Increased PUFA Content Research Articles

White and honey Chlorella vulgaris: Sustainable ingredients with the potential to improve nutritional value of pork frankfurters without compromising quality

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the chlorophyll-deficient microalgae mutants, honey (yellow) and white Chlorella vulgaris, (3%) on the nutritional, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory characteristics of frankfurters. The presence of microalgae resulted in increased PUFA content and higher PUFA/SFA ratio, but lower n-6/n-3 ratio and lipid indices (P < 0.05). C. vulgaris inclusion in frankfurters increased (P < 0.05) Na, K, Ca, P, and Zn and improved the Na/K ratio, but lowered Mn, and in the case of white C. vulgaris, Cu content, compared to the control. The higher protein content decreased water release from emulsions elaborated with microalgae. White C. vulgaris inclusion decreased cohesiveness and springiness of the frankfurters. Due to the presence of pigment, microalgae inclusion led to a decrease in redness and an increase in yellowness of frankfurters. The presence of microalgae resulted in lower (P < 0.05) bacterial counts and did not affect TBARs during storage. The addition of microalgae in frankfurters produced acceptable sensory characteristics but resulted in lower scores compared to reference products.

Improved long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in sago palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) larvae by dietary fish oil supplementation

The nutritional values of sago palm weevil larvae (SPWL) reared on mixed plant-based diets (ground sago palm trunk (GS), cornmeal, rice bran, soybean, and perilla seed), containing different levels of dietary fish oil (FO) were compared to those reared on commercial pig feed (PF) and GS. Increased FO content resulted in an increase in ω-3 fatty acids (FA) in SPWL (p < 0.05), especially α-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid. When fed FO-fortified diets instead of PF, the health-promoting indices of the SPWL lipid improved significantly (e.g., decreased ω-6/ω-3 ratio, thrombogenicity index, and hypercholesterolemic FA with increased PUFA content). The lipid, protein, and mineral contents of SPWL were increased while growth performance was maintained on a 1.5% FO-fortified diet. Higher FO levels (3–5%) had a negative impact on the nutritional values and growth performance of the SPWL. Thus, there was a reasonable chance of developing a high-nutrient alternative insect for human consumption.

Cold stress treatment enhances production of metabolites and biodiesel feedstock in Porphyridium cruentum via adjustment of cell membrane fluidity.

Porphyridium cruentum, a cell-wall-free marine Rhodophyta microalga was cultured under a 5-day cold stress at 0 °C and 15 °C, after reaching the late logarithmic growth phase. Compared with the control at 25 °C, the cold stress treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the microalgal biomass (1.21-fold); the amounts of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (1.22-fold); individual fatty acids including linoleic acid (1.50-fold) and eicosatrienoic acid (1.85-fold), and a major carotenoid zeaxanthin (1.53-fold). Furthermore, production of biodiesel feedstock including total C16 + C18 fatty acids was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) by 1.18-fold after the cold stress treatment. Principal component analysis further indicated that the biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids and carotenoids in this microalga were correlated with the cold stress treatment. These results suggested that P. cruentum had adjusted its cellular membrane fluidity via an 'arm-raising and screw-bolt fastening' mechanism mediated by the synergistic roles of cis-unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoids. The insight obtained from the responses to cold stress in P. cruentum could be a novel technological approach to enhance the production of microalgal metabolites and biodiesel feedstock.

Spirulina supplementation improves lipid metabolism and autophagic activities in the liver and muscle of Hu lambs fed a high-energy diet

