Increased Blood Glucose Levels Research Articles

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of crude fractions from Chlorophytum borivilianum root methanolic extract on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and phytochemical investigation by LCMS analysis.

To evaluate the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological efficacy of the plant Chlorophytum borivilianum in diabetes and hyperlipidemia and to confine and describe the synthetic constituents from the roots that are in charge of the action. The present study was carried out to investigate the ethno-medical use of Chlorophytum borivilianum root methanolic extract as a potential anti-diabetic and antihyperlipidemic agent in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Extract was tested for in vitro and in vivo biological activities. Soxhlet extraction was carried out using methanol as a solvent, and TLC and column chromatography were used for fractionation. Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopic study confirmed the structures of isolated compounds. Chlorophytum borivilianum root methanolic extract showed the presence of phytoconstituents as Dihydrocapsaicin, Reserpine, Deserpidine, Biliverdin-IX-α, and Cassiamin C having a therapeutic effect. Dihydrocapsaicin was identified at RT 7.572 and the Chlorophytum borivilianum root chloroform methanolic extract fraction noticeably depleted increased blood glucose levels and had positive effects on altered lipid profile after administering a dose of 150 mg/kg orally compared with oral hypoglycemic drug metformin. All the results are dose-dependent. Active chloroform-methanol fraction from methanol extract showed the presence of anti-diabetic compound, Dihydrocapsaicin. The chloroform-methanol fraction from the methanolic extract of Chlorophytum borivilianum root can inhibit the parameters linked to diabetes and hyperlipidemia.

Analysis of Therapy Satisfaction on the Quality-of-Life of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Anutapura Hospital Palu

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (Type 2 DM) is a chronic disease characterized by increased blood glucose levels caused by impaired insulin function. In Palu City, Type 2 DM is the 2nd most common in Central Sulawesi with a total of 26,204 people. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between therapy satisfaction and the quality of life of Type 2 DM patients who perform outpatient treatment at Anutapura General Hospital, Palu. Methods: With a random sample approach, 100 respondents were used in this cross-sectional study that employed an observational method. Data collection used instruments in the form of a DMSAT (Diabetes Medication Satisfaction Tool) therapy satisfaction questionnaire and a DQOL (Diabetes Quality Of Life) quality of life questionnaire. Results: The results of the study were obtained on therapy satisfaction from Type 2 DM patients with the number of respondents in the very satisfied (1.0%), satisfied (90.0%), and quite satisfied (9.0%) categories while the results of the study of the quality of life of Type 2 DM patients 2 fall into the good category (38.0%), and the bad category (62.0%). The statistical analysis test used was the Spearman Rank Correlation test. The results of the Spearman Rank Correlation test value p = 0.037 or p <α (0.05), then H0 is rejected, which means that there is a relationship between satisfaction with therapy and quality of life in patients with Type 2 DM which is very weak. Conclusion: The conclusion in this study is that there is a very weak relationship between therapy satisfaction and quality of life of patients.

Antidiabetic Evaluation of Kigelia pinnata Root Bark Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Type-2 Diabetes Model of Rats.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common endocrine disorder characterized by increased blood glucose levels resulting from defective insulin secretion, resistance to insulin action, or both. DM is often associated with severe complications, and there is an increasing appreciation that cognitive function declines in DM. The aim of this research work was to evaluate Kigelia pinnata root bark extract in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type-2 diabetes. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single administration of STZ (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.]), immediately after the STZ administration, and all animals were fed with normal food and water. Nicotinamide was administered (120 mg/kg, i.p.) 15 min before STZ. The development of hyperglycemia was confirmed by the elevated blood glucose levels determined at fixed intervals, which was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose levels in rats' blood taken from the tail vein. Supplementation with ethanolic extract of K. pinnata root bark (EEKP) significantly reduced the elevated blood glucose in STZ-induced hyperglycemia in rats. EEKP significantly restored the biochemical and antioxidant defense system. On the final day of the protocol, the extract also reduced inflammatory cytokines in the blood serum.

