Increased Levels Of Oxidants Research Articles

Impact of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on rat liver sinusoidal endothelial cell morphology and function

Atherogenesis is associated with elevated plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). In vivo, oxLDL causes liver endothelial swelling, and disrupts liver sinusoidal endothelial cell (LSECs) fenestrations. We mapped the nanoscale kinetics of these changes in vitro in isolated rat LSECs challenged with oxLDL and monitored viability with endocytosis and cytotoxicity assays. OxLDL disrupted LSEC ultrastructure – increasing oxLDL concentrations and oxidation levels caused sieve plate loss, fenestration fusion, and gap formation. Importantly, these effects were not uniform across all LSECs. LSECs retained the ability to endocytose ligands irrespective of the presence of oxLDL. However, increasing oxidation levels and concentrations of oxLDL inhibited LSEC mediated degradation of endocytosed ligands. Viability was unaffected by any oxLDL challenge. In conclusion, oxLDL disrupts LSEC ultrastructural morphology in vitro but LSECs remain viable and mostly maintain the scavenging function during oxLDL challenge.

Study on the effects of pre-slaughter transport stress on water holding capacity of pork: Insights from oxidation, structure, function, and degradation properties of protein

This work systematically investigated the effects of pre-slaughter transport stress on pork water holding capacity (WHC) during aging from the perspectives of oxidation, structure, function, and degradation properties of protein. Pigs were randomly divided into three-hour transport (Transport-induced stress, T group) and three-hour transport followed by three-hour resting (Control, TR group). Results demonstrated that T treatment markedly declined pork WHC. Compared with TR group, T group presented increased oxidation levels. Meanwhile, T treatment exacerbated the shift of protein secondary structure from α-helix to random coil and protein unfolding levels. The decreased solubility, thermal stability, and degraded levels of proteins were also observed in T group. Additionally, muscle contractions of T group were more severe than TR group. This study supported that pre-slaughter transport stress altered physicochemical properties and structures of postmortem muscle proteins, which reduced pork WHC via impairing the interactions between protein and water molecules and changing the muscle fiber structure.

Vitamin C as Scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species during Healing after Myocardial Infarction.

Currently, coronary artery bypass and reperfusion therapies are considered the gold standard in long-term treatments to restore heart function after acute myocardial infarction. As a drawback of these restoring strategies, reperfusion after an ischemic insult and sudden oxygen exposure lead to the exacerbated synthesis of additional reactive oxidative species and the persistence of increased oxidation levels. Attempts based on antioxidant treatment have failed to achieve an effective therapy for cardiovascular disease patients. The controversial use of vitamin C as an antioxidant in clinical practice is comprehensively systematized and discussed in this review. The dose-dependent adsorption and release kinetics mechanism of vitamin C is complex; however, this review may provide a holistic perspective on its potential as a preventive supplement and/or for combined precise and targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular management therapy.

Exploring the reinforcement and conductivity mechanism of K2FeO4‐modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes in carbon black/natural rubber composites

AbstractThis study employs potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) for the oxidation treatment of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) under neutral and acidic conditions. A wet flash evaporation process is utilized to prepare natural rubber/MWNTs/carbon black composites, enhancing the performance of rubber composites. The increased oxidation level of MWNTs enhances their hydrophilicity, increases the quantity of oxygen‐containing hydroxyl groups on the surface, promotes dispersion within the natural rubber matrix, and ultimately improves the performance of the rubber products. The effective dispersion of MWNTs reduces electron transport resistance, forming a favorable electron transport channel in natural rubber. Experimental results indicate that K2FeO4 achieves the highest oxidation degree and optimal performance in an acidic environment. Compared to untreated MWNTs rubber composites, the oxidized MWNTs rubber composites exhibit a 34.9% reduction in the Payne effect, a 15.7% decrease in wear, a 12.7% reduction in rolling resistance, and a two‐order‐of‐magnitude increase in conductivity. This study provides a novel approach for preparing water‐dispersible MWNTs and high‐performance rubber composites, holding potential applications in premium rubber products and conductive rubber fields.Highlights The wet flash refining process improved the dispersion of MWNTs. K2FeO4 oxidation of MWNTs was enhanced under acidic conditions. Oxidized MWNTs combined with CB to form a CB‐MWNTs‐CB filler network. Oxidized MWNTs and CB increased the “ball‐chain” arrangement in NR.

