Increased Heat Loss Research Articles

Automated wireless system for monitoring the technical condition of chimneys

The present paper considers the technology of monitoring the technical condition of chimneys in order to identify areas of increased heat losses. The technology involves an automated wireless monitoring system that includes an unmanned aircraft with additional equipment. Aim. To study the operation safety of reinforced concrete chimneys used in hazardous industrial facilities. The presented monitoring technology tackles the task of prompt identification of defects and damages to reduce the risks of potentially hazardous conditions. While developing technology for monitoring the technical condition, special attention is paid to its autonomy and intelligence. At the first stage, sensors, coordinators and remote thermometry system are installed with the transmission of data on the temperature of the chimney trunk to the control center. At the next stage, the outer surface of the chimney is examined using an unmanned aicraft equipped with a thermal imaging camera to verify information about heat losses. The final stage involves creating a thermogram of the object and a scheme of the possible locations of the identified defects in order to plan repair works. In addition, the paper introduces main advantages of the suggested technology.

Analysis of Thermal Properties of Materials Used to Insulate External Walls.

This article emphasizes the significance of understanding the actual thermal properties of thermal insulation materials, which are crucial for avoiding errors in building design and estimating heat losses within the energy balance. The aim of this study was to analyse the thermal parameters of selected thermal insulation materials, particularly in the context of their stability after a period of storage under specific conditions. The materials chosen for this study include commonly used construction insulations such as polystyrene and mineral wool, as well as modern options like rigid foam composites. Experimental studies were conducted, including the determination of the thermal conductivity coefficient λ, as well as numerical analyses and analytical calculations of heat flow through a double-layer external wall with a window. The numerical analyses were performed using the TRISCO software version 12.0w, based on the finite element method (FEM). A macrostructural analysis of the investigated materials was also performed. The findings indicated that improper storage conditions adversely affect the thermal properties of insulation materials. Specifically, storing materials outdoors led to a deterioration in insulating properties, with an average reduction of about 4% for the standard materials and as much as 19% for the tested composite material. Insufficient understanding of the true thermal properties of insulation materials can result in incorrect insulation layer thickness, degrading the fundamental thermal parameters of external walls. This, in turn, increases heat loss through major building surfaces, raises heating costs, and indirectly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Simulation of thermal radiation effects on the thermal properties of parietodynamic walls using an innovative model

The parietodynamic wall, a type of dynamic insulation, has been recognized as an effective technology to reduce energy loss in buildings by recovering heat energy through forced convection. However, current research on the thermal performance of parietodynamic walls has overlooked the influence of thermal radiation, a crucial factor in energy transfer within the air layers of these walls. To bridge this gap, an innovative simulation model was developed and experimentally validated. Employing simulation methods, we investigated the impact of thermal radiation on the thermal behavior of parietodynamic walls under various influencing factors. Our findings reveal that thermal radiation markedly increases heat loss. Specifically, at an emissivity of 1, thermal radiation contributes up to 80.7% to the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) of the parietodynamic wall. Moreover, for a parietodynamic wall without insulation, the HTC of this wall will increase by more than 268% when thermal radiation is taken into account, compared to when it is not considered. These revelations deepen our comprehension of the role of thermal radiation in parietodynamic walls and offer valuable guidance for the development of more energy-efficient buildings.

Wet military uniforms pose low risk of hypothermia while static in mild cold air.

