Increase In Permeability Parameters Research Articles

Heat and mass transfer on unsteady MHD convective flow through porous medium between two vertical plates with chemical reaction

The present investigation explores the unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convective oscillating flow of an optically thin incompressible viscous fluid embedded in two parallel porous walls under the influence of an externally applied transverse magnetic field with a chemical reaction. The radiative heat flux and heat absorption effects are taken into account. The governing equations are solved for the velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions making by making use of the Laplace transformation methodology. The impacts of a combined of relevant flow parameters on concentration, temperature, and velocity distribution are discussed with pertinent non-dimensional parameters. Also, the friction factor coefficient, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number are found and explored in tabular format. The magnitude of the velocity field is climbing with an increase in permeability parameters, and thermal and solutal buoyancy forces. Heat absorptions coefficient and Prandtl number are increasing, which reduces the temperature. Also, the skin friction coefficient strengthens with mounting in the Hartmann number.

SKIN PERMEATION STUDY OF NANOMIEMGEL FOR ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF EXTRACT SAMADERA INDICA

The transdermal route of drugs has received increased attention in recent years due to numerous advantages over the oral and injectable routes, such as avoidance of the hepatic metabolism, protection of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract, sustained drug delivery, and good patient compliance. The assessment of ex vivo permeation during the pharmaceutical development process helps in understanding the product quality and performance of a transdermal delivery system. Generally, excised human skin relevant to the application site or animal skin is recommended for ex vivo permeation studies. However, the limited availability of the human skin and ethical issues surrounding the use of animal skin rendered these models less attractive in the permeation study. The aim of this study to determine the skin permeation of Nanomiemgel for using antifungal plant extract by using rat abdominal skin was conducted through Franz diffusion cell. The ex vivo skin permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cell with rat skin as permeation membrane. Significant increase in permeability parameters was observed in nanomiemgel formulations (P less than 0.05). This research discussed the alternative skin models that have been used for skin permeation. Ex vivo permeation studies of rat were performed for each animal and trail, five parameters are to be collected. After removal of patch on completion of a week, each of the areas was examined for any sign of erythema or edema.

Radiation-absorption, chemical reaction, Hall and ion slip impacts on magnetohydrodynamic free convective flow over semi-infinite moving absorbent surface

The investigation of radiation-absorption, chemical reaction, Hall and ion-slip impacts on unsteady MHD free convective laminar flow of an incompressible viscous, electrically conducting and heat generation/absorbing fluid enclosed with a semi-infinite porous plate within a rotating frame has been premeditated. The plate is assumed to be moving with a constant velocity in the direction of fluid movement. A uniform transverse magnetic field is applied at right angles to the porous surface, which is absorbing the fluid with a suction velocity changing with time. The non-dimensional governing equations for present investigation are solved analytically making use of two term harmonic and non-harmonic functions. The graphical results of velocity, temperature and concentration distributions on the analytical solutions are displayed and discussed with reference to pertinent parameters. It is found that the velocity profiles decreased with an increasing in Hartmann number, rotation parameter, the Schmidt number, heat source parameter, while it increased due to an increase in permeability parameter, radiation-absorption parameter, Hall and ion slip parameters. However, the temperature profile is an increasing function of radiation- absorption parameter, whereas an increase in chemical reaction parameter, the Schmidt number Sc or frequency of oscillations decrease the temperature profile on cooling. Also, it is found that the concentration profile is decreased with an escalating in the Schmidt number or the chemical reaction parameter.

Unsteady Boundary Layer Stagnation Point Flow and Heat Transfer over a Stretching Sheet in a Porous Medium with Slip Effects

Boundary layer flow and heat transfer over a stretching sheet in a porous medium has many applications in industrial processes. The effect of porosity plays a significant role in determining the behaviour of the fluid flow. Based on that, we analyzed the unsteady boundary layer stagnation point flow and heat transfer towards a stretching sheet by considering the porosity. The velocity and thermal slip effects are taken into consideration in the present analysis. The governing non-linear partial differential equations were transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The resulting ordinary differential equations were solved numerically using the shooting method in Maple software. Numerical results for the dimensionless velocity profile, temperature profile, skin friction coefficients and the local Nusselt number are presented for various parameters. The effect of dimensionless material parameter, thermal slip effect and velocity slip effect on the flow field is also discussed. It is found that the skin friction coefficients decrease whereas the local Nusselt number increases with the increase in permeability parameter.

HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ON UNSTEADY MHD FLOW THROUGH AN INFINITE OSCILLATING VERTICAL POROUS SURFACE

Analytical solutions of an unsteady magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow with heat and mass transfer characteristics of an incompressible, viscous, electrically conducting, and Boussinesq fluid over a vertical oscillating plate embedded in a Darcian porous medium in the presence of a thermal radiation are presented. The fluid considered here is a gray, absorbing/emitting radiating, but nonscattering medium. At time t > 0, the plate temperature and concentration near the plate are raised linearly with time t. The dimensionless governing coupled unsteady boundary layer partial differential equations are solved by the Laplace transform technique. An increase in permeability parameter (K) is found to increase fluid velocities and shear stress in the regime. Also it was found that when the conduction-radiation parameter (R) increased, the fluid velocity and the temperature profiles decreased. Applications of the study are found in materials processing and solar energy collector systems.

Magneto-Hydrodynamic Flow of a Viscous Fluid in a Channel with a Porous Bounding Wall of Different Permeabilities

In this paper, the effects of permeability parameter on the magneto-hydrodynamic laminar flow of a viscous incompressible fluid in a channel with a porous bounding wall have been investigated. A transverse magnetic field has been applied in the channel flow of viscous fluid and the stream function is used to reduce the governing partial differential equations into non-linear ordinary differential equation which is solved by applying Perturbation method. Numerical simulation is used to analyze the problem and the graphs have been plotted using MATLAB. It has been observed that an increase of magnetic parameter increases the velocity of the viscous fluid while the velocity decreases with the increase of permeability parameter. The flow of viscous fluid has also been investigated with the variation of Reynolds number and the slip coefficient.

Consequences of compliant walls for peristaltic transportation in a channel having porous medium and porous boundaries

The current communication addresses the two-dimensional peristaltic transport of viscous fluid in a channel having porous medium as well as porous boundaries. The walls of the channel are assumed to be compliant to represent the driving mechanism of the muscle. The equations of motion are considered for the deformable boundaries and the fluid to investigate the fluid–solid interaction problem. The zeroth-, first-, and second-order solutions of stream function for a small amplitude ratio are determined by using regular perturbation. Impact of related parameters on quantities D1, D2, mean velocity perturbation function, and mean velocity distribution function are interpreted graphically. One fundamental finding of the considered examination is that the increase in permeability parameter increases the amplitude of the velocity distribution function.

Investigations of Soret, Joule and Hall effects on MHD rotating mixed convective flow past an infinite vertical porous plate

We made an elaborate scrutiny on the Soret and Joule effects of MHD mixed convective flow of an incompressible and electrically conducting viscous fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate taking Hall effects into account. Perturbation technique is used to solve the non-dimensional equations. The effects of the various non-dimensional parameters on velocity, temperature and concentration within the boundary layer are examined. Besides that, computational deliberations or discussions are also undertaken on the effects of the pertinent or significant parameters on the skin-friction coefficient and rates of heat and mass transfer in terms of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers respectively. The concentration distribution increases with increase in Soret effect and decrease with increase in chemical reaction parameter. An increase in Prandtl number results to decrease the temperature distribution. Both the primary and secondary velocity components and temperature increases with increasing heat source parameter. Skin friction coefficient decreases with an increase in permeability parameter, whereas it shows reverse effect for thermal and mass Grashof numbers. Nusselt number increases with an increase in Prandtl number. Sherwood number reduces with increasing Soret number.

Peristaltic pumping of a power – Law fluid in contact with a Jeffrey fluid in an inclined channel with permeable walls

Abstract The paper investigates peristaltic flow of a Power-law fluid in contact with a Jeffrey fluid in an inclined channel with permeable walls under long wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. Power-law fluid is considered in the core region and Jeffrey fluid in the peripheral region. Expressions for the shape of interface between the two fluids and the pressure rise are obtained. It is observed that an increase in permeability parameter increases the thickness of the core layer in the channel. It is also observed that pressure rise increases with decrease in the Jeffrey parameter.

Unsteady convection flow and heat transfer over a vertical stretching surface.

This paper investigates the effect of thermal radiation on unsteady convection flow and heat transfer over a vertical permeable stretching surface in porous medium, where the effects of temperature dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity are also considered. By using a similarity transformation, the governing time-dependent boundary layer equations for momentum and thermal energy are first transformed into coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations with variable coefficients. Numerical solutions to these equations subject to appropriate boundary conditions are obtained by the numerical shooting technique with fourth-fifth order Runge-Kutta scheme. Numerical results show that as viscosity variation parameter increases both the absolute value of the surface friction coefficient and the absolute value of the surface temperature gradient increase whereas the temperature decreases slightly. With the increase of viscosity variation parameter, the velocity decreases near the sheet surface but increases far away from the surface of the sheet in the boundary layer. The increase in permeability parameter leads to the decrease in both the temperature and the absolute value of the surface friction coefficient, and the increase in both the velocity and the absolute value of the surface temperature gradient.