Discovery of characteristic proteins linked to textural changes in fermented golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) based on a label-free proteomics strategy

Fermentation causes changes in fish texture, nevertheless, the mechanism of protein involvement in this process of textural changes are unknown. We investigated changes in the tissue microstructure and texture, combined with a multidimensional fusion strategy to characterized the oxidative degradation properties of myofibrillar proteins, and analyzed the protein expression using label-free quantitative proteomics. Muscle protein hydrolysis, increased oxidation levels, and changes in spatial conformation were observed in the fish texture and microstructure during fermentation. We identified 664 proteins and screened 330 differentially proteins. The weighted protein co-expression network model screening yielded a total of 38 key potential proteins associated with textural changes. Characteristic proteins at important nodes, which were mainly structural proteins and metabolic enzymes, were identified using protein-protein interaction network analysis. These results reveal a relationship between proteins and textural characteristics and provide a theoretical basis for improving the quality control of fermented marine fish.

Optical analysis of aligned Ni nanowire arrays with different degree of oxidation for terahertz polarizer application

The optical properties of aligned nickel nanowire arrays (NiNWAs) with different degrees of oxidation for terahertz (THz) polarizer applications have been investigated by using THz time-domain spectroscopy. In frequency-domain spectra, the full width at half maxima of transmitted peaks was broadened and the peak positions have a blue shift with increasing oxidation levels, besides the enhancement in peak intensity. It is indicated that the oxidation of Ni nanowires (NWs) has a significant influence on the interaction between Ni NWs and THz wave. The transmittance of the aligned NiNWAs increases with annealing temperature increasing. Conversely, the degree of polarization and extinction ratio (ER) decreases. A corresponding relationship between the change of ER and degree of oxidation is summarized by means of thermogravimetric analysis. The change of ER for the annealing sample with the degree of oxidation of 0.507% is 27.32%, which induced the polarization properties of aligned NiNWAs to be sensitive to the oxidation of Ni NWs. These findings can provide new positive features in the development of future polarization-based device applications for THz electronics and photonics.

Aubergine stem restores reproductive damages following diabetes mellitus induction in male mice.

Diabetes mellitus unbalances cellular antioxidant levels. This phenomenon can potentially lead to cellular damage and apoptosis in the male reproductive system. Besides, herbal-based antioxidants can prevent these detrimental changes. Thus, we assessed the probable role of Aubergine stems with antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidemic characteristics on reproductive damage following diabetes mellitus induction. Forty male NMRI mice were categorized into groups of control and treatments. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin (60 mg/kg), and the extract was administered at various doses (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg) daily for 4 weeks. Antioxidative features of the extract were approved by phytochemical assays and ferric-reducing ability of plasma. Side-effects of diabetes were also assessed by the malondialdehyde (MDA) and Griess techniques. Sperm parameters, LH, FSH, and testosterone levels, the TUNEL assay, histopathologic alteration, and apoptotic genes (p53, caspase-3, Bcl-2) were evaluated. Results showed that diabetes increased oxidation levels and the extract accelerated total antioxidant capacity status. Sperm parameters and hormone levels were restored following extract administration in diabetic animals. Also, the apoptosis rate decreased following extract administration in diabetic animals. We concluded that diabetes can elevate the levels of oxidation and suppress the antioxidant power. These pathologic changes were restored by Aubergine stem, leading to decreased levels of apoptosis and normal serum levels of testosterone, LH, and FSH.

Oxidized Xanthan Gum Crosslinked NOCC: Hydrogel System and Their Biological Stability From Oxidation Levels of the Polymer.