ABSTRACT The current study aimed to examine the effects of dietary spirulina supplementation in high-energy (HE) diets on fatty acid metabolism in sheep, and preliminarily explored the potential mechanisms underlying the associated autophagy-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism. In a 2 × 3 factorial design, including six treatment combinations of two metabolisable energy diets (10 and 11 MJ/kg DM), three spirulina supplementation levels (0, 1%, and 3%) were used. Serum alanineaminotransferase (ALT) (p = 0.003) and aspartatetransaminase (AST) (p = 0.002) activities increased, whereas total PUFA content (p < 0.001) decreased in the liver of lambs fed a HE diet. With the addition of spirulina, serum ALT (p = 0.037) and AST (p = 0.014) activities decreased, whereas EPA (p = 0.004), GLA (p = 0.019), n-6 PUFA (p = 0.005), and total PUFA contents (p = 0.019) increased. Moreover, the crude protein content in the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) increased (p = 0.013), the expression of PPARα and PPARγ was up-regulated, while ELOVL2 was down-regulated in liver and LTL (p < 0.05). Spirulina supplementation increased mRNA expression levels of autophagy-associated genes, including that of Beclin-1, AMPK, and ULK1 (p < 0.05). In conclusion, spirulina supplementation in a HE diet exerted a protective effect on the liver, increased PUFA content, and modulated expression levels of autophagy-related genes in growing lambs.

Influence of tallow replacement by oat β-glucan and canola oil on the fatty acid and volatile compound profiles of low-fat beef burgers

ABSTRACTIn view of the growing expectations of meat products consumers (quality and sensory properties), the meat industry must develop functional products to meet the consumer requirements. In the experiment, the influence of oat β-glucan, canola oil and both on the proximate composition, fatty acid profile, volatile compounds profile and sensory properties of beef burgers was analyzed. The beef tallow replacement by β-glucan, canola oil or both decreased the SFA and increased PUFA content. The consumption of one portion of product with canola oil and β-glucan can provide 57.6% of the daily amount of linolenic acid (C18:3n3). Volatile compounds analysis of grilled samples showed the presence of 1-penten-3-one and 2-methylpropanal only in case of groups with canola oil and butane-2-one in β-glucan group. This strategy improves not only the nutritional value but also the sensory properties and consumer acceptance. The obtained product may be labelled with health claims regarding oat β-glucan.

Effect of Microalgae Polysaccharides on Biochemical and Metabolomics Pathways Related to Plant Defense in Solanum lycopersicum.

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that produce several bioactive molecules that have received considerable attention in scientific and industrial communities. Today, many plant biostimulants including seaweed extracts and polysaccharides are used in agriculture. However, microalgae have not been largely exploited in this field as a potential source of plant bio stimulants. This study investigated the biostimulatory effects of microalgae polysaccharides on different metabolomic and biochemical pathways related to plant defense. 0.2mgmL-1 of crude polysaccharides extracted from four green microalgae strains was injected into tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum). β-1,3-glucanase activity, lipid remodeling, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), Lipoxygenase (LOX), and antioxidant enzyme (APX, POD and CAT) activities were evaluated 48h after treatment. Plants treated with crude polysaccharides extracted from. C. vulgaris and C. sorokiniana exhibited a significant increase in β-1,3-glucanase activity. Accordingly, C. sorokiniana crude polysaccharides had a significant stimulatory effect on PAL activity with a percentage increase of 188.73% compared to the control. GC/MS quantitative lipidomics analysis revealed that treatment with D. salina, C. sorokiniana, and C. reinhardtii crude polysaccharides increased PUFA content by 50.37%, 34.46%, and 33.37% respectively. Microalgae polysaccharides also enhanced stearic acid, palmitic acid, and VLCFA content, the optimal value of which increased by 45.50%, 32.83%, and 60.60% respectively under treatment with C. reinhardtii crude polysaccharides compared with the control. C. vulgaris and C. reinhardtii crude polysaccharides also exhibited higher APX and POD activity respectively. The present results therefore indicate the potentiality of microalgae crude polysaccharides as a promising renewable bio resource in the development plant bio stimulants.

Rabbit metabolic response and selected meat quality traits: Evaluation of dietary PLX®23 and LycoBeads®feed supplement

Effects of dietary supplementation of verbascoside and lycopene, alone and in combination, on some blood parameters, plasma oxidative status and meat quality traits in intensively reared rabbits were investigated. The test lasted 60days and was conducted on 200 weaned-rabbits, divided into four groups of 50 animals each (5 animals each cage × 10 repetitions). The control group (CON) received a fattening feed without any feed supplements, whereas the experimental groups received the following: the first, an integration in 22g of PLX® 23 (Lippia citriodora extract; VB group) per ton of feed; the second, an integration in 100g of LycoBeads® (Solanum lycopersicum extract; LIC group) per ton of feed; and the third, an integration of both feed supplements in combination at the same doses (LIC+VB group). The dietary supplementation with Lippia citriodora and Solanum lycopersicum resulted in an improvement of the blood lipid profile, oxidative plasma markers, and hepatic and renal activity of treated growing rabbits. Feed additives also produced meat with a lower content in SFA and an increased PUFA content, and inhibited the lipid oxidation improving the oxidative stability of rabbit meat. The dietary supplementation, even reporting no effects on productive parameters and carcass yield, showed an improvement on several blood parameters, as indicator of animal welfare, and on quality and healthy meat markers.