Drinking magnetized water alters blood constituents, and structure of spleen and kidney in rabbits

This study aimed to investigate the effect of magnetic field on physicochemical properties of water and evaluating the effects of the magnetized water (MW ) on the productive performance, liver enzymes, spleen and kidney structure of rabbits. Water samples were collected to determine pH and electrical conductivity (EC), and water structure was investigated by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Twenty-four weaned Rex rabbits, 21 d old, were allotted into two experimental groups: the first group was assigned as control, received regular tap water (TW), and the treated group, received MW, for 5 weeks. Productive traits were recorded weekly and at the end of the experiment, blood samples, spleen and kidney were collected for examinations. Results showed that pH and EC of MW were higher than those of TW. In addition, the arrangement MW cluster showed a unique alteration on the nano-scale. Growth performance indicators were similar in both experimental treatments, except FCR of the MW rabbits was better than that of the TW rabbits. The MW had no significant effect on plasma concentration of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatinine in growing Rex rabbits received MW in comparison with those received regular TW. Spleen histological structure of rabbits of both groups was normal. However, the epithelial cells lining renal tubules of kidneys of rabbits in MW group appeared large with basophilic nuclei in comparison with TW group. Conclusively, magnetic field alters the physicochemical properties of water. The MW may consequently increase blood glucose level and spleen weight % and enhance kidney structure in growing rabbits. Moreover, more studies are still needed to know the benefits of providing the magnetized water to ‎animals. ‎

Conditioned Media from Deer Antler Stem Cells Effectively Alleviate Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Possibly via Inhibiting the NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) represents a severe threat to human health. Persistent hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia can lead to damaged liver function, while effective interventions for these complications are currently lacking. Deer antler stem cells (AnSCs), a novel type of adult stem cells, significantly reduced liver injury, which was speculated to be achieved through the paracrine pathway. In this study, AnSC-conditioned medium (AnSC-CM) was used to treat C57BL/6 mice with T1D symptoms induced by streptozotocin (STZ). The therapeutic effects of AnSC-CM on T1D were evaluated, and the underlying mechanism was investigated. It was shown that AnSC-CM alleviated the T1D symptom: decreased body weight, increased blood glucose levels and islet lesions, and reduced insulin secretion. Moreover, AnSC-CM treatment improved liver function and mitigated liver injury in T1D mice. Impressively, the therapeutic effects of AnSC-CM on T1D were better than those of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-CM (BMSC-CM). The mechanistic study revealed that AnSC-CM significantly downregulated the NF-κB signaling pathway in both pancreatic and liver tissues. Therapeutic effects of AnSC-CM on STZ-induced T1D and liver injury may be achieved through targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Comparative Analysis of Diabetic Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a severe worldwide health problem, and its prevalence is quickly growing. It is a spectrum of metabolic illnesses definite by continually increased blood glucose levels. Undiagnosed diabetes can lead to a variety of difficulties, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and other vascular abnormalities. In this context, machine learning (ML) technologies may be mainly useful for early disease identification, diagnosis, and therapy monitoring. The core idea of this study is to detect the strong ML algorithm to forecast it. For this numerous ML algorithms were chosen i.e., support vector machine (SVM), Naïve Bayes (NB), K nearest neighbor (KNN), random forest (RF), logistic regression (LR), and decision tree (DT), according to this work. Two, Pima Indian diabetic (PID) and Germany diabetes datasets were used and the research was implemented using Waikato environment for knowledge analysis (WEKA) 3.8.6 tool. This research discussed performance matrices and error rates of classifiers for both datasets. The outcomes showed that for the PID database (PIDD), SVM works improved with an accuracy of 74% whereas for Germany RF and KNN work improved with 98.7% accuracy. This study can helps healthcare facilities and researchers in understanding the value and application of ML algorithms in predicting diabetes at an initial stage

Literature Review: Teh Manis Kurang Efektif Untuk Menangani Hipoglikemia

Among Indonesian society sweet tea is commonly recognized as an agent to help individuals experiencing hypoglycaemia before they are taken to the hospital. However, tea contains chemical compounds that can lower blood glucose levels. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of sweet tea in managing hypoglycaemia. A literature review method was employed, focusing on journals related to blood sugar levels, blood glucose, postprandial, hypoglycaemia, tea, green tea, black tea, Chinese tea, hypoglycaemia management guidelines, diabetes, and emergencies. Journals were sourced from the internet and limited to the past 15 years. Based on the review results, it is known that the administration of 15 grams of oral monosaccharide glucose can increase blood glucose levels by 2.1 mmol/L in 20 minutes, while 20 grams of oral glucose can increase blood glucose levels by 3.6 mmol/L in 45 minutes. Meanwhile, the administration of 3.3 grams of green tea can decrease postprandial blood glucose levels to 88.95 mmol/dL after 2 hours, the administration catechins of green tea for 369.14 mg actually decreases postprandial blood glucose levels to 88.95±6.13 mg/dL, and the administration of 32 grams of tea extract lowers postprandial blood glucose levels to 81.0 mg/dL. The conclusion drawn is that the administration of oral glucose to hypoglycaemic patients may be less effective when given with tea because tea contains polyphenols that inhibit α-amylase and α-glucosidase, activate glycolytic enzymes, thus inhibiting the process of glucose catabolism.