Dynamic hydrogel systems from N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC) have been investigated in the past years which has facilitated their widespread use in many biomedical engineering applications. However, the influence of the polymer's oxidation levels on the hydrogel biological properties has not been fully investigated. In this study, chitosan was converted into NOCC and introduced to react spontaneously with oxidized xanthan gum (OXG) to form several injectable hydrogels with controlled degradability. Different oxidation levels of xanthan gum, as well as NOCC/OXG volume ratios, were trialed. The infrared spectroscopy spectra verified chemical modification on OXG and successful crosslinking. With increasing oxidation levels, more dialdehyde groups were introduced into the OXG, resulting in changes in physical properties including gelation, swelling, and self-healing efficiency. Under different volume ratios, the hydrogel showed a stable structure and rigidity with higher mechanical properties and a slower degradation rate. The shear-thinning and self-healing properties of the hydrogels were confirmed. In vitro assays with L929 cells showed the biocompatibility of all formulations although the use of a high amount of OXG15 and OXG25 limited the cell proliferation capacity. Findings in this study suggested a suitable amount of OXG at different oxidation levels in NOCC hydrogel systems for tissue engineering applications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Ultraviolet-B radiation stress triggers reactive oxygen species and regulates the antioxidant defense and photosynthesis systems of intertidal red algae Neoporphyra haitanensis

The enhancement of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–320 nm wavelength) radiation is a serious problem generally faced by photosynthetic organisms. Previous studies have reported that the currently increasing level of UV-B radiation received on earth can promote the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by altering the antioxidant defense system or by hampering of photosynthesis system of plants. However, the relationship between the UV-B-induced ROS production, antioxidant capacity, and photosynthetic performance in macroalgae remains unclear. In this study, the regulation of the antioxidant system and photosynthetic activity by ROS triggered by UV-B radiation were investigated in an intertidal seaweed, Neoporphyra haitanensis. The contents of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde increased with enhanced UV-B radiation, indicating N. haitanensis experienced oxidative stress. Increased activities of antioxidant enzymes showed a positive response of enzymatic antioxidants to maintain the balance of ROS under low UV-B conditions. Likewise, an accumulation of non-enzymatic antioxidants occurred and glutathione redox status was maintained at a high level, suggesting that the ascorbate–glutathione cycle played an indispensable role in detoxifying ROS. Nevertheless, high UV-B radiation markedly inhibited the efficiency of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, causing oxidative damage and a depression of photosynthesis. The addition of ROS scavengers alleviated the increased oxidation level caused by UV-B radiation, implying that oxidative damage under UV-B condition was ascribed to accumulated ROS. The activation of the antioxidant defense system was also modulated by ROS. Additionally, the decreased photosynthetic activities induced by enhanced UV-B radiation were reversed by ROS scavengers, indicating that ROS-mediated oxidative damage caused by UV-B radiation is one of the important causes of photo-inhibitory damage in N. haitanensis. Overall, these results shed some light on the close relationship between UV-B-induced ROS production, the antioxidant defense system, and photosynthetic performance in macroalgae, which helps to reveal their survival strategies for adapting to highly variable marine intertidal environments.

Effects of Oxidized Fish Oil on the Growth, Immune and Antioxidant Capacity, Inflammation-Related Gene Expression, and Intestinal Microbiota Composition of Juvenile Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius)

