Increase In Carrying Capacity Research Articles

The Dynamic Genome at Altitude: Mitochondrial DNA Copy Numbers in Acute and Chronic Hypoxia

Mitochondria contain a tiny circular DNA (mtDNA) that encodes components of the electron transport chain, including Complex IV, where over 95% of oxygen is consumed in the process of generating energy. Each mitochondrion contains tens to hundreds of copies of mtDNA, which decrease with aging and disease, but little is known regarding how mtDNA levels change in response to hypoxia. Here we compare samples with different durations and magnitudes of exposure to high-altitude hypoxia: Ethiopian Amhara with >5000 years exposure and the potential for evolved adaptations, Ethiopian Oromo with ~500 years of generations of lifelong acclimatization, and acutely exposed European trekkers with 15 days of abrupt individual acclimatization followed by descent to baseline. Lowland natives of the same ethnicities provide unstressed reference samples. Our previous studies found that Amhara adapted to hypoxia through increased blood flow due to nitric oxide-mediated vasodilation, while Oromo have increased carrying capacity through elevated hemoglobin concentration. We measured mtDNA copy numbers relative to nuclear DNA (mtDNA-CN) in 326 healthy adults: 52 low-altitude Amhara at 1200 m, 113 high-altitude Amhara at 3700 m; 47 low-altitude Oromo at 1700 m, and 105 high-altitude Oromo at 4000 m; and 9 European lowlanders at a baseline of 1300 m, after ascent to 5050 m, and upon return to 1300 m. High-altitude Amhara had 21% higher median mtDNA-CN than their low-altitude counterparts (median (IQR): high-altitude, 363.0 (281.0–427.0); low-altitude, 299.0 (246.1–333.2); p<0.0001), while high-altitude Oromo had 17% lower mtDNA-CN than their low-altitude counterparts (high-altitude, 236.7 (165.2–315.6); low-altitude, 283.7 (216.9–335.6); p=0.01). High-altitude Amhara had significantly higher median mtDNA-CN than high-altitude Oromo (p<.0001). European lowlanders had 44% lower mtDNA-CN after an 13-day ascent to 5050 m (1300 m, 322.5 (262.8–356.4); 5050 m 180.9 (145.1–230.5); p=0.002) that returned to baseline (319.5 (247.3–267.6); p=0.5) after a 6-day descent to 1300 m. These findings further confirm variation in acute and chronic responses to hypoxia, within and across populations. These findings require validation and expansion to address the mechanisms connecting expression of mtDNA copy numbers to oxygen-requiring bioenergetics. This work is supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute HL060917 and National Science Foundation BCS-0452326. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

Effects of including fully wraparound geogrid layers on the load-bearing capacity and settlement of a strip footing resting on sandy soil

In this study, a series of small-scale physical model tests were conducted to investigate the effects of fully wrapped geogrid sheets on the load‒settlement response of medium-dense sandy soil beneath a single-strip foundation. Recent research has provided evidence of how different parameters affect the behavior of dense sandy soil when reinforced with fully wraparound geogrid sheets. Additionally, a parametric analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of various factors on the system. These factors include the presence of a folded geogrid sheet, the depth and length of an embedded wraparound geogrid sheet, the thickness of the fully wrapped geogrid layer, the impact of tensile strains along the geogrid sheet, and the effect of additional confinement pressure. The inclusion of a single sheet of full wraparound geogrid sheets has been found to significantly affect the pressure-bearing capacity of medium-dense sandy soil and settlement beneath the strip footing. The carrying capacity increases by 280%, and the settlement ratios decrease by 50% when using one layer of full wraparound geogrid. Moreover, when using one fully folded geogrid sheet, the strain induced beneath the center of the footing decreases significantly by approximately 45.5% and the applied pressure by approximately 15.5% in comparison with two inclusions of planar geogrid layers. In addition, the stress distributions are spread over a larger region within the soil mass. One significant finding is that the presence of two overlapping parts prevents the rupture of the geogrid sheet, as opposed to the planar geogrid sheet.