Modulation of Gut Microbiota, and Morphometry, Blood Profiles and performance of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Piper aduncum, Morinda citrifolia, and Artocarpus altilis leaves Ethanolic Extracts.

Bioactive plants such as P. aduncum, M. citrifolia, and A. altilis might improve intestinal health as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the ethanolic extracts (EEs) of these plants on the intestinal health of broiler chickens. Cobb 500 chickens (n = 352) were distributed into eight treatments with four replicates and 11 chickens each. T1 received a base diet, and T2 received a base diet with 0.005% zinc bacitracin. T3, T5, and T7 were supplemented with 0.005% of P. aduncum, M. citrifolia, and A. altilis EE in the diet while T4, T6, and T8 with 0.01% of the extract. The EEs were supplemented with drinking water from 1 to 26 days of age. The following parameters were evaluated: hematological profiles at 28 days of age, blood metabolites profiles at 14, 21, and 28 days; Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus sp. abundance in the ileum mucosa and content at 21 and 28 days, and histomorphometry of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum mucosa at 14, 21, and 28 d. Final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion rate (FCR) were evaluated at seven, 21, and 33 days of age. M. citrifolia and A. altilis EE at 0.01% increased blood glucose levels at 21 and 28 days of age, respectively, and P. aduncum and M. citrifolia EE at 0.01% increased triglycerides at 28 days of age; in addition, this EE did not have any effect on the AST and ALT profiles. The depths of the Lieberkühn crypts and the villi length to the crypt's depth ratio increased with age on supplementation with 0.01% M. citrifolia and A. altilis EE at 21 days of age (p < 0.05). In addition, the depth of the crypts increased at 28 days of age (p < 0.05) in chickens supplemented with 0.01% A. altilis EE. The 0.01% M. citrifolia EE in diet decreased in the Staphylococcus aureus population in the ileal microbiota (p < 0.05). The FW and WG during the fattening and in the three stages overall increased, and the FCR decreased; however, the FI and the carcass yield did not change in the broiler chickens supplemented with 0.01% M. citrifolia EE (p < 0.05). Conclusively, the M. citrifolia EE at 0.01% of the diet improved intestinal health and thus the performance indices of the broiler chickens and did not have a detrimental effect on any of the parameters evaluated, so it is postulated as a potential alternative to AGP in poultry.

The Effect of Diabetes Mellitus Exercises and Neuromuscular Taping (NMT) on Ankle Brachial Index (ABI) in Type 2 Dm Patients

Diabetes mellitus is caused by metabolic disorders characterized by increased blood glucose levels due to insulin secretion. Complications of peripheral arterial DM cause decreased blood flow to the lower extremities, marked by a decrease in ABI. Non-pharmacological therapy requires diabetes exercises and NMT to prevent injury to the feet due to changes in peripheral blood circulation. Objective: research to determine the effect of diabetic foot exercises and NMT on ABI in Type 2 DM patients. Method: Quantitative design, quasi-experimental method, pre-test post-test control group design, sampling technique using purposive sampling. Observations assessed the ABI score before the diabetes exercise intervention in intervention 1 and intervention 2 NMT, and group 3 control. Results: Data analysis using paired tests on ABI in 3 groups showed that in group I the foot exercise intervention resulted in p. 0.001 means there is a change in results before and after the intervention. Likewise, in group II of the NMT intervention, the result was p 0.001, there was a change in results before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Research proves that diabetes foot exercise and NMT interventions can improve ABI values in Type 2 DM patients.