Wet clothing is less insulative than dry clothing and consequently increases heat loss in cold air. Tactical necessity can render removal of wet clothing impossible and/or require Warfighters to remain static to avoid detection, limiting heat production and posing a threat of hypothermia (core temperature<35°C). This study aimed to characterize body temperatures and evaluate hypothermia risk while statically exposed to 5°C air wearing three wet military uniforms. Further, low-speed loaded walking was evaluated as a strategy to raise end-static temperatures. Twelve adults (11M, 1F) randomly completed three wet-cold trials wearing either the Improved Hot Weather Combat Uniform (IHWCU), Army Combat Uniform (ACU), or ACU with silk-weight base layer (ACU+). Each trial involved 180 min of cold air (5.3±0.3°C, 0.8 m·s-1) exposure after a clothed 2 min head-out immersion (34.0±0.2°C). Volunteers were static for 60 min followed by 120 min of walking with a rucksack. Rectal temperature (Tre) area under the curve did not differ among the three wet uniforms when static (p=0.431) with Tre increasing, rather than decreasing, across the 60 min (IHWCU: +0.26±0.19°C, ACU: +0.37±0.21°C, ACU+: +0.36±0.20°C). Hypothermia risk with 60 min static wet-cold exposure therefore appears minimal, regardless of the military uniform worn, in an otherwise low stress cohort. End-static finger temperatures (IHWCU: 9.48±2.30°C, ACU: 9.99±1.82°C, ACU+: 9.27±1.66°C, p>0.999) were reduced by ∼20-23°C posing a considerable dexterity concern. Heat production of ∼210 W·m2 appeared sufficient to begin to reverse negative cumulative heat storage and initiate slight elevations of rectal and peripheral temperatures, although finger temperatures increased<2°C after 120 min. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05409937.

Mitigating rim bending in fused silica micro shell resonators by a chamfered mold

In this work, we addressed the bending of a micro shell resonator’s rim toward the stem during glass-blowing process. This phenomenon occurs due to increased heat loss at the mold’s edge and reduced heat flux at the side of the Gaussian heat source. To mitigate rim bending and the subsequent reduction in capacitance between the rim and 3D electrodes, which can degrade performance in micro glass-blown shell resonators for gyroscopes, we propose two potential mold solutions, using short-stem mold and chamfered mold. To quantitatively compare resonators created by these two types of molds, we calculated the noise factor for predicting its gyroscope performance. From these calculations, we find out that using the chamfered mold enables us to increase in the resonator’s effective mass, eigenfrequency, angular gain, and quality factor, consequently reducing the noise factor compared to using the short-stem mold. We also demonstrated these results by manufacturing shell resonators and measuring its vibrational characteristics. After metalization of the glass shell resonator, Q factor and eigen frequency of n = 2 vibration mode along the primary (secondary) axis were measured to 622,466 ± 6,427 (619,793 ± 6,402) and 4,343 ± 40 Hz (4,350 ± 40 Hz), respectively. This simulation process will assist us in getting insight into understanding a shell resonator as a gyroscope, designing a mold and determining experimental conditions.

Experimental study of solid particles in thermal energy storage systems for shell and tube heat exchanger: Effect of particle size and flow direction

The solid particle thermal energy storage method offers cost-effective, simple, and high-temperature suitable solutions. It effectively resolves chemical compatibility and thermal stress issues in shell-and-tube heat exchangers. This work studies the quartz sands' particle sizes and flow direction's impact on heat exchanger performance. The results show that heat conduction and natural convection heat transfer mechanisms exist on the particle side. Flow direction minimally affects charge/discharge time and stored energy but significantly impacts delivered/recovered energy and exergy and energy and exergy efficiencies. Optimal performance is achieved when HTO enters from the top during charging and from the bottom during discharging, creating a transparent thermal gradient of “Top Temperature High, Bottom Temperature Low”. This distribution minimizes natural convection losses, resulting in a 15–17 % increase in energy efficiency and an 11–13 % increase in exergy efficiency compared to reverse flow. Smaller particles show slightly faster temperature rise due to lower energy storage density. Large and medium particles perform well, achieving energy efficiencies of 81.5 % and 81.0 % and exergy efficiencies of 62.1 % and 61.8 %, respectively. Small particles have an energy efficiency of 79.0 % and an exergy efficiency of 60.4 %, possibly due to higher porosity and increased heat losses.