Omega 3 fatty acid-enriched nanoemulsion of thiocolchicoside for transdermal delivery: formulation, characterization and absorption studies

Thiocolchicoside (TCC) is an effective therapeutic agent against the orthopaedic, traumatic and rheumatologic disorders but it suffer from the drawback of poor bioavailability due to extensive first pass metabolism and low permeability via the oral route. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential of nanoemulsion (NE) for bioavailability enhancement of TCC through the transdermal route. The NEs were developed using Linseed: sefsol in 1:1 ratio as the oil phase, span 80, Transcutol P and distilled water as surfactant, co-surfactant and aqueous phase. Furthermore, selected formulations were subjected to physical stability and consequently evaluated for in vitro permeation using porcine skin. The optimized formulation had small average globule diameter of 117 nm with polydispersity index of 0.285. The globules were spherical in shape as observed by transmission electron microscopy. The in vitro skin permeation profile of optimized NE was compared with aqueous solution of TCC. Significant increase in permeability parameters were observed in NEs formulation (p < 0.05) as compared to aqueous solution of TCC. The steady-state flux (Jss) and permeability coefficient (Kp) for optimized NE formulation (C1) were found to be 30.63 ± 4.18 µg/cm2/h and 15.21 × 10−3 ± 2.81cm2/h, respectively. The results of enhanced permeation through transdermal route suggest that water-in-oil NEs which are compatible with the lipophilic sebum environment of the hair follicle facilitate the transport of TCC, and such transport might be predominantly transfollicular in nature. Overall, these results suggested that water-in-oil NEs are good carriers for transdermal delivery of TCC.

Quality by Design Approach for Development of W/O Type Microemulsion-Based Transdermal Systems for Atenolol

The objective of the present investigation was to develop microemulsion-based transdermal systems of highly water soluble drug, Atenolol, by quality by design technique. Atenolol-loaded W/O microemulsions were optimized using D-optimal design with concentrations of oil, surfactants mixture, and water as independent variables, which was converted into microemulsion-based gel (MBG). The results of in vitro permeation of the optimized batch of Atenolol-loaded MBG revealed significant increase in permeability parameters as compared to its convention gel. All results suggested suitability of W/O type MEs as carriers for transdermal delivery of highly water soluble drug, Atenolol.

Design and Development of Microemulsion Based Transdermal Gel of Lercanidipine Hydrochloride by Assimilation of Rotatable Central Composite Design and Principal Component Analysis

The objective of the present research was to design and develop microemulsion (ME) based transdermal systems of poorly water soluble drug, Lercanidipine hydrochloride (LDPH) by assimilation of central composite design and principal component analysis (PCA) as two important paradigms of quality by design. LDPH loaded O/W MEs were optimized with amounts of oil (Capryol 90), surfactants mixture (Cremophor EL and Ethanol) and water as independent variables along with cumulative amount of drug permeated in 24 h (Q24), flux (Jss) and lag time (tL) as dependent variables. The optimized batch of LDPH loaded ME was successfully converted into microemulsion based gel (MBG) for increased patient compliance. The results of in vitro skin permeation of the optimized batch of LDPH loaded MBG revealed significant increase in permeability parameters as compared to its convention formulation. The values of Jss for optimized batch of LDPH loaded MBGs (196.47 μg/cm2h) revealed 7.95 cm2 area requirement to obtain the desired input rate of LDPH within 24 h application. All these concluded suitability of experimental design and PCA for design and development of O/W type MEs as carriers for transdermal delivery of poorly water soluble drug, LDPH.

Three-dimensional oscillating flow between two parallel plates through a porous medium

An unsteady Couette flow between two parallel plates when upper plates oscillates in its own plane and is subjected to a constant suction and the lower plate to a injection velocity distribution through the porous medium has been analyzed. The approximate solution has been obtained using perturbation technique. It is seen that the primary velocity increases whereas the secondary velocity decreases with an increase in permeability parameter. It is also found that the primary velocity increases with an increase in the Reynolds number as well as the suction parameter. The magnitude of the secondary velocity increases near the stationary plate but decreases near the oscillating plate with an increase in the Reynolds number. Whereas, it increases with an increase in the suction parameter.

