Increased Antibody Activity Research Articles

Immunomodulation and Humoral Immune Response in Teleost Immunized with Aeromonas-Derived Antigenic Extracellular Bioactive Molecules.

The common use of antimicrobials in food-animal production can lead to drug residues in edible tissues for consumers. However, immunomodulators enhance immune responses and vaccine effectiveness. A new perspective explores bacterial extracellular bioactive molecules (EBMs) in food-animal production to modulate host immune responses, potentially transforming pathogen management and antimicrobial use. This study investigates the immunogenic potential of Aeromonas hydrophila-derived EBMs (Antigens) to enhance the immune system. Four Antigens were administered intraperitoneally to Oreochromis niloticus (Nile Tilapia). Antigens 2 and Antigens 3 boosted fish immune competence within 21days. Remarkably, Antigens 3 induced robust immunity against A. hydrophila with a single dose, notably enhancing antibody-based immune responses. The increased antibody activity suggests Antigens 3 could be a vaccine candidate, promising further research and potential application in food-animal production to improve disease control. This study highlights immunomodulators' potential in reshaping disease management in the food-animal industry, emphasizing the benefits of focusing on bacterial EBMs to reduce reliance on antimicrobials and achieve sustainable disease prevention.

Serial assessment of early antibody binding to decellularized valved allografts.

ObjectivesDecellularized homograft valves (DHV) appear to elicit an immune response despite efficient donor cell removal.Materials and methodsA semiquantitative Dot-Blot analysis for preformed and new recipient antibodies was carried out in 20 patients following DHV implantation on days 0, 1, 7, and 28 using secondary antihuman antibodies. Immune reactions were tested against the implanted DHV as well as against the stored samples of 5 non-implanted decellularized aortic (DAH) and 6 pulmonary homografts (DPH).ResultsIn this study, 20 patients (3 female and 17 male patients) were prospectively included, with a median age of 18 years and an IQR of 12–30 years. Six patients received DPH and 14 received DAH. The amount of antibody binding, averaged for all patients, decreased on post-operative days 1 and 7 compared to pre-operative values; and on day 28, antibody binding reached close to pre-operative levels (16.8 ± 2.5 on day 0, 3.7 ± 1.9 on day 1, 2.3 ± 2.7 on day 7, and 13.2 ± 3.7 on day 28). In comparison with the results in healthy controls, there was a higher amount of antibody binding to DAH than to DPH. The mean number of arbitrary units was 18.4 ± 3.1 in aortic and 12.9 ± 4.5 in pulmonary DHV (p = 0.140). Male patients exhibited higher antibody binding to aortic DHV than female patients (19.5 ± 2.1 vs. 1.6 ± 6.7). The p-value calculation was limited, as only two female patients received DAH. There was no correlation between the amount of overall antibody binding to DHV with respect to donor age (Kruskal–Wallis test p = 0.550). DHV recipients with a sex mismatch to the donor showed significantly less antibody binding (6.5 ± 1.8 vs. 13.7 ± 1.8; p = 0.003). Our main finding was an increase in antibody binding in younger patients receiving decellularized aortic allografts. This increase was higher in patients with early degeneration signs but was not specific to the individual DHV implanted nor previous DHV implantation. Antibody binding toward explanted DHV was significantly increased in implicating antibody-mediated DHV degeneration.ConclusionSerial assessment of tissue-specific antibody binding revealed an increase in some patients within 4 weeks after surgery, who subsequently developed early signs of allograft degeneration. Further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the prognostic relevance of increased antibody activity in addition to targeted research efforts to identify the molecular agents triggering this type of antibody response.

NATURAL AB0 ANTIBODIES IN MOKSHA AND ERZYA ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE MORDOVIA REPUBLIC

The study of natural antibodies as a function of maintaining immunological homeostasis from the position of physiological adaptation of a population is one of the goals of population physiology. The aim is to study natural AB0 antibodies across blood types among Moksha and Erzya ethic groups of the Republic of Mordovia. Methods. The cross-sectional study involved 294 and 387 people from Moksha and Erzya ethnic groups, respectively, randomly selected in 7 districts of Mordovia. The determination and activity of natural full AB0 anti-erythrocyte antibodies a (anti-A), р (anti-B) was carried out by titration. Results. The activity of natural antibodies of the first blood group in Moksha was from a-1: 8 р-1: 4, to a-1: 128 р-1: 64; in Erzya from a-1: 2 р-1: 2, to a-1: 256 р-1: 256. The titer of natural р-antibodies of the second blood group in Moksha and Erzya was not high. The most common titer was 1:8, 1:16, 1:32. The highest titers of natural antibodies in women were observed: in Moksha 1:64 and in Erzya 1:256. Normal a-antibodies of the B(III) group in Moksha and Erzia met with different titers, most often titer 1:8 was found as in Moksha men (45.45 %), and 1:16 in Erzya women - 43.55 %, in Erzya men - 40 %. An increased activity of antibodies was observed in women: 1:128 in Moksha - 13.46 %, 1:128 in Erzya - 14.32 % and 1:256 - 3.22 %. An increased antibody activity was also observed in Erzya men as 1:128 - 6.66 % and 1:64 - 20 %, in Moksha - 9.09 %. Conclusions. Physiological immune system in Moksha and Erzya actively responds with a production of natural, normal, group antibodies, which are of the great importance in studying of the physiological structure of population in specific environmental conditions.

Evidence that antisulfatide autoantibodies from rats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi bind to homologous neural tissue.