Hypothalamic Neuromodulation and Control of the Dermal Surface Temperature of Livestock during Hyperthermia.

Hyperthermia elicits several physiological and behavioral responses in livestock to restore thermal neutrality. Among these responses, vasodilation and sweating help to reduce core body temperature by increasing heat dissipation by radiation and evaporation. Thermoregulatory behaviors such as increasing standing time, reducing feed intake, shade-seeking, and limiting locomotor activity also increase heat loss. These mechanisms are elicited by the connection between peripheral thermoreceptors and cerebral centers, such as the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Considering the importance of this thermoregulatory pathway, this review aims to discuss the hypothalamic control of hyperthermia in livestock, including the main physiological and behavioral changes that animals adopt to maintain their thermal stability.

Investigating Road Ice Formation Mechanisms Using Road Weather Information System (RWIS) Observations

Ice formation on roads leads to a higher incidence of accidents and increases winter de-icing/anti-icing costs. This study analyzed 3 years (2019–2021) of Road Weather Information System (RWIS) sub-hourly measurements collected by the Montana Department of Transportation (MDT) to understand the first-order factors of road ice formation and its mechanisms. First, road ice is formed only when the road pavement surface temperature is equal to or below the freezing point (i.e., 32 °F (i.e., 0 °C)), while the corresponding 2 m air temperature could be above 32 °F. Nevertheless, when the road pavement was below 32 °F ice often did not form on the roads. Therefore, one challenge is to know under what conditions road ice forms. Second, the pavement surface temperature is critical for road ice formation. The clear road (i.e., with no ice or snow) surface pavement temperature is generally warmer than the air temperature during both day and night. This feature is different from a natural land surface, where the land skin temperature is lower than the air temperature on cloud-free nights due to radiative cooling. Third, subsurface temperature, measured using a RWIS subsurface sensor below a road surface, did not vary as much as the pavement temperature and, thus, may not be a good index for road ice formation. Fourth, urban heat island effects lead to black ice formation more frequently than roads located in other regions. Fifth, evaporative cooling from the water surface near a road segment further reduces the outlying air temperature, a mechanism that increases heat loss for bridges or lake-side roads in addition to radiative cooling. Additionally, mechanical lifting via mountains and hills is also an efficient mechanism that makes the air condense and, consequently, form ice on the roads. Forecasting road ice formation is in high demand for road safety. These observed features may help to develop a road ice physical model consisting of functions of hyper-local weather conditions, local domain knowledge, the road texture, and geographical environment.

Are man-made hives valid thermal surrogates for natural honey bee nests (Apismellifera)?

Honey bees preferentially occupy thick walled tall narrow tree cavities and attach their combs directly to the nest wall, leaving periodic gaps. However, academic research and beekeeping are conducted in squat, thin walled man made hives, with a continuous gap between the combs and the walls and roof. Utilising a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of thermoregulating bees in complete nests in trees and thin walled man made hives, with the average size of tree comb gaps determined from honey bee occupied synthetic tree nests, this research compared the metabolic energy impacts of comb gaps and vertical movement of the thermoregulated brood area. This shows their heat transfer regimes are disparate, including: bee space above combs increases heat loss by up to ∼70%; hives, compared to tree nests, require at least 150% the density of honey bees to arrest convection across the brood area. Tree cavities have a larger vertical freedom, a greater thermal resistance and can make dense clustering redundant. With the thermal environment being critical to honey bees, the magnitude and scope of these differences suggest that some hive based behavioural research needs extra validation to be considered non-anthropogenic, and some bee keeping practices are sub-optimal.