Laporan Kasus: Penanganan Nyeri Neuropati diabetik Dengan Menggunakan Terapi Musik

Introduction; Diabetic neuropathy pain is a complication that is often experienced by diabetes mellitus sufferers who complain of pain in the extremities due to increased blood glucose levels. Objective; to describe the effectiveness of providing music therapy to clients experiencing diabetic neuropathy pain. Method; The implementation of this case study uses a nursing process approach through five stages, namely assessment, establishing a nursing diagnosis, developing interventions, implementing nursing plans and evaluating the results of actions. Patients were selected using a purposive sampling method, with action carried out in the community. Results; After applying music therapy three times, clients who experienced diabetic neuropathy pain experienced an improvement in their health condition which was marked by a decrease in pain. Conclusion; The results of the evaluation after implementing the action on a client diagnosed with diabetes mellitus who complained of diabetic neuropathy pain showed that the nursing problem was resolved.

Utilization of the tiwai plant (Eleutherine americana merr) as a functional instant drink containing antioxidant

Utilization of the tiwai plant as a functional instant drink containing antioxidants, one of the product diversifications to increase farmers’ income. This study aims to determine the effect of the ratio of tiwai extract and palm sugar on physical properties, organoleptic, antioxidant activity, and glucose response. This study used a non-factorial Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 levels of treatment and 3 replications. The data obtained were analysed using variance, if it had an effect, a further test of Honest Significant Difference (HSD) was carried out, while the glucose response data was carried out by the T-test. The results showed that the comparative treatment of tiwai extract and palm sugar had no significant effect on hedonic taste, water content, ash content, Brix degree, precipitate, and glucose response. The water content obtained ranged from 3.67%-5.17%. The antioxidant activity values obtained ranged from 60.77 ppm to 153.81 ppm (strong to weak categories). Instant tiwai drink does not increase blood glucose levels, does not interfere with systolic and diastolic responses, and does not trigger an increase in heart rate.

The Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms of Gardenoside on Inflammatory Injury via the INS/NF-κB Pathway in a T2DM Zebrafish Model

Objective: This study utilized the zebrafish model to investigate the therapeutic effects of gardenoside on inflammatory damage in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) through the INS/NF-κB pathway. Methods: The study employed 7-8-month-old AB strain zebrafish and induced T2DM models by continuous exposure to a 2% glucose solution for 14 days. Control, model, gardenoside low-, medium-, and high-dose groups (2.5 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L), and a metformin group were established. Parameters such as zebrafish body weight, fasting blood glucose levels, and behavioral analyses were monitored. Fructosamine levels were measured using ELISA, while real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR) was employed to assess the relative expression levels of INS, IRS, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes. Intestinal histological examination was conducted to observe inflammation levels. Results: Compared to the control group, the model group exhibited significantly increased blood glucose levels, weight gain, and fructosamine content. High-speed locomotion time increased, while low-speed locomotion time decreased. Relative expression levels of INS, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes were elevated (P &lt; 0.0001), whereas IRS relative expression levels decreased (P E0.001). In comparison to the model group, the gardenoside and metformin groups demonstrated reduced blood glucose levels and no significant change in body weight. The gardenoside low and medium dose groups, as well as the metformin group, showed reduced high-speed locomotion time and increased low-speed locomotion time. The relative expression levels of INS, NFκB, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes in the gardenoside and metformin groups decreased (P &lt; 0.01 or P &lt; 0.0001), while IRS relative expression levels increased (P &lt; 0.001 or P &lt; 0.0001). Conclusion: Gardenoside may suppress inflammatory responses, alleviate insulin resistance, and ameliorate diabetes-related inflammatory symptoms, potentially through the regulation of the INS/NF-κB signaling pathway.

The Association of Oleic Acid and Dexamethasone Acetate into Nanocapsules Enables a Reduction in the Effective Corticosteroid Dose in a UVB Radiation-Induced Sunburn Model in Mice.

Dexamethasone has a high anti-inflammatory efficacy in treating skin inflammation. However, its use is related to the rebound effect, rosacea, purple, and increased blood glucose levels. Nanotechnology approaches have emerged as strategies for drug delivery due to their advantages in improving therapeutic effects. To reduce dexamethasone-related adverse effects and improve the anti-inflammatory efficacy of treatments, we developed nanocarriers containing this corticosteroid and oleic acid. Nanocapsules and nanoemulsion presented dexamethasone content close to the theoretical value and controlled dexamethasone release in an in vitro assay. Gellan gum-based hydrogels were successfully prepared to employ the nanostructured systems. A permeation study employing porcine skin showed that hydrogels containing non-nanoencapsulated dexamethasone (0.025%) plus oleic acid (3%) or oleic acid (3%) plus dexamethasone (0.025%)-loaded nanocapsules provided a higher amount of dexamethasone in the epidermis compared to non-nanoencapsulated dexamethasone (0.5%). Hydrogels containing oleic acid plus dexamethasone-loaded nanocapsules effectively inhibited mice ear edema (with inhibitions of 89.26 ± 3.77% and 85.11 ± 2.88%, respectively) and inflammatory cell infiltration (with inhibitions of 49.58 ± 4.29% and 27.60 ± 11.70%, respectively). Importantly, the dexamethasone dose employed in hydrogels containing the nanocapsules that effectively inhibited ear edema and cell infiltration was 20-fold lower (0.025%) than that of non-nanoencapsulated dexamethasone (0.5%). Additionally, no adverse effects were observed in preliminary toxicity tests. Our study suggests that nanostructured hydrogel containing a reduced effective dose of dexamethasone could be a promising therapeutic alternative to treat inflammatory disorders with reduced or absent adverse effects. Additionally, testing our formulation in a clinical study on patients with skin inflammatory diseases would be very important to validate our study.