A 60 d feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oxidized fish oil (OF) on survival, growth, immune and antioxidant capacity, inflammation-related gene expression, and intestinal microbiota of juvenile sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus intermedius). Six feeds were formulated by including equal amounts of fish oil with different oxidation levels (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 300 meq/kg). The feed OF0 and fresh kelp (Laminaria japonica) were used as the control groups. Results showed that the weight gain rate (WGR) of sea urchins significantly decreased as the oxidation level increased. When the oxidation level of fish oil was equal to or above 150 meq/kg, the WGR of sea urchins was significantly lower than those fed the control diets. The activities of digestive enzymes (pepsin and amylase), immune enzymes (alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase), and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase) first decreased significantly as the oxidation level increased to 150 or 200 meq/kg and then bounced to values comparable to or even higher than those in the control feed group, while the transcription of immune, antioxidation, and inflammation-related genes was upregulated by the increasing oxidation level of fish oil. Oxidized fish oil decreased the intestinal microbial diversity and the relative abundance of Firmicutes. Vibrio was the dominant genus of microbiota in the intestine of sea urchins fed almost all formulated feeds (except for OF150), with its abundance above 20%. Comparably, the abundance of Vibrio in the intestine of sea urchins fed fresh kelp was only 2.32%. These results showed that oxidized fish oil had negative effects on the growth, immune response and antioxidant capacity, and bacterial diversity of juvenile S. intermedius. The abnormal increase of antioxidant enzyme activities and malondialdehyde contents at relatively higher oxidation level (>150 meq/kg) could be due to the oxidative stress occurrence inside the body of sea urchins. Sea urchins fed formulated feeds host more Vibrio than those fed fresh kelp, and this could be a potential incidence of disease occurrence.

Physicochemical and nutritional properties of yogurt emulsion with lycopene during chilled storage.

Lycopene is a highly potent antioxidant that is prevalent among dietary carotenoids. However, its use in food formulations is restricted due to its poor water-solubility and proneness to oxidation. The aim of this research was to encapsulate lycopene in yogurt using emulsion technology for improving its stability during processing and storage, in order to diversify a widely consumed food product and enhance its nutritional value. Confocal laser microscopy data showed that the incorporation of oil droplets with emulsification did not have a negative effect on the formation and microstructure of yogurt. Syneresis of lycopene-fortified yogurt samples was approximately twice as high compared with plain yogurt at day 7; the ability to retain water was significantly improved with storage time for all emulsified samples. Additionally, storage reduced the Turbiscan Stability Indices (TSI) for all yogurt samples, which suggests that physical stability improved at 4°C. Emulsification resulted in increased oxidation levels due to increased oil content. This effect was ameliorated by lycopene encapsulation, which effectively protected corn oil from oxidation and prevented degradation. This study indicates that emulsification is a promising method for lycopene encapsulation and can be used for developing yogurt with desirable nutritional properties.

Anti-ESBL derivatives of marine endophytic Streptomyces xiamenensis GRG 5 (KY457709) against ESBL producing bacteria

Increased oxidation levels in bacteria after DTBHAI treatment confirmed the beta lactamase degradation effect.

An assessment of the reproductive toxicity of GONPs exposure to Bombyx mori

This study aimed to explore the toxicity of environmental residues of graphene oxide nanoparticles (GONPs) to reproduction of Lepidopteron insects using both ovary cell line (BmN) and individual female Bombyx mori as the research subjects. The results showed that GONPs dose dependently affect BmN cells. At higher concentrations (>25 mg/L), GONPs led to oxidative stress, ROS accumulation and DNA damage in BmN cells and significantly reduced their survival rate (p ≤ 0.05). Moreover, feeding female B. mori larvae with mulberry leaves treated with 25 mg/L GONPs significantly decreased their gonadosomatic index (GSI) by 40.84%, and increased oxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activity in silkworm ovary tissues. Pathological analysis found that exposure to GONPs decreased the numbers of both oogonia and oocytes in ovarian tissues, increased the formation of peroxisome and vacuoles in follicle cells, reduced the transcription of genes (Vg, Ovo, Sxl-s, Sxl-l, and Otu) related to ovarian development in B. mori by 0.61, 0.65, 0.75, 0.72, and 0.42-fold, respectively, and lowered the amount of spawning by 52.25%. Overall, these results revealed that GONPs exposure is toxic to the reproduction of B. mori. The underlying mechanism is that oxidative stress due to GONPs causes oxidative damage to DNA, damages ovarian tissues, as well as hinders B. mori development and spawning. Thus, this study provides important experimental data for safety evaluation of reproductive toxicity due to GONPs exposure.