THE MODEL ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED BAMBOO WOVEN FOR SHALLOW FOUNDATION SUPPORTING BEARING CAPACITY ON SOFT SOIL

North Jakarta generally has soft soil characteristics. Construction built on soft soil is a big problem due to the low bearing capacity of the soil and the large settlement. Therefore, a reinforcement is needed with the aim of increasing the carrying capacity of the soil. In this study using woven bamboo reinforcement, the use of this reinforcement can be an alternative to increase the bearing capacity of the soil used as the basis for shallow foundations. Variations in depth and number of layers of reinforcement are used to obtain the maximum value of the soil bearing capacity. The depth variation used is 0.25B and 0.5B with a variation of 2 (two) layers of reinforcement. The research method used is on a laboratory scale. The data obtained were then analyzed by comparing the value of the bearing capacity of the soil without reinforcement using reinforcement which was expressed by Bearing Capacity Ratio (BCR). The results showed that the largest bearing capacity value occurred in the modeling distance of 0.25B with 2 layers of reinforcement of 459.064 kN/m2 while the smallest value of bearing capacity occurred in modeling of the distance of 0.5B with 1 layer of reinforcement of 321.227 kN/m2 and increased carrying capacity land with an increase value of 76.31 %.

Time lag effect on malaria transmission dynamics in an Amazonian Colombian municipality and importance for early warning systems

Malaria remains a significant public health problem worldwide, particularly in low-income regions with limited access to healthcare. Despite the use of antimalarial drugs, transmission remains an issue in Colombia, especially among indigenous populations in remote areas. In this study, we used an SIR Ross MacDonald model that considered land use change, temperature, and precipitation to analyze eco epidemiological parameters and the impact of time lags on malaria transmission in La Pedrera—Amazonas municipality. We found changes in land use between 2007 and 2020, with increases in forested areas, urban infrastructure and water edges resulting in a constant increase in mosquito carrying capacity. Temperature and precipitation variables exhibited a fluctuating pattern that corresponded to rainy and dry seasons, respectively and a marked influence of the El Niño climatic phenomenon. Our findings suggest that elevated precipitation and temperature increase malaria infection risk in the following 2 months. The risk is influenced by the secondary vegetation and urban infrastructure near primary forest formation or water body edges. These results may help public health officials and policymakers develop effective malaria control strategies by monitoring precipitation, temperature, and land use variables to flag high-risk areas and critical periods, considering the time lag effect.

Adaptive phase-field modeling of fracture in orthotropic composites

An adaptive phase-field method is developed and applied to model fracture propagation in orthotropic composites. The proposed approach extends the work of Muixí et al. (2020) to orthotropic composites through following modifications: (a) elastic tensor is evaluated in the global coordinate system from a given engineering stiffness matrix in the principal material coordinates, (b) strain energy density is additively decomposed into fiber and matrix-dominated modes, and (c) a penalized second-order structural tensor is introduced in the phase-field equation facilitating preferential damage growth along the fiber orientation. The developed approach is validated through several benchmark examples and available experimental results.Several numerical failure experiments are conducted varying fiber orientation, adhesive layer thickness, shear modulus, and fracture toughness. A large increase in ductility and peak-load carrying capacity is observed for laminate configurations where the fibers are oriented such that the principal material coordinates and the global coordinates are aligned. An increase in the adhesive layer’s fracture toughness increases the macroscopic ductility and prevents catastrophic failure of laminate. The results of this study provide valuable insights into the failure mechanisms in orthotropic composites.

Can low-carbon energy technology lead to energy resource carrying capacity improvement? The case of China

Energy resource carrying capacity serves as a crucial yardstick for assessing the sustainability of energy systems. To explore to what extent and how low-carbon energy technology affects energy resource carrying capacity, this study first calculates the level of low-carbon energy technology and energy resource carrying capacity in China for the period 2000–2019, and then employs the instrumental variable generalized method of moments (IV-GMM) model to investigate the marginal impact of low-carbon energy technology on energy resource carrying capacity. We also explore their asymmetric, direct, as well as indirect nexus. We find that (1) low-carbon energy technology presents benefits to the energy resource carrying capacity improvement, which indicates their positive nexus. (2) Low-carbon energy technology has a diminishing marginal effect on energy resource carrying capacity as the level of energy resource carrying capacity increases, which implies their asymmetric nexus. (3) Low-carbon energy technology has significant promotion effects on socioeconomic development, energy capacity, and environment capacity, which are three dimensions of energy resource carrying capacity. (4) Energy transition and energy efficiency are two positive mediators in the impact of low-carbon energy technology on energy resource carrying capacity. Several targeted policy implications are proposed based on the above findings.