Increased PUFA Content and 5-Lipoxygenase Pathway Expression Are Associated with Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obese Women with Type 2 Diabetes

Obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have more inflammation in their subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) than age-and-BMI similar obese women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We aimed to investigate whether WAT fatty acids and/or oxylipins are associated with the enhanced inflammatory state in WAT of the T2DM women. Fatty acid profiles were measured in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (vWAT) of 19 obese women with NGT and 16 age-and-BMI similar women with T2DM. Oxylipin levels were measured in sWAT of all women. Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) percentages were higher in sWAT, but not vWAT of the T2DM women, and AA correlated positively to the gene expression of macrophage marker CD68. We found tendencies for higher oxylipin concentrations of the 5-LOX leukotrienes in sWAT of T2DM women. Gene expression of the 5-LOX leukotriene biosynthesis pathway was significantly higher in sWAT of T2DM women. In conclusion, AA and DHA content were higher in sWAT of T2DM women and AA correlated to the increased inflammatory state in sWAT. Increased AA content was accompanied by an upregulation of the 5-LOX pathway and seems to have led to an increase in the conversion of AA into proinflammatory leukotrienes in sWAT.

Effect of dietary inclusion of a herbal extract mixture and different oils on pig performance and meat quality

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of a herbal extract mixture on pig performance and meat quality. The experiment was performed on 60 fatteners (60±0.5–112±2.0kg). Group I (control) was fed with standard feed; groups II and III received the same feed supplemented with 150mg BHT or 500mg of a herbal extract mixture (sage, nettle, lemon balm and coneflower) per kg of feed, respectively. In each group, half of the animals received 4% rapeseed oil, the other half soybean oil. The herbal extracts had no effect on animal performance but significantly improved meat oxidative stability, lowered cholesterol and TI index and increased PUFA content in meat. Slight differences between animals fed with rapeseed or soybean oils were observed. Gilt meat had significantly better (P≤0.01) AI, TI, and h/H indices than barrow meat. It was concluded that herbal extracts have a beneficial effect on pork health-promoting properties due to changes in lipid fraction.

Preparation and quality evaluation of peanut chikki incorporated with flaxseeds

In an attempt to achieve correct ratio of n-3 to n-6 fatty acids for health benefits, flaxseeds (Linum usitatissimum), a good source of n-3 fatty acids, were incorporated with optimized 20% replacement of peanuts in the formulation for the preparation of chikki. Tertiarybutylhydroquinone (TBHQ) at 200ppm level used as an antioxidant. Results showed that there were no differences in texture or sensory quality among the samples with and without addition of antioxidant. The peroxide value of oil in chikki increased gradually at 37°C on storage. At the end of 60days at 37°C, rancidity developed in samples without antioxidant but not in that with added antioxidant. Thus, TBHQ increased the shelf-life of the product. Addition of flaxseeds to chikki increased PUFA content, especially n-3 fatty acids, up to 9%, which were not present in chikki prepared only with peanuts. Thus the ratio of 18:2 to 18:3 increased with addition of flaxseed, which has significant health benefits.