Characterization of single scattering albedo and chemical components of aged toluene secondary organic aerosol

Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) can influence the radiative balance of the atmosphere via its optical properties. The single-scattering albedo (SSA) and complex refractive index (RI) are the basic optical parameters of the aerosol particles. Toluene SOA particles were formation and aging with extreme amounts of OH radicals without NOx in flow reactor chamber in this study, cavity-enhanced aerosol single-scattering albedometer, UV–Vis spectrometer, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) were utilized to measure the optical properties and components of the aged toluene SOA, respectively. Experimental results demonstrated that the retrieved real part of RI for aged toluene SOA was 1.452 ± 0.002, which is consistent with the reported data. The measured SSA of aged toluene SOA was 0.78 ± 0.02, slightly lower than that of organic aerosols associated with biomass burning (BBOA), and the k-value (imaginary part of RI, corresponding to the absorption extent of SOA particles) was 0.024 ± 0.002, larger than that of fresh toluene SOA, indicating that the absorbing ability of SOA increased with increasing oxidation level. The obtained UV absorption and electrospray ionization mass spectrum shown that carboxylic acids are identified as the principal constituents of aged toluene SOA, which are responsible for the decreased SSA and increased k-value measured by the albedometer when compared to the fresh SOA. As the rate of production of SOA is greater than that of BBOA, the aged SOA particles may contribute remarkably to the radiative balance of the atmosphere. These would provide experimental basis for refine the radiative forcing estimates of anthropogenic SOA for certain regions.

Effect of Oxidation-Reduction Fluctuations on Metal Mobility of Speciated Metals and Arsenic in Bottom Sediments of Middleton River, Bayelsa State, Nigeria

Speciation and chemical mobility of heavy metals were assessed with a view to provide information on bioavailability of metals in a sediment matrix in order to account for the vulnerability of sediment dwelling fauna within the Middleton river ecosystem. Sediment was collected in triplicate from seven locations (five reflecting activities of oil installations in the study area and two controls). Sediments were collected in the months of March and August 2017 to reflect the dry and wet seasons respectively. Concentration of metals in each fraction was determined using a GBC Avanta Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The residual fraction was the most important for Cr with average levels of (49.4%) and (41.1%) for the dry and wet seasons respectively. Also, the most prevalent fractions of Zn were the residual fractions which revealed (31.7%) and (42.6%) during the dry and wet seasons respectively. The metalloid (As) had (14.7%) and (13.8%) of its total concentration bound to the residual and crystalline Fe-oxide fractions during the dry and wet seasons respectively. The oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) was measured electrometrically using a redox potential meter; ORP ranged from (+288.67 to +351.33 mV) and (+331.00 to +465.67 mV) for the dry and wet seasons respectively, hence, depicting a fairly oxidizing sediment environment. Mobility factor of metals depicted (As > Cu > Cr) and (As > Cr > Cu) for the dry and wet seasons respectively. The effect of oxidation-reduction potential on metal mobility revealed the transportability of chromium with increasing redox potential while arsenic was barely mobile with increasing oxidation level. Also, zinc mobility diminished strongly with increasing oxidation-reduction potential. Keywords : Speciation, chemical mobility, bioavailability, Middleton River

Preparation and characterization of chitosan based hydrogels chemical cross‐linked by oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers

A novel hydrogel with superior mechanical properties were prepared using chitosan chemical cross‐linked with oxidized cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs). An increased cross‐linking degree (6–40%) between chitosan and oxidized CNWs was found with the increased oxidation level of CNWs. A series of experiments were performed to evaluate the effect of oxidation level of CNWs on hydrogel properties. The morphology results showed that the cross‐linking reaction increased the hydrogels network density and the porous structure showed more compact and regular. Besides, the change in the morphology properties has an influence on hydrogels swelling behavior, exhibiting relatively reduced water content, and swelling ratio. The rheological measurements exhibited 263% and 394% improvements in storage modulus and loss modulus, respectively, and the maximum compressive stress confirmed an increasement by about 509%, were observed from the hydrogels cross‐linked by oxidized CNWs, compared with noncross‐linked hydrogels. Moreover, the resistance toward thermal degradation of the chitosan hydrogels was also increased by chemical cross‐linking. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:2432–2440, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Impact of plasma oxidation on structural features of human epidermal growth factor