Thermally manageable and scalable reactor configurations towards efficient hydrogen release from liquid organic hydrogen carriers

In the global pursuit to minimize carbon emissions, hydrogen has emerged as a prominent alternative energy solution. This research introduces a thermally efficient, scalable, and potentially carbon–neutral system for releasing hydrogen, employing methylcyclohexane as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC). Our heat supply mechanism utilizes benzyltoluene as a liquid–gas phase change material (PCM) to facilitate effective heat transfer from the heating units to the reactor. We have developed catalysts with high dispersion and Pt loading of Pt/γ-Al2O3 that maintain performance over extended periods, achieving a hydrogen extraction rate of 2.3 Nm3H2(g)/h (equivalent to 5 kgH2/day) in a bench-scale reactor. The bench-scale setup achieves near-equilibrium conversion at a space velocity of 2 LLOHC/(Lcat-h) and 310 °C. The PCM-enhanced system supports a scalable catalytic bed design and simplifies heat supply and startup through the use of various heating methods. We then compare catalytic dehydrogenation reactor setups using single and hybrid heat sources; the former includes an internal Joule heater, offering simplicity and reduced heat loss but depends heavily on electrical energy, while the latter combines the internal Joule heater with an external fuel combustor, facilitating rapid startup albeit with increased heat loss. Lastly, we suggest future research directions to address existing technological hurdles and to expand the application of this system in scaling up hydrogen release processes.

Controlled growth of Sb2Te3 nanoplates and their applications in ultrafast near-infrared photodetection

This work presents a study on controlled growth of Sb2Te3 nanoplates via chemical vapor deposition and their potential applications in near-infrared photodetectors. The lateral size of the nanoplates is investigated by studying two main growth parameters: argon carrier gas flow rate and growth temperature. As the argon gas flow rate increases from 20 sccm to 60 sccm, the average lateral size of Sb2Te3 nanoplates gradually increases from 3.68 μm to 10.31 μm as the growth of Sb2Te3 nanoplate under lower argon gas flow rate is limited by the Sb2Te3 molecules delivered onto the substrate surface. In contrast, at a higher argon gas flow rate of 80 sccm, the average lateral size decreases to 8.77 μm due to the combined effect of a saturated substrate surface reaction rate and increased heat loss by convection. Similarly, the average lateral size of Sb2Te3 nanoplates progressively increases from 4.21 μm at a growth temperature of 400 °C to 10.31 μm at 410 °C, which could be ascribed to the limited reaction rate of active Sb2Te3 molecules/atoms on the substrate surface at lower growth temperature. The average size then saturates at 10.06 μm at 415 °C upon further increasing the growth temperature as the growth of Sb2Te3 nanoplates is limited by the amount of vaporized Sb2Te3 molecules delivered onto the substrate surface. The fabricated photodetector based on Sb2Te3 nanoplates presents a wide spectral response from 400 to 980 nm, with a maximum photo-response observed at 850 nm. Notably, the photo-response time of the Sb2Te3 nanoplate photodetector is measured as small as 64 μs, indicating its ultrafast photo-response characteristics. The photodetector also exhibits good performance with a responsivity of 155.6 mA W−1 and a specific detectivity of 1.68 × 109 Jones at 850 nm with a light power intensity of 130.0 mW cm−2.

Valorization of kiwi waste through composting

ABSTRACT Kiwi waste from the calibration process is a major environmental problem of kiwi production due to landfill deposition. This work aims to contribute to the agronomic use of recycled kiwi waste through composting. With this objective, a composting experiment was carried out with kiwi fruit waste mixed with 5%, 10% and 20% (fresh weight) of wheat straw from bundles used to protect kiwifruit trunks from frost, as abulking agent to increase aeration, in the piles 5S, 10S and 20S, respectively. The highest temperatures for piles 5S and 10S were above 60°C, whereas the temperature did not reach 40°C in the pile with the highest straw content (20S) because the aeration increased heat loss in addition to increased C/N ratio of this pile. Also, the amount of organic matter mineralized decreased with increasing amount of straw because of the high C/N ratio of the straw. The highest total N (29.7 g kg−1) and the lowest C/N ratio (13) of the compost with 5% of straw is important from the agricultural point of view to promote N availability. In contrast, the high electrical conductivity (4.6 dS m−1) of this compost increases the risk of salt accumulation in the soil. Our results show that the compost with 10% straw, with high degree of maturation, absence of poor hygiene indicators as coliforms and pathogens as Salmonella sp., high organic matter content and rich in nutrients, together with the adequate compost pH and low electrical conductivity improves compost quality.

