked polymers similarly prepared from 1,2,4-tri-chlorobenzene have resistivities some thousand times greater. It has been confirmed that the reaction of sulphur with anthracene at 400� yields conducting polymers whose resistivity decreases with increasing sulphur content. A product containing 54% sulphur had a resistivity of 330 ohm cm. The data presented show that good conductors can be obtained without the presence of hetero atoms within the aromatic network of the macromolecules.

The optical absorption edge in layer structures

The layer structures GaSe and GaS are composed of isomorphic, 4-fold atomic layers, and differ only in the manner in which these layers are stacked. The Se and S atoms occupy equivalent sites and it is possible to obtain crystals with a continuous range of composition between pure GaSe and pure GaS. The optical absorption of a series of mixed crystals of the system GaSe x S 1 − x has been measured at 12° K near the absorption edge. The line structure associated with the edge, generally held to be excitonic in nature, is present for all compositions but shows a rapid fall in intensity with increasing sulphur content. Absorption and reflectivity measurements on the pure crystals indicate that the edge arises from a direct transition in GaSe and from an indirect transition in GaS. The small thickness of the individual layers significantly affects the behaviour of excitons in such structures and the strong carrier-phonon interaction gives rise to polarization of the lattice by optically excited carriers. It is suggested that the observed lines in GaSe, GaS and the absence of hydrogen like behaviour may then result. Absorption and photoconductivity show a marked dependence on the orientation of the polarization of the incident illumination with respect to the c-axis of the crystals. A model is proposed to account for this dependence.

扁平リムド鋼塊のSの偏析におよぼす造塊条件の影響および濃厚偏析の生因について

In order to establish the adequate method to reduce high segregation at the top center of rimmed steel ingot, the effect of the ingot dimension was investigated in the 1st report. In this paper, the effect of the capping method, the track time and sulphur content in the ladle which are connected with segregation during solidification are investigated; moreover, origins of the high segregation at the top center of the ingot and inverse U typed streak segregations are discussed.The obtained results are as follows.(1) It is scarcely possible to reduce the high segregation of a large ingot of low carbon rimmed steel (about 16t weight), by improving only the form of the ingot-cap (e.g.enlarging) and the capping method (e.g.put the cap earlier, water-cooling of the ingot top) as far as the normal open top ingot is concerned.(2) By shortening the track time, the high segregating zone is enlarged, as the is tpeak at the top center of the ingot is removed to top side, while the 2nd peak is done to bottom side, at the sametime the latter is often raised abnormally.It about 2hr and 50min.of the track time is nccessary (though complete solidifying time-about 30min) to prevent the increase of the segregating zone, as the thickness of the ingot is 800mm (ingot weight is about 14t).(3) It is effective for segregation to reduce sulphur content in the ladle, because the max.segregating ratio is increased linearly in accordance with the increase of sulphur content in the ladle, and its gradient is comparatively large, when sulphur content is 0.015 to 0.021% in the ladle.(4) It is assumed that there are two kinds of segregation which are made up of the high segregating zone at the top center of the ingot;the 1st peak appears mainly by the rising and concentration of sulphur in molten steel during rimming action and the adiabatic effect of trapped CO bubbles in the segregating zone, while the 2nd peak occurs through the coagulation and precipitation of sulphide in the final solidifying zone.And it seems that the rising of sulphur in that case is connected with inverse U type streak segregations which are heavily distributed in the core zone.

The Isolation and Properties of Some Soluble Proteins From Wool

The proteins in wools of increased sulphur content, grown during abomasal infusions of casein and sulphur-containing amino acids, have been compared with those from control wools from the same sheep. It has been found that casein. methionine, or cysteine administered directly into the abomasum of the sheep, besides increasing the rate of growth of wool, greatly altered the composition of the wool proteins. The proportion of the high-sulphur proteins in wool was increased and within the group of high-sulphur proteins there was increased formation of the components richer in sulphur. No change other than the expected decrease in relative amount can be detected with the low-sulphur proteins. In electron micrographs of the test wool increased amounts of osmiophilic material can be seen in the para segment of the fibre.

The Isolation and Properties of Some Soluble Proteins From Wool VII. The Heterogeneity of the High Sulphur Proteins

The heterogeneity of the S-carboxymethyl derivatives of high-sulphur proteins from Merino wool has been explored by means of moving boundary electrophoresis, ultracentrifugation, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, and fractionation by use of solubility differences. Fractions isolated by chromatography and fractional precipitation have been analysed for their content of sulphur and amino acids. There are at least eight proteins present, which contain in common relatively large numbers of S-carboxymethyl cysteine, proline, serine, and threonine residues and small numbers of lysine, histidine, and aspartic acid residues. Apart from these similarities they show big differences in their overall amino acid content.The content of S-carboxymethyl cysteine nitrogen in the various components ranges from about 10�4 to 17�8% of total nitrogen and there is a linear relation between the content of this amino acid residue and the electrophoretic mobility at pH 4�5 of each protein component. There is also an increase in sedimentation coefficient with increasing sulphur content over the series.

The Influence of Addition Agents on the Composition of Nickel Deposits

SYNOPSISIt is shown in nickel plating that the cathode polarisation is increased by the brightener, and that this can account for a more complete reduction of the sulphur in the sulpho-oxygen organic ‘control agent’. The control agent contributes sulphur to the deposit, but no significant amount of carbon, the sulphur being reduced and cleaved from the control agent molecule. A nitrogen-containing organic brightener contributes both carbon and nitrogen to the deposit. The rate of increase in sulphur content of the deposit with respect to an increase in control agent concentration is inversely proportional to the control agent concentration. An increase in carbon in the deposit is accompanied by an increase in hydrogen and oxygen. The cause of brightness is discussed.