We perform computer simulations supported by experiments to investigate the oxidation of an important signaling protein, that is, human epidermal growth factor (hEGF), caused by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment. Specifically, we study the conformational changes of hEGF with different degrees of oxidation, to mimic short and long CAP treatment times. Our results indicate that the oxidized structures become more flexible, due to their conformational changes and breakage of the disulfide bonds, especially at higher oxidation degrees. MM/GBSA calculations reveal that an increasing oxidation level leads to a lower binding free energy of hEGF with its receptor. These results help to understand the fundamentals of the use of CAP for wound healing versus cancer treatment at short and longer treatment times.

Sources, compositions, and optical properties of humic-like substances in Beijing during the 2014 APEC summit: Results from dual carbon isotope and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry analyses

Humic-like substances (HULIS) are a class of high molecular weight, light-absorbing compounds that are highly related to brown carbon (BrC). In this study, the sources and compositions of HULIS isolated from fine particles collected in Beijing, China during the 2014 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit were characterized based on carbon isotope (13C and 14C) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analyses, respectively. HULIS were the main light-absorbing components of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), accounting for 80.2 ± 6.1% of the WSOC absorption capacity at 365 nm. The carbon isotope data showed that HULIS had a lower non-fossil contribution (53 ± 4%) and were less enriched with 13C (−24.2 ± 0.6‰) relative to non-HULIS (62 ± 8% and −20.8 ± 0.3‰, respectively). The higher relative intensity fraction of sulfur-containing compounds in HULIS before and after APEC was attributed to higher sulfur dioxide levels emitted from fossil fuel combustion, whereas the higher fraction of nitrogen-containing compounds during APEC may have been due to the relatively greater contribution of non-fossil compounds or the influence of nitrate radical chemistry. The results of investigating the relationships among the sources, elemental compositions, and optical properties of HULIS demonstrated that the light absorption of HULIS appeared to increase with increasing unsaturation degree, but decrease with increasing oxidation level. The unsaturation of HULIS was affected by both sources and aging level.

Myofibrillar protein oxidation affects filament charges, aggregation and water-holding

Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a strong oxidant that is able to mediate protein oxidation. In order to study the effect of oxidation on charges, aggregation and water-holding of myofibrillar proteins, extracted myofibrils were oxidized by incubation with different concentrations of HClO (0, 1, 5, and 10mM). Loss of free thiols, loss of histidine and formation of carbonyls were greater with increasing oxidation level and the particle size increased. Water-holding in the 5 and 10mM HClO groups were greater than in the non-oxidized control. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) showed that the isoelectric point (pI) of oxidized proteins were lower compared to non-oxidized ones. The lower pI values of oxidized proteins suggests that oxidation increased the overall net negative charge of myofibrillar proteins solubilized for IEF. Here we propose a hypothesis that oxidation-induced increase in net negative charges is the driving force for improved water-holding in myofibrils, whereas protein cross-linking and aggregation have an opposing effect by decreasing the water-holding.

Synthesis of oxidized β-cyclodextrin with high aqueous solubility and broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity

Oxidized β-cyclodextrins with different oxidation levels were prepared using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant and copper sulfate as the catalyst. The physicochemical, antimicrobial and antifungal properties of oxidized β-cyclodextrin were systematically studied. The results showed that the oxidation level of oxidized β-cyclodextrin was successfully controlled by adjusting the dosage of hydrogen peroxide. The aqueous solubility of oxidized β-cyclodextrin was highly improved as expected. However, oxidation changed the morphology and partly reduced the crystallinity of oxidized β-cyclodextrin due to the introduced carbonyl and carboxyl groups. It is interesting that oxidized β-cyclodextrin presented a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, which was efficiently improved with the increasing oxidation level. Growth of A. niger spores was efficiently inhibited in the presence of oxidized β-cyclodextrin. Moreover, oxidized β-cyclodextrin could effectively extend the storage time of apple. In summary, oxidized β-cyclodextrin shows potential as antimicrobial and antifungal agents in food industry.