Spatial Patterned Interfacial Solar Evaporators toward Recovering Heat Loss.

The novel freshwater production technology, such as interface solar-steam conversion (ISSC) technology, has advanced so rapidly recently, where its energy capture and conversion process was localized at the air-water interface so as to achieve high efficiency of energy utilization and transformation. However, when enlarging the evaporation surface and application scale, the inevitably increased heat loss and reduced conversion efficiency put it in a dilemma: should we exploit innovative steamer constructs for practical applications. In order to effectively mitigate heat loss from the evaporator to the surrounding environment, a series of spatial pattern evaporators (SPEs) are specifically designed in this article. By recovering the energy of radiation and convection heat loss, SPEs achieved low heat loss in an open evaporator through unequal height auxiliary heat exchange platforms. In an open environment, it achieves a maximum evaporation rate of 1.68 kg m-2 h-1, with approximately 52.41% of the heat loss being reabsorbed. This sophisticated pattern design provides a promising guideline for optimizing thermal management strategies and promoting practically scalable applications.

The Respective Roles of Ocean Heat Transport and Surface Heat Fluxes in Driving Arctic Ocean Warming and Sea Ice Decline

Abstract Arctic Ocean warming and sea ice loss are closely linked to increased ocean heat transport (OHT) into the Arctic and changes in surface heat fluxes. To quantitatively assess their respective roles, we use the 100-member Community Earth System Model, version 2 (CESM2), Large Ensemble over the 1920–2100 period. We first examine the Arctic Ocean warming in a heat budget framework by calculating the contributions from heat exchanges with atmosphere and sea ice and OHT across the Arctic Ocean gateways. Then we quantify how much anomalous heat from the ocean directly translates to sea ice loss and how much is lost to the atmosphere. We find that Arctic Ocean warming is driven primarily by increased OHT through the Barents Sea Opening, with additional contributions from the Fram Strait and Bering Strait OHTs. These OHT changes are driven mainly by warmer inflowing water rather than changes in volume transports across the gateways. The Arctic Ocean warming driven by OHT is partially damped by increased heat loss through the sea surface. Although absorbed shortwave radiation increases due to reduced surface albedo, this increase is compensated by increasing upwelling longwave radiation and latent heat loss. We also explicitly calculate the contributions of ocean–ice and atmosphere–ice heat fluxes to sea ice heat budget changes. Throughout the entire twentieth century as well as the early twenty-first century, the atmosphere is the main contributor to ice heat gain in summer, though the ocean’s role is not negligible. Over time, the ocean progressively becomes the main heat source for the ice as the ocean warms. Significance Statement Arctic Ocean warming and sea ice loss are closely linked to increased ocean heat transport (OHT) into the Arctic and changes in surface heat fluxes. Here we use 100 simulations from the same climate model to analyze future warming and sea ice loss. We find that Arctic Ocean warming is primarily driven by increased OHT through the Barents Sea Opening, though the Fram and Bering Straits are also important. This increased OHT is primarily due to warmer inflowing water rather than changing ocean currents. This ocean heat gain is partially compensated by heat loss through the sea surface. During the twentieth century and early twenty-first century, sea ice loss is mainly linked to heat transferred from the atmosphere; however, over time, the ocean progressively becomes the most important contributor.