Effect of feeding wet distillers grains on performance, marbling deposition, and fatty acid content of beef from steers fed low- or high-forage diets1

One hundred thirty-eight Angus cross yearling steers (initial BW 390 ± 0.5 kg) were allotted by BW to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of 6 treatments (4 pens per treatment) to determine the effect of wet distillers grains (WDG) concentration (0, 20, 40% of dietary DM) in low-forage (12% hay) and high-forage (50% hay) diets on growth performance and marbling. Steers were implanted on d 0 with Component TE-S (VetLife, Overland Park, KS) and were slaughtered in 3 groups when final BW averaged 578 kg. Steers fed a low-forage diet gained BW faster (P < 0.001) than did steers fed a high-forage diet; the amount of WDG fed did not affect (P = 0.25) daily BW gain. Hot carcass weight and dressing percentage were greater (P < 0.001) for steers fed low-forage diets than for steers fed high-forage diets. Dressing percentage increased (P = 0.08) as WDG concentration increased. Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.08) and yield grade (P < 0.01) were greater for steers fed low-forage diets compared with steers fed high-forage diets. Longissimus muscle area (P = 0.02) and yield grade (P = 0.03) increased as WDG concentration increased. An interaction occurred for marbling (P < 0.01), fat thickness (P = 0.08), and PUFA content (P < 0.01). In steers fed low-forage diets, marbling score (325, 306, 265) and fat thickness (1.22, 1.07, 1.07 cm) decreased with WDG inclusion rates of 0, 20, and 40%, respectively, but in steers fed high-forage diets, marbling score (249, 282, 262) and fat thickness (0.89, 0.97, 0.81 cm) increased from the 0 to 20% inclusion rate and then decreased from the 20 to 40% inclusion rate. The inclusion of 0, 20, or 40% WDG increased PUFA content of beef from steers fed low-forage diets (6.9, 9.3, 10.6 g/100 g) but decreased PUFA content of beef from the 0 to 20% inclusion rate and then increased PUFA content of beef from the 20 to 40% inclusion rate in steers fed high-forage diets (8.5, 5.9, 7.8 g/100 g). In conclusion, when fed to a common BW end point, concentration of WDG in feedlot diets alters lean and adipose tissue deposition in beef cattle.

Effects of cis‐9, trans‐11 and trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA isomers on liver and adipose tissue fatty acid profile in hamsters

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12 CLA on FA composition of TAG in epididymal adipose tissue and liver, and of hepatic phospholipids PL. Twenty-four Syrian Golden hamsters were randomly divided into three groups of eight animals each and fed semipurified atherogenic diets supplemented with either 0.5 g/100 g diet of linoleic acid or cis-9,trans-11 or trans-12,cis-9 CLA for 6 wk. Total lipids were extracted, and TAG and PL were separated by TLC. FA profile in lipid species from liver and adipose tissue, as well as in feces, was determined by GC. Trans-10,cis-12 CLA feeding significantly reduced linoleic and linolenic acids in TAG from both tissues, leading to reduced total PUFA content. Moreover, in the epididymal adipose tissue docosenoic and arachidonic acids were significantly increased. In liver PL, although no changes in individual FA were observed, total saturated FA (SFA) were decreased. No changes in TAG and PL FA profiles were induced by the cis-9,trans-11 CLA. TAG and PL incorporated cis-9,trans-11 more readily than trans-10,cis-12 CLA. This difference was not due to differential intestinal absorption, as shown by the analysis of feces. We concluded that only trans-10,cis-12 CLA induces changes in FA composition. Whereas increased PUFA content was observed in either liver or adipose tissue TAG, decreased SFA were found in liver PL. Incorporation of cis-9,trans-11 CLA in TAG is greater than that of trans-10,cis-12 CLA, but this is not due to differences in intestinal absorption.

Effect of dietary high-oleic acid sunflower seed, palm oil and vitamin E supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid composition and oxidation susceptibility of meat