Tangshen formula improves diabetic nephropathy in STZ-induced diabetes rats fed with hyper-methionine by regulating the methylation status of kidney

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to examine and analyze differential methylation profiles in order to investigate the influence of hyper-methioninemia (HM) on the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). Male Wistar rats, aged eight weeks and weighing 250–300 g, were randomly assigned into four groups: a control group (Healthy, n = 8), streptozocin-induced rats (STZ group, n = 8), HM + STZ group (n = 8), and the Tangshen Formula (TSF) treatment group (TSF group, n = 8). Blood glucose levels and other metabolic indicators were monitored before treatment and at four-week intervals until 12 weeks. Total DNA was extracted from the aforementioned groups, and DNA methylation landscapes were analyzed via reduced representative bisulfite sequencing.ResultsBoth the STZ group and HM + STZ group exhibited increased blood glucose levels and urinary albumin/creatinine ratios in comparison with the control group. Notably, the HM + STZ group exhibited a markedly elevated urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (411.90 ± 88.86 mg/g) compared to the STZ group (238.41 ± 62.52 mg/g). TSF-treated rats demonstrated substantial reductions in both blood glucose levels and urinary albumin/creatinine ratios in comparison with the HM + STZ group. In-depth analysis of DNA methylation profiles revealed 797 genes with potential therapeutic effects related to TSF, among which approximately 2.3% had been previously reported as homologous genes.ConclusionWhile HM exacerbates DN through altered methylation patterns at specific CpG sites, TSF holds promise as a viable treatment for DN by restoring abnormal methylation levels. The identification of specific genes provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of DN pathogenesis and offers potential therapeutic targets for further investigation.

Diabetes mellitus progression in β-thalassaemia major patients: The impact of iron overload

ABSTRACT Regular blood transfusion therapy and enhanced iron absorption in patients with β-thalassemia major lead to progressive accumulation of iron in the patient’s tissues. Iron overload disrupts the function of pancreatic β-cell, deteriorates insulin resistance, increases blood glucose levels, and precipitates diabetes mellitus (DM). A family history of DM, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and age increase the risk of DM in β-thalassemia patients. The prevalence of DM among individuals with β-thalassemia major is on the rise despite considerable screening and management efforts. Therefore, more research is still warranted to fully understand the molecular underpinnings linking β-thalassemia major and the onset and progression of DM to develop more robust screening and management approaches. In this context, no reliable biomarkers are currently available to predict or detect DM in such patients. In this review, we elaborate on key tentative links between thalassemia and DM and expand on established metabolic alterations that associate with DM in patients with β-thalassemia major. The review also addresses the prevalence rates and patient management strategies and underscores the need for identifying DM-related predictive and diagnostic biomarkers in β-thalassemia major patients.

Effect of Acute Caffeine Exposure on Blood Glucose and Hepatic Glycogen Content in Normal and Thyroidectomized Male Wistar Rats.