High-fidelity numerical simulations in Eulerian/Lagrangian framework for liquid fuel jets in crossflow with atomization and evaporation: Effect of aerodynamic Weber number

The effect of the aerodynamic Weber number Weg on the atomization-evaporation process of liquid fuel jets in crossflow is investigated by detailed numerical simulations accounting for evaporation from both the gas–liquid interface and dispersed particles in the Eulerian/Lagrangian framework. The accuracy of the evaporation model on the gas–liquid interface treated in the Eulerian manner is verified by applying two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations to the evaporation of a single droplet and comparing the computational results with the theoretical solution and psychrometric data. The results show that the present detailed numerical simulations reasonably reproduce the primary and secondary atomization characteristics of the liquid jets in crossflow under different breakup modes. Additionally, considering both evaporations from the Eulerian gas–liquid interface and Lagrangian dispersed particles is essential for precisely predicting the fuel mixing with the oxidizer and the ignition. As Weg increases, the Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of generated fuel droplets decreases in the whole region. Furthermore, as Weg increases, the tendency that the fuel vapor mass fraction is high in the upstream region and decreases downstream becomes more evident. However, the temperature behind the liquid column do not decrease despite the increasing heat loss due to evaporation. These behaviors can be well explained in terms of the differences in the atomization, evaporation, and heat transfer between the liquid jet and hot air crossflow against Weg.

Effect of wet clothing removal on skin temperature in subjects exposed to cold and wrapped in a vapor barrier: a human, randomized, crossover field study

BackgroundPrehospital care for cold-stressed and hypothermic patients focuses on effective insulation and rewarming. When encountering patients wearing wet clothing, rescuers can either remove the wet clothing before isolating the patient or isolate the patient using a vapor barrier. Wet clothing removal increases skin exposure but avoids the need to heat the wet clothing during rewarming. Leaving wet clothing on will avoid skin exposure but is likely to increase heat loss during rewarming. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of wet clothing removal compared to containing the moisture using a vapor barrier on skin temperature in a prehospital setting.MethodsThis randomized crossover experimental field study was conducted in a snow cave in Hemsedal, Norway. After an initial cooling phase of 30 min while wearing wet clothes, the participants were subjected to one of two rewarming scenarios: (1) wet clothing removal and wrapping in a vapor barrier, insulating blankets, and windproof outer shell (dry group) or (2) wrapping in a vapor barrier, insulating blankets, and windproof outer shell (wet group). The mean skin temperature was the primary outcome whereas subjective scores for both thermal comfort and degree of shivering were secondary outcomes. Primary outcome data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).ResultsAfter an initial decrease in temperature during the exposure phase, the dry group had a higher mean skin temperature compared to the wet group after only 2 min. The skin-rewarming rate was highest in the initial rewarming stages for both groups, but increased in the dry group as compared to the wet group in the first 10 min. Return to baseline temperature occurred significantly faster in the dry group (mean 12.5 min [dry] vs. 28.1 min [wet]). No intergroup differences in the subjective thermal comfort or shivering were observed.ConclusionRemoval of wet clothing in combination with a vapor barrier increases skin rewarming rate compared to encasing the wet clothing in a vapor barrier, in mild cold and environments without wind.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT05996757, retrospectively registered 18/08/2023.

Numerical analysis of demolition waste‐based thermal energy storage system for concentrated solar power plants

AbstractThermal energy storage (TES) is an enabling system that provides uninterrupted energy from concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. Packed‐bed TES systems have great opportunity to significantly enhance the cost‐effectiveness, efficiency, and sustainability of CSP plants by employing an affordable and sustainable packing material. The objective of this study is to design a demolition waste‐based packed bed TES system with a maximum storage capacity of 40 kWh, specifically tailored to store heat within the temperature range of 290°C to 565°C using solar salt as heat transfer fluid (HTF), thereby making it suitable for integration into CSP plants. Performance and thermal behavior of demolition waste‐based packed‐bed TES system was assessed through numerical analysis. The results demonstrate that a high discharging efficiency of 76.0% was achieved when the HTF flow rate was set at 100 kgh−1. However, it is important to note that at lower HTF flow rate, heat loss increases, leading to a decrease in discharging efficiency to 70%. The experiment also revealed a uniform thermal gradient within the packed‐bed TES system, up to a fluid flow rate of 300 kgh−1. It is worth mentioning that lower flow rates can further improve the stratification effect; however, they may also result in increased heat loss and reduced storage capacity. Based on these findings, an optimal flow rate range of 100 to 200 kgh−1 is recommended to achieve the best performance for the packed‐bed TES system.