Variation in the Ecological Carrying Capacity and Its Driving Factors of the Five Lake Basins in Central Yunnan Plateau, China

The Five Lakes Basin of Central Yunnan Plateau (FLBOCYP) is located in the core area of Yunnan Province and has a developed economy, but the ecological and environmental problems in the basin are serious and the sustainable economic development is threatened. The analysis of ecological carrying capacity change and the study of influencing factors in the basin is conducive to protecting the ecology of the basin and maintaining the sustainable development of the social economy. Ecological carrying capacity is an important indicator for the quantitative assessment of regional sustainable development, and the assessment of regional ecological carrying capacity based on grid scale can more accurately and vividly reflect the regional sustainable status and provide reference for regional coordinated development. With the support of GIS technology, based on the unique ecosystem characteristics of the river basin itself, the research method of quantifying the ecological carrying capacity from the three perspectives of ecological function elasticity, resource and environmental capacity and socio-economic coordination was carried out, and a relatively complete comprehensive evaluation index system of ecological carrying capacity was constructed. The ecological carrying capacity of the five major lake basins of Qilu Lake and Yangzonghai from 2000 to 2018 was evaluated, and the temporal and spatial changes and driving mechanisms of ecological carrying capacity were analyzed. The results show that: (1) The FLBOCYP has an overall moderate ecological carrying capacity (average of ~0.5). The temporal trend in ecological carrying capacity was an initial rise followed by a fall, but there was an overall increasing trend at a rate of 0.019. (2) Areas with a strong ecological carrying capacity were mainly distributed in the mountainous and semi-mountainous regions outside of the lake area, whereas areas of weaker ecological carrying capacity were mainly distributed in the plain area around the lake. The ecological carrying capacity gradually increased from the area around the lake to the periphery. (3) At a basin scale, the ecological carrying capacities of the Dian, Fuxian, and Yangzong lake basins were relatively high, whereas those of the Xingyun and Qilu lake basins were relatively low. The greatest increase in ecological carrying capacity of Fuxian Lake has occurred since 2000. (4) The spatial pattern of ecological carrying capacity showed clear agglomeration. This agglomeration has been continuously enhanced but remained relatively stable over the past 19 years. The main agglomeration modes were identified as “high-high” (HH), “low-low” (LL), and “not obvious agglomeration”. (5) Among the many driving factors, ecological elasticity, biological abundance index, proportion of forest land, and degree of human disturbance showed the greatest explanatory power for spatial differentiation of ecological carrying capacity, and the interaction of any two factors affected the spatial analysis of ecological carrying capacity even more. In summary, the overall ecological environment of the FLBOCYP has experienced significant improvement since 2000, whereas that of the plain area has deteriorated more seriously in recent years.

Dynamic properties of a reaction–diffusion predator–prey model with nonlinear harvesting: A linear and weakly nonlinear analysis

In this work, we have studied the spatiotemporal dynamics of a predator–prey model with selective nonlinear saturated harvesting of both species. The study of the non-diffusive system includes analytical and numerical analysis of local and global bifurcations. Bifurcation analysis of the non-diffusive system unveils that the system may exhibit transcritical, Hopf, saddle–node and homoclinic bifurcation with increased carrying capacity and harvesting efforts. The simulation results further reveal that the paradox of enrichment may disappear in a harvested system for a higher value of carrying capacity. The spatiotemporal study consists of an analysis of different pattern-forming instabilities. A critical ratio of the diffusivities of predator to prey for the occurrence of Turing instability is established. Further, a weakly nonlinear analysis is provided to derive the amplitude equation and predict the form of the pattern. The key highlight of the work is that prey harvesting facilitates spatiotemporal chaos, and predator diffusion controls it. Furthermore, intensive prey harvesting forces spatial segregation, whereas predator harvesting relaxes it. It is also observed that spatial segregation enriches the overall species biomass. A unique observation of this study is the occurrence and nonoccurrence of spatiotemporal chaos in the Hopf-Turing parametric space.