Acute caffeine exposure had been shown to induce hyperglycemia however; the influence of thyroid hormones on the caffeine-induced hyperglycemia is yet to be established. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the effect of caffeine exposure on blood glucose and hepatic glycogen content in thyroidectomized rats. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 10 groups as I-X (n=6). Rats in groups I, III, V, VII and IX were given normal saline, caffeine, prazosin + caffeine, propranolol +caffeine, combined prazosin+ propranolol+caffeine injections respectively while rats in groups II, IV, VI, VIII and X were thyroidectomized and treated in similar manner as the normal rats respectively. Surgical removal of the thyroid gland was done in the thyroidectomised groups while sham-operation was done in Normal group to serve as control. After healing and following an overnight fast, the rats were anaesthetized and the femoral vein and carotid artery were cannulated for drug administration and blood glucose measurement respectively. After stabilization, following basal measurements, rats from each group were injected normal saline or caffeine (6mg/kg) while another sets were pre-treated prazosin (0.2 mg/kg), propanolol (0.5 mg/kg) or their combination before caffeine administration. Blood glucose was then monitored for 60 minutes post-injection of caffeine at 5 minutes interval. Liver samples were collected at the end of the observation period for glycogen content determination. Caffeine caused significant increased blood glucose levels in both normal and thyroidectomized rats which were up to 210% and 180% respectively at the peak of their responses. Liver glycogen content of the thyroidectomized rats (3.11 ± 0.20 mg/100g tissue weight) was significantly higher than the normal rats (1.91 ± 0.43 mg/100g tissue weight). These glycogen contents were significantly reduced by caffeine in both normal (0.25 ± 0.04 mg/100g tissue weight) and thyroidectomized rats (1.65 ± 0.16 mg/100g tissue weight) when compared with their controls. The caffeine effects on blood glucose and hepatic glycogen content were abolished by pretreatment with propanolol or a combination of prazosin and propanolol in both normal and thyroidectomized rats but pretreatment with prazosin caused only significant reduction in hyperglycemic response to caffeine. The findings of this study suggest that caffeine-induced hyperglycemia in both normal and thyroidectomized rats are mediated through both alpha and beta adrenoceptors.

Combining Lemon and Glycerin may Beneficially Regulate Blood Glucose Levels by Modulating Gut Microbiota in Non-obese Diabetic Mice

Both dietary lemon and glycerin have shown beneficial effects in diabetic humans and animals. It was hypothesized that there were potential therapeutic advantages of combining both agents in hyperglycemic and healthy mice. In a 6-month study using mature adult male non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, oral treatment with either lemon or glycerin alone increased blood glucose levels during the third month glucose tolerance test and decreased the activity of the predicted glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways when compared to the vehicle control; however, this was no longer observed when lemon and glycerin were combined. Metabolomic analysis indicated that acetate was increased in the fecal samples after treatment with either glycerin or the combination. A 2-month study was also conducted in both male and female NOD mice and suggested that there were more gut microbiome changes at one month in comparison to six months. In older NOD male mice, treatment with the combination for six months decreased insulin resistance. In both adult male and female C57BL/6 mice, dosing with the combination for two months decreased blood glucose levels, as well as glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. In addition, treatment with the combination decreased body weights, especially in male mice, in all four studies. Overall, these studies suggest that lemon and glycerin in combination may reduce the side effects of individual treatments (e.g., transient hyperglycemia) and have some additional benefits (e.g., weight loss). Microbiome modulation likely contributed to the observed beneficial effects.

Hyperglycaemia and Its Prognostic Value in Patients with COVID-19 Admitted to the Hospital in Lithuania.

Increased blood glucose levels atadmission are frequently observed in COVID-19 patients, even in those without pre-existing diabetes. Hyperglycaemia is associated with an increased incidence of severe COVID-19 infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between hyperglycaemia at admission with the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) and in-hospital mortality in patients without diabetes who were hospitalized for COVID-19 infection. This retrospective observational study was conducted at Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Clinics, Lithuania with adult patients who tested positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 and were hospitalized between March 2020 and May 2021. Depersonalized data were retrieved from electronic medical records. Based on blood glucose levels on the day of admission, patients without diabetes were divided into 4 groups: patients with hypoglycaemia (blood glucose below 4.0 mmol/L), patients with normoglycaemia (blood glucose between ≥4.0 mmol/L and <6.1 mmol/L), patients with mild hyperglycaemia (blood glucose between ≥6.1 mmol/L and <7.8 mmol/L), and patients with intermittent hyperglycaemia (blood glucose levels ≥7.8 mmol/L and <11.1 mmol/L). A multivariable binary logistic regression model was created to determine the association between hyperglycaemia and the need for IMV. Survival analysis was performed to assess the effect of hyperglycaemia on outcome within 30 days of hospitalization. Among 1945 patients without diabetes at admission, 1078 (55.4%) had normal glucose levels, 651 (33.5%) had mild hyperglycaemia, 196 (10.1%) had intermittent hyperglycaemia, and 20 (1.0%) had hypoglycaemia. The oddsratio (OR) for IMV in patients with intermittent hyperglycaemia was 4.82 (95% CI 2.70-8.61, p < 0.001), and the OR was 2.00 (95% CI 1.21-3.31, p = 0.007) in those with mild hyperglycaemia compared to patients presenting normal glucose levels. The hazardratio (HR) for 30-day in-hospital mortality in patients with mild hyperglycaemia was 1.62 (95% CI 1.10-2.39, p = 0.015), while the HR was 3.04 (95% CI 2.01-4.60, p < 0.001) in patients with intermittent hyperglycaemia compared to those with normoglycaemia at admission. In COVID-19 patients without pre-existing diabetes, the presence of hyperglycaemia at admission is indicative of COVID-19-induced alterations in glucose metabolism and stress hyperglycaemia. Hyperglycaemia at admission in COVID-19 patients without diabetes is associated with an increased risk of invasive mechanical ventilation and in-hospital mortality. This finding highlights the importance for clinicians to carefully consider and select optimal support and treatment strategies for these patients. Further studies on the long-term consequences of hyperglycaemia in this specific population are warranted.