Hypothermia: Beyond the Narrative Review-The Point of View of Emergency Physicians and Medico-Legal Considerations.

Hypothermia is a widespread condition all over the world, with a high risk of mortality in pre-hospital and in-hospital settings when it is not promptly and adequately treated. In this review, we aim to describe the main specificities of the diagnosis and treatment of hypothermia through consideration of the physiological changes that occur in hypothermic patients. Hypothermia can occur due to unfavorable environmental conditions as well as internal causes, such as pathological states that result in reduced heat production, increased heat loss or ineffectiveness of the thermal regulation system. The consequences of hypothermia affect several systems in the body-the cardiovascular system, the central and peripheral nervous systems, the respiratory system, the endocrine system and the gastrointestinal system-but also kidney function, electrolyte balance and coagulation. Once hypothermia is recognized, prompt treatment, focused on restoring body temperature and supporting vital functions, is fundamental in order to avert preventable death. It is important to also denote the fact that CPR has specificities related to the unique profile of hypothermic patients.

The effects of saline water preheating and heat recovery in a vapour-based multistage solar still

The current study complements a broader body of research on solar distillation, including research on heat recycling capabilities and other related factors in multistage solar distillation systems. Solar stills can be used in various applications to provide safe and clean water from natural sources. This study is based on field data collected, analysed, and interpreted over ten (10) months. The solar still operated at atmospheric pressure and produced a distillate by evaporating saline water (SW) at ~ 100 °C. The maximum SW preheating was 75.5 °C with 30,821.04 kJ/m2 day collected by the solar collectors. The corresponding overall thermal efficiency of the test rig was 33.83%. The overall thermal efficiency decreased with increasing wind speed, averaging at 3.12 m/s to 28.31% due to increased heat loss to the environment when 30,780 kJ/m2day was collected. It further declined to 5.89% with low meteorological conditions of 209.81 W/m2, 15.66 °C and 2.66 m/s, respectively, on average. However, the benefits of increased wind speed were enhanced condensation and productivity. The study also found that the ideal thermal energy delivery rate was sim 600 W/m2 or an impulsive mode at higher solar insolation. A balanced condensation rate, SW preheating, heat recovery and overall thermal efficiency can be achieved at this delivery rate. A significant correlation was observed, indicating that the simultaneous increase in the average heat input rate and wind velocities positively impacted distillate output. Conversely, low average wind velocity improved overall thermal efficiency, resulting in a distillate output of 6730 ml for the five stacked stages, despite a slight discrepancy of 3.2 W/m2 in the heat input rate.

Modern possibilities for the correction of menopausal symptoms in patients with breast cancer, depending on the molecular biological characteristics of the tumor (literature review)

Breast cancer (BC) ranks first in cancer incidence among women. For successful treatment of BC, depending on the molecular type and stage of the disease, chemotherapy is used, the side effects of which are manifested by menopausal symptoms, sexual dysfunction, and depressive states. However, not all patients after BC receive appropriate therapy for menopausal symptoms, what significantly worsens their quality of life. One of the symptoms that brings the most severe discomfort is the vasomotor symptom, a form of temperature dysfunction with peripheral vasodilation and increased cutaneous blood flow that results in increased heat loss. There are several types of drugs that are used to prevent menopausal symptoms in patients taking endocrine chemotherapy, many of which are in the experimental phase of development. In this review, we will try to identify proven effective and safe methods for correcting menopausal symptoms in women who underwent chemotherapy and endocrine therapy for BC.