Effect of Tenderization with Citric Acid on some Physical Traits of Spent Hen Meat

In this study, spent hen meat, at the market was used after slaughter and cleaning, which were tenderized with citric acid. The treatments were as follows: T1 negative control treatment (soaking with distilled water only) for 12 hours. T2: Positive control treatment (tenderizing with vinegar at a rate of 100 ml/L distilled water) for 12 hours. As for T3, T4 and T5 they are tenderized with citric acid at a concentration of 100, 200 and 300 ml of citric acid solution per liter of distilled water for 12 hours, respectively. The results indicate that all tenderizing treatments with citric acid led to a significant increase in water carrying capacity, with a significant decrease in the loss in the exudate compared to the negative control treatment, with a significant decrease in the weight loss during cooking at the high level of the treatment.

Structural behavior of concrete filled double-skin PVC tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets

Abstract The behavior of concrete-filled double-skin poly vinyl chloride (PVC) tubular columns confined by plain PVC sockets is studied in this research. The plastic pipes have been used with concrete as columns. PVC has several advantages as it is inexpensive, light weight for construction, and decrease in the time taken for construction. Thus it can be used as an alternative to metal in various applications in which the maintenance cost is increased and the corrosion is reduced. This study is an experimental work on four groups of composite hollow PVC columns, each group containing three different samples. The effects of several parameters are studied, including slenderness ratio, compactness ratio, compressive strength, and confinement ratio. The experimental results show that stiffness, strength, as well as the ductility of composite columns of different loadings were considerably influenced by all these parameters. An increase in loading carrying capacity by about 40.4% was noticed as slenderness ratio decreased from 20 to 12 and about 21.1% as compactness ratio decreased from 50 to 25. Besides, the rate of increase in load capacity was about 96.6% as compressive strength increased from 33 to 54 MPa. For the case of variation of confinement ratio from 25 to 75%, the increase in the axial load capacity was about 56.7%. The main benefit of this type of column is the interaction between PVC tube and concrete. Besides, restriction of concrete by tube results in the delay of local buckling so that the concrete strength is enlarged by the effect of confining provided by the tube.

Review on Design and Analysis in Ultimate State of Bridge for Class 70R IRC Loading

Abstract: Due to its increased carrying capacity, pre-pressurized concrete bridge flooring have recently seen growth in the field of bridge engineering. IRC codal keywords were used for the analysis. One of the largest varieties of cast in situ concrete decks with a concrete slab attached to belts are T-beam bridge decks. The standard structural analysis method FEM (standard feature approach) in STAAD Pro rates the continuum mechanics problem. This study analyses a single-span t-beam bridge by varying the lengths by 25, 30, 35, and 40 metres while keeping the width constant. To ascertain the curve time and shear strength, models of bridges of the IRC AA category and the IRC loading system of section 70Rtracked were used. According to the investigation, there are no discernible differences between the Courbon method and the limited feature method as the span increases.

Review on Design and Analysis in Ultimate State of Bridge for Class 70R IRC Loading

Abstract: Due to its increased carrying capacity, pre-pressurized concrete bridge flooring have recently seen growth in the field of bridge engineering. IRC codal keywords were used for the analysis. One of the largest varieties of cast in situ concrete decks with a concrete slab attached to belts are T-beam bridge decks. The standard structural analysis method FEM (standard feature approach) in STAAD Pro rates the continuum mechanics problem. This study analyses a single-span t-beam bridge by varying the lengths by 25, 30, 35, and 40 metres while keeping the width constant. To ascertain the curve time and shear strength, models of bridges of the IRC AA category and the IRC loading system of section 70Rtracked were used. According to the investigation, there are no discernible differences between the Courbon method and the limited feature method as the span increases.

A study on torsional behaviour of rectangular reinforced concrete beams with U-shaped encased welded wire mesh

Concrete is one type of composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with cementitious paste that is durable in its hardened state over time. It has now become an important and widely used building material. However, it possesses a brittleness material property in tension even though it is strong in compression. Here the study is restricted to the concrete subjected to torsion phenomena. In the past decades, various ways have been explored to improve the ductile material strength property of the concrete matrix in proposed new construction. Reinforced concrete is constructed by using conventional reinforcements; prestressed concrete is an example of that. Also, various types of fibers in the form of discrete nature are applied to improve the tensile strength capacity of concrete in proposed construction, and retrofitting techniques using various materials are exercised to strengthen the existing structures. Hence, remarkable research in the literature on fiber reinforced concrete and on FRP techniques has been carried out. However, welded wire mesh with high yield strength can be encased in concrete members to improve composite material property and avoid abrupt cracking with an increase in torque carrying capacity of plain and reinforced concrete beam specimens used for proposed construction.

ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TOURIST ATTRACTIONS POTENTIAL THAT AFFECT TOURIST SATISFACTION IN CREATIVE TOURISM COMMUNITIES.

This article aims to examine the relationship between the potential of tourist attractions and their impact on the satisfaction of creative tourism communities. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 400 tourists who had previously visited creative tourism communities in Khon Kaen, Province. Regression analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between variables. The study found that increasing tourist skills leads to increased satisfaction; access to tourist attractions enhances satisfaction with local identity; increased support capacity for tourism results in greater satisfaction with skill and experience products, as well as intangible tourism resources; and increased carrying capacity affects tourist satisfaction and participation in tourism activities.

An experimental behaviour of RCC rectangular beams with U-shaped encased welded wire mesh under torsion phenomena

Concrete is one form of composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with cementitious paste that is durable in its hardened state over time. Although it is robust in compression, it has a brittle material property in tension. Axial and shear forces, bending moments, and torsion moments may arise in the concrete body in a reinforced concrete design depending on the loading conditions. In this sequel, the encased welded wire mesh with high yield strength is used in order to improve composite material characteristics and reduce abrupt cracking with an increase in torque carrying capacity of concrete specimens. A total of 18 beam specimens were casted and tested under pure torsion, in that six numbers were control specimens and the remaining twelve numbers were specimens with encased welded wire mesh. U-shaped wrapped WWM, both in the form of transverse strips and continuous U-shaped sheets are used to observe enhancement in the cracking and ultimate torsional strength of plain and RCC rectangular beams respectively. The curves of tested specimens containing WWM wrapping patterns showed the specimens containing WWM resist more torsional loads as compared to control specimens. The ultimate torque get increased effectively due to the introduction of U-shaped WWM wrap in fully reinforcement type means longitudinal reinforcement with closed stirrups beam specimens.

Experimental and Numerical Analyses on the Fire Resistance of Timber–Concrete Composite Boards Using an Innovative Form of Partial Protection

Compared with traditional timber boards, timber–concrete composite (TCC) boards demonstrate a higher rigidity and bearing capacity, improved vibration, and better behavior under seismic conditions. However, they become charred when exposed to fire due the combustibility of timber, and the fire safety of this material is considered essential. In this research, 60 min fire exposure tests and residual load-carrying capacity tests following fire exposure were carried out on three full-scale composite boards, two of which were covered with an innovative form of gypsum board protection. The effect of the innovative protection on the temperature field and fire resistance of the TCC boards was studied in detail. The test results indicate that the fire resistance of the TCC boards was effectively improved by using the innovative protection. If the coverage ratio is identical, a wider single gypsum board can demonstrate a slight increase in residual carrying capacity. Finite element models of TCC boards were established to investigate the temperature field during fire exposure and the residual load-carrying capacity of the TCC boards after fire exposure, demonstrating high applicability and accuracy. The conclusions in this paper can provide reference for fire design in engineering.

Time-Varying Wear Calculation Method for Fractal Rough Surfaces of Friction Pairs

For the wear problem of the real rough surface during sliding friction, based on fractal theory and Hertz contact theory, a 3-D fractal rough surface with random characteristics is constructed, and the relationship between the wear deformation depth of the rough peak and its real contact area during the wear process is derived. Furthermore, considering the peak wear and pit scratch phenomena of rough surfaces in different contact states, the time-varying wear calculation model of the worn surface and the compensation wear calculation model of the unworn surface are established, respectively, and the relationship between the instantaneous wear amount and the dynamic change in the rough surface topography is comprehensively characterized. Combined with image digitization technology, the 3-D rough surface is converted into a 2-D discrete plane with 3-D information. According to the dynamic real-time update of the graph data, the iterative calculation of the wear cycle is completed, the time-varying wear calculation method for fractal rough surfaces of friction pairs is proposed, and the dynamic change in the wear amount and surface topography of the rough surface is simulated. The simulation results are experimentally verified and the influence of friction parameters on the surface topography is analyzed. The results show that after the wear simulation, the profile height of the rough surface is reduced, and the average wear depth is 0.02 mm. Increases in rotational speeds and external loads can exacerbate surface wear, surface topography tends to be flattened, and surface carrying capacity increases. This provides theoretical guidance for the development and manufacture of friction pairs.