In silico determination of fenthion, permethrin, and carbaryl as FFAR2 inhibitors: Type 2 diabetes mellitus pathomechanism study

Background: In the last few decades, many studies have shown that pesticides have a close relationship with increasing blood glucose levels and the incidence of diabetes. Some examples of pesticides include fenthion, permethrin, and carbaryl. Recently, free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2) was identified as having a critical function in preventing insulin resistance. Activation of FFAR2 will reduce fat accumulation and induce glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, which plays an important role in regulating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention.Objective: This study aims to determine a comparison of the binding ability between fenthion, permethrin, and carbaryl to FFAR2 protein for predicting the mechanism of pesticide toxicity to T2DM through an in silico study.Methods: This is an exploratory bioinformatic study. The protein structure was FFAR2 receptor (UniProt: O15552), while the ligand was fenthion (PubChem CID: 3346), permethrin (PubChem CID: 40326), and carbaryl (PubChem CID: 6129). This molecular docking was conducted in October 2022 using Asus X202XE with Intel® Core™ i3-3217U CPU equipped with BIOVIA Discovery Studio, AutoDockTools, and AutoDock Vina. Results: The binding affinity values generated after docking between fenthion, permethrin, and carbaryl with FFAR2 indicate that the binding affinity comparison is permethrin &lt; carbaryl &lt; fenthion. This explains that permethrin could form a stronger bond with FFAR2 protein than other pesticides. However, the visualisation results of the form of bond interactions show that permethrin does not bind to the active site of FFAR2, so it could not be called an inhibitor. This is different from fenthion and carbaryl, which could bind to several amino acid residues on the active site of FFAR2 and have the potential to become inhibitors.Conclusion: Carbaryl is a pesticide with the strongest FFAR2 inhibitor. Carbaryl could cause type 2 DM through its inhibitory pathway to FFAR2.

THE EFFECT OF TRANSPORTATION ON BLOOD GLYCOSE LEVELS AND ECTOPARASITE INVESTMENT IN PUNTEN CARP (Cyprinus carpio)

Carp is one of the most popular sources of animal protein. Aquaculture products must be distributed through a transportation system to meet the demand for carp. Improper transportation techniques will cause the condition of the fish to deteriorate, thereby increasing stress, the parasites susceptible enter the fish's body. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of transportation on blood glucose levels and ectoparasite infestation in Punten carp. The method used in this study is an experimental method with descriptive approach by comparing the values of blood glucose levels and parasite infestations in fish before the transportation process and after the transportation process. The results of the analysis of water quality before the transportation and after the transportation process still within normal limits. In the transportation treatment, Mas Punten fish can increase blood glucose levels significantly with a value before transportation of 31.54 mg/dL and after transportation of 51.41 mg/dL. The increase in ectoparasite survival was not significant with an average number of 10.64 ind/head (medium) before transportation and 12.08 ind/head (moderate) after the transportation process. There is a correlation between blood glucose levels and ectoparasite infestation with the degree of correlation. Based on the chi test, it was found that the treatment of the Punten Mas fish transportation system can affect the blood glucose level of fish very significantly (sig&gt; 0.01), but it is not associated with an increase in ectoparasite infestations that occur (.338&gt;0.01).