1. A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of two fat sources: high-oleic acid sunflower seed (HOASS; 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/kg diet) and palm oil (PO), and dietary supplementation of vitamin E (α-tocopheryl acetate, 200 mg/kg diet) on performance, fatty acid composition and susceptibility to oxidation of white and dark chicken meat during refrigerated storage. Female chicks (3 to 6 weeks) were given one of 5 diets containing 90 g/kg of added fat with increasing monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content, adjusted by progressively replacing PO by HOASS. 2. Body weight gain and gain:food ratio of birds were depressed in diets containing the highest proportions of HOASS (150 and 200 g/kg). Relative abdominal fat was reduced in birds fed diets including HOASS, except in the diet containing 100 g HOASS/kg. The inclusion of α-tocopheryl acetate improved body weight gain and gain:food ratio. 3. According to the fatty acid profile of the diets, saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid (SFA and PUFA, respectively) contents were significantly reduced and MUFA content was significantly increased in white and dark chicken meats when the saturated oil, PO, was replaced progressively by HOASS in the diet. The inclusion of α-tocopheryl acetate increased PUFA content in both meats. 4. After 4 and 7 d of refrigerated storage, white and dark meat samples obtained from birds fed on diets containing HOASS had significantly lower thiobarbituric acid reacting substance (TBARS) values than those derived from the PO diet. The addition of α-tocopheryl acetate significantly reduced the lipid oxidation in white and dark meat. 5. Overall, the results showed that increasing MUFA content of chicken meat by replacing dietary PO with HOASS (up to 100 g/kg) did not adversely affect broiler performance and reduced the susceptibility of meat to oxidation during refrigerated storage. Dietary α-tocopherol supplementation improved chicken performance and was effective in protecting lipid meat from oxidation.

Sterol carrier protein-2: not just for cholesterol any more.

Although sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) mediates cholesterol esterification in L-cell fibroblasts and stimulates an accumulation of cholesterol in these cells, a potential role for SCP-2 in fatty acid uptake and trafficking has not been appreciated. Certainly, recent experiments have shown that SCP-2 binds fatty acids in vitro with an affinity similar to that observed for fatty acid binding proteins. Because of the ubiquitous tissue distribution of SCP-2, as opposed to the specific distribution of fatty acid binding proteins, as well as the need for fatty acid trafficking in all cells, I have recently proposed that SCP-2 is the universal fatty acid trafficking protein. This supposition is based on a number of observations made with L-cell fibroblasts expressing either the 13.2 kDa SCP-2 or the 15 kDa proSCP-2. In L-cells expressing the 13.2 kDa SCP-2, fluorescent fatty acid uptake was increased by 10-30% depending upon the probe used. In 15 kDa proSCP-2 expressing cells, fluorescent fatty acid uptake was increased 20-40% depending upon the probe used. However, only expression of the 15 kDa pro-SCP-2 increased the cytoplasmic diffusion of the fluorescent fatty acid. Expression of either protein increased the uptake of [3H]-oleic acid 1.9-fold compared to control, with targeting of [3H]-oleic acid for esterification into cholesteryl esters. The 13.2 kDa SCP-2 did target a significant amount of [3H]-oleic acid for esterification into the triacylglycerol pool. Expression of either protein markedly reduced total cellular phospholipid levels, however both proteins increased cholesteryl ester levels. Interestingly, expression of the 15 kDa proSCP-2 decreased ethanolamine plasmalogen levels with a concomitant increase in choline plasmalogen. Expression of both proteins increased PUFA content of the phospholipids, although this effect was greater in 15 kDa proSCP-2 expressing cells. Hence, expression of SCP-2 increased fatty acid uptake and targeted fatty acid to unique lipid pools, suggesting that SCP-2 may effectively serve as universal fatty acid binding and trafficking protein.

Role of antioxidant enzyme expression in the selective cytotoxic response of glioma cells to γ-linolenic acid supplementation

We hypothesized that the cytotoxic effect of GLA observed in glioma but not normal glial cells reflects differences in GLA metabolism and/or antioxidant enzyme levels between these cells. The PUFA content of unsupplemented glioma cells was approximately 50% of that seen in unsupplemented astrocytes. Supplementation with 20 μM GLA for 24 h led to a 230 and 22% increase in glioma and astrocyte PUFA content, respectively, such that both supplemented cell types contained similar levels of PUFA. No major differences were seen in terms of GLA metabolites retained in the cells or secreted into the media following incubation with [ 3H]-GLA. No significant differences were observed in activity of MnSOD or CuZn-SOD between the cells. However, CAT and GPx activity in the glioma cells was significantly higher and lower, respectively, than observed in normal astrocytes. GLA supplementation resulted in a significant increase in CAT activity in normal astrocytes; glioma CAT activity was unchanged. No significant change was seen in the other antioxidant enzymes following GLA supplementation. These results suggest that the cytotoxic effect of GLA on glioma cells reflects both increased PUFA content and an inability to upregulate CAT.