An Operational Assessment Framework for Near Real-time Cropland Dynamics: Toward Sustainable Cropland Use in Mid-Spine Belt of Beautiful China

Cropland monitoring is a crucial component for a broad user community from Land Use and Land Cover Change study to food security policy making. Faced with the rich natural ecological environment and variable agricultural production conditions of Mid-Spine Belt of Beautiful China (MSBBC), this study developed a novel operational assessment framework that combined the near real-time land cover mapping platform (i.e., FROM-GLC Plus), the FAO Agricultural Stress Index System, and the land degradation monitoring method suggested by United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification for the timely monitoring of cropland extent change, cropland conditions, and cropland degradation. With integrated monitoring system, this framework can provide convenient access to high-spatiotemporal- resolution cropland maps (30 m, dekadal) and instant (near real time) cropland dynamics. According to the monitoring results, we found that the abnormally high temperatures of summer 2022 adversely affected crop health in the southwest of MSBBC. Besides, our results suggested that China’s ecological restoration projects made remarkable achievement in MSBBC. The productivity of more than 70% of cropland in MSBBC has improved, and only ~6% cropland (~3.69 × 10 4 km 2 ) has degraded since 2000, mainly distributed in cropland with steep slope, insufficient precipitation, and intensive use. Site-specific measures, such as conservation tillage, improved tillage systems, and cropland ecological projects, should be adopted for sustainable cropland use and further increase in land carrying capacity of MSBBC to achieve balanced east-west development in China.

Technological equipment layout of the self-propelled vehicle for mobile ropeway with terminal fixation

Mobile ropeways for transportation and crossing operations, formed by means of end-carriages connected by a single rope system on the basis of self-propelled wheeled or tracked chassis of increased carrying capacity and all-terrain mobility are a promising type of lifting and transport equipment, which ensures rapid deployment of necessary technological means. In the article the questions of pre-arrangement of a boom installation mechanism and fixing in a working position of the end support by means of a folding boom consisting of two articulated links for a constructive variant of the outrigger placement of the support on a rotary platform are examined. The construction and principle of operation of the boom mechanism is considered. A mathematical model ensuring the required standard vertical dimension of the self-propelled mobile ropeway for the purpose of its safe independent movement to the place of the ropeway deployment along the general-purpose motor roads has been developed. An analysis of the influence of normative dimensional requirements, structural dimensions of the carrying frame of the chassis, and the height of the end support on the main design dimensions of the articulated folding boom in the transport position has been carried out.

Uplift Load Carrying Capacity of Cylindrical and Belled Pile in Cohesive soil Bed

Foundation of some structures like transmission towers, mooring systems for ocean surface or submerged platforms, tall chimneys, jetty structures etc. are subjected to uplift loads. Literature reflects that scholars have conducted pull out field prototype and model test and failure pattern of soil is studied for belled piles in loess soil and cohesionless soil. In this research work, the authors have carried out 36 tests on single pile and pile groups and uplift load carrying capacity is obtained by experimental investigation of single pile, triangular pattern (2x1) and square pattern (2x2) using the model piles of cylindrical and belled shaped in cohesive soil of soft consistency. The piles are having 20 mm shaft diameter and varying L/d ratio of 6, 8,10,15,18 and 20 for both cylindrical pile and belled pile. Belled portion is cast in belled pile with an angle of 70° with horizontal and having base diameter of 60 mm and height 55 mm. Spacing between two piles in various pile group was kept three times the piles shaft diameter (3d) in all experiments. Based on the experimental results as the L/d ratio increases uplift load carrying capacity increases. Uplift load carrying capacity of single pile, triangular pile group and square pile group of belled pile is 410%, 280% and 240% more than cylindrical piles. Uplift load carrying capacity of triangular pile group and square pile group increases by 182% and 273% for cylindrical pile and 104% and 141% for belled pile in comparison with single pile. Failure pattern of soil is obtained from experiments performed on belled pile and by using this failure pattern, theoretical uplift load carrying of belled pile is obtained.Uplift load carrying capacity.