Earlier studies in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected rats revealed an increased antibody activity against sulfatide, a specific constituent of both myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves and T. cruzi epimastigotes. To investigate further the characteristics of such anti-sulfatide antibodies, we analyzed their IgG isotypes as well as their ability to bind to homologous neural host structures. Antisulfatide IgG-enriched fractions were obtained from rats acutely infected with T. cruzi. Immunoglobulin isotypes were determined by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method to show that IgG2a and, more significantly, IgG2b were the predominant isotypes of antisulfatide autoantibodies. Further immunofluorescence studies carried out in coronal sections of the rat forebrain revealed, in turn, that antisulfatide antibodies were capable of reacting with homologous neural tissues. Specific binding of these rat autoantibodies to sulfocerebroside on cell surfaces in vivo may in theory play some detrimental role, given the reported ability of rat IgG2b to fix complement or to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions.

Immunologic Study of Artificial Skin Used in the Treatment of Thermal Injuries

Artificial skin (Integra) has been developed as an effective treatment of full-thickness burns. The material consists of a bovine collagen and chondroitin-6-sulfate dermal matrix with a silicone rubber "epidermal" layer. After burn wound excision, the artificial skin is implanted. Only the temporary silicone rubber epidermal membrane is removed. The dermal collagen matrix is incorporated by the host. Serial serum samples were obtained from patients who had grafts of Integra artificial skin for the determination of the humoral immune response to Integra. Integra artificial skin presents few if any humoral immunologic problems to patients. Increased antibody activity to bovine skin collagen, bovine skin collagen with chondroitin sulfate, and human skin collagen was not considered immunologically significant.

Serum antibodies against respiratory tract viruses: a prospective three-year follow-up from birth.

Acute otitis media (AOM) has been epidemiologically related to viral respiratory tract infections, and viral antigens have also been detected in middle ear secretion in some AOM episodes. Successive serum samples from children followed prospectively for three years from birth were analysed for IgG antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenoviruses and influenza A virus. Values from serum antibody activity gradually decreased during the first six months of life, followed by a gradual increase. Various relationships were found to obtain between age and the increases of antibody activity against the different viruses. Thus, three quarters of those tested had manifested increased antibody activity against RSV by 18 months of age, and against adenoviruses by 30 months of age. No increase of antibody activity against influenza A was noted before 12 months of age, and then only seen in two thirds of those tested during the entire three-year observation period. With regard to age, however, the proportion of children with increased antibody activity to RSV, adenoviruses or influenza A virus did not differ between otitis-prone and non-otitis-prone children. Thus, as compared to non-otitis-prone children, development of the ability to produce antibodies against these viruses was not found to be delayed in otitis-prone children.

Formation of Antibody Against Mycobacterium Leprae Antigen 7 in Armadillos

A radioimmunoassay developed to measure antibody against Mycobacterium leprae antigen 7 in man was applied to the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). Normal armadillo sera had low but significant antibody activity in the test. Fourteen of 17 armadillos with systemic mycobacterial infection after inoculation with M. leprae showed increased antibody activity in the assay, and in some instances the activity was higher than in a pool of sera from patients with lepromatous leprosy. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis with armadillo serum in the intermediate gel revealed antibodies against five distinct antigenic components of M. leprae. Development of systemic mycobacterial infection after inoculation with M. leprae is thus associated with a distinct humoral immune response. The use of radioimmunosassay for selection of animals for inoculation and for following the development of the infection is discussed.

Herpesvirus Antibodies and Antigens in Patients With Cervical Anaplasia and in Controls 2

Antibody activity to herpesvirus hominis type 2 (HVH-2) in 151 women cured of cervical carcinoma (60 in situ, 91 invasive) and in 106 controls differed significantly, especially between the in situ (73%) and control (17%) groups. Sera of 57 patients with cervical atypia showed an increased antibody activity to HVH-2 (58%), compared with that of the 57 matched controls (23%). Antibodies to cytomegalovirus (CMV) were detected more frequently in sera of women with atypia (61%) than in sera of women with cervical disorders other than atypia (42%) or in sera of healthy controls (33%). HVH antigens were present in cervical cells from patients with atypia and from matched controls. Not only exfoliated (imprints) but also cultured and cocultured cervical cells contained HVH antigens; there was no correlation between antigen positivity and antibody activity to HVH-2. Our data further supported the association between HVH-2 and cervical anaplasia and indicated that CMV may also be implicated in its etiology.

PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC ANTI-E AUTOANTIBODIES IN EXPERIMENTAL ISO-IMMUNE HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA IN MAN.

IN 1961 we reported the results of studies on a case of acute, iso-immune haemolytic anaemia experimentally induced in a CwDe/Ce(R1wR1) volunteer transfused with plasma containing exceptional anti-CD antibodies1. Antibody sensitization of the recipient's erythrocytes was detected by the direct antiglobulin test (Coombs) up to day 133 following the plasma transfusion. Positive tests for antibody-coated red cells were obtained in the serum + albumin (a mixture of equal parts of human serum and 30 per cent bovine albumin) slide sensitization test through the 98th post-transfusion day. The study of the recipient's post-transfusion serum specimens for free, circulating antibodies in titration procedures employing serum + albumin revealed three distinct periods of antibody activity especially with the cDe/ce(R0R0) primary test cells. The first of these appearing between the first hour and the ninth post-transfusion day was interpreted as surplus antibodies remaining from those transfused in the anti-CD plasma, the second between post-transfusion days 14 and 98 as indicative of eluted or released antibodies and the final between days 105 and 140 as possible auto-immune antibodies representing the product of active immunization by the recipient himself. The peak titres of the free, circulating antibodies in the second and third periods of increased antibody activity were definitely higher than those obtained in the first, immediate post-transfusion one. In view of the Rh genotype of the recipient (CwDe/Ce), the serologic specificity of the transfused antibodies (anti-CD) and the observation that the antibodies in the third peak were reactive against the C and D antigens in the Rh system, no conclusive proof of the auto-antibody nature of these antibodies could be established on the basis of blood group specificity.