Mass Transfer Effects on Unsteady Hydromagnetic Convective Flow past a Vertical Porous Plate in a Porous Medium with Heat Source

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of mass transfer on unsteady hydromagnetic free convective flow of a viscous incompressible electrically conducting fluid past an infinite vertical porous plate in presence of constant suction and heat source. The governing equations of the flow field are solved using multi parameter perturbation technique and approximate solutions are obtained for velocity field, temperature field, concentration distribution, skin friction and the rate of heat transfer. The effects of the flow parameters such as Hartmann number M, Grashof number for heat and mass transfer Gr, Gc; permeability parameter Kp, Schmidt number Sc, heat source parameter S, Prandtl number Pr etc. on the flow field are analyzed with the help of figures and tables. It is observed that a growing Hartmann number or Schmidt number retards the mean velocity as well as the transient velocity of the flow field at all points. The effect of increasing Grashof number for heat and mass transfer or heat source parameter is to accelerate both mean and transient velocity of the flow field at all points. The mean velocity of the flow field increases with an increase in permeability parameter while the transient velocity increases for smaller values of Kp (≤1) and for higher values the effect reverses. A growing Hartmann number decreases the transient temperature of the flow field at all points while a growing permeability parameter or heat source parameter reverses the effect. The Prandtl number increases the transient temperature for small values of Pr (≤1) and for higher values the effect reverses. The effect of increasing Schmidt number is to reduce the concentration boundary layer thickness of the flow field at all points. The problem has some relevance in the geophysical and astrophysical studies.

Formulation Design of Indomethacin-Loaded Nanoemulsion For Transdermal Delivery

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of nanoemulsion formulations for transdermal delivery of indomethacin (IND). Nanoemulsions formulations with different Surfactant: co surfactant ratios (S mix); F1-F6 (1:1, 2:2, 3:1, 4:1, 1:2 and 3:2) were prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method, and characterized for morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), droplet size, and rheological characteristics. The ex vivo skin permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cell with rabbit skin as permeation membrane. A significant increase in the permeability parameters such as steady-state flux (Jss), permeability coefficient (Kp), and enhancement ratio (Er) was observed in nanoemulsion formulations compared with the conventional IND gel. The anti-inflammatory effects of nanoemulsion formulations showed a significant increase in percent inhibition value after 4 hours when compared with conventional IND gel on carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. Significant increase in permeability parameters was observed in nanoemulsion formulations (P< 0.05). The steady-state flux (Jss) and permeability coefficient (Kp) for optimized nanoemulsion formulation (F1, 1:1 S mix were found to be 22.61±3.45 μg/ cm2/h and 0.22x10− 2 ±0.0003 cm/h, respectively), which were significant compared with conventional IND gel and (P< 0.001). Enhancement ratio (Er) was found to be 8.939 in optimized formulation F1 compared with IND gel. These results suggested that nanoemulsions can be used as potential vehicles for improved transdermal delivery of indomethacin as an approach to eliminate the side effect of the oral dose.

Transdermal delivery of anticancer drug caffeine from water-in-oil nanoemulsions

Recently caffeine has been investigated for the treatment of various types of cancers upon oral administration. There is also some evidence that dermally applied caffeine can protect the skin from skin cancer caused by sun exposure. Therefore nanoemulsion formulation of caffeine for transdermal drug delivery was developed and evaluated in the present investigation. Different w/o nanoemulsion formulations of caffeine were prepared by oil phase titration method. Thermodynamically stable nanoemulsions were characterized for morphology, droplet size, viscosity and refractive index. The in vitro skin permeation studies were performed on Franz diffusion cell using rat skin as permeation membrane. The in vitro skin permeation profile of optimized formulation was compared with aqueous solution of caffeine. Significant increase in permeability parameters was observed in nanoemulsion formulations ( P < 0.05) as compared to aqueous solution of caffeine. The steady-state flux ( J ss) and permeability coefficient ( K p) for optimized nanoemulsion formulation (C12) were found to be 147.55 ± 8.21 μg/cm 2/h and 1.475 × 10 −2 ± 0.031 × 10 −2 cm/h, respectively. Enhancement ratio ( E r) was found to be 17.37 in optimized formulation C12 compared with other formulations. Overall these results suggested that w/o nanoemulsions are good carriers for transdermal delivery of caffeine.

Celecoxib Nanoemulsion for Transdermal Drug Delivery: Characterization and In Vitro Evaluation

The's aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of nanoemulsions for transdermal delivery of celecoxib. The prepared nanoemulsions were subjected to different dispersion stability tests and characterized for morphology, viscosity, droplet size, and refractive index. The in vitro skin permeation profile of optimized formulation was compared with celecoxib gel and nanoemulsion gel. Significant increase in permeability parameters was observed in nanoemulsion formulations (p < 0.05). These results suggest that nanoemulsions are potential vehicles for improved transdermal delivery of celecoxib.

Investigation of true nanoemulsions for transdermal potential of indomethacin: characterization, rheological characteristics, and ex vivo skin permeation studies

The aim of the present study was to investigate the potential of true nanoemulsions for transdermal delivery of indomethacin. Thermodynamically stable true nanoemulsions were characterized for morphology using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), droplet size, rheological characteristics, and refractive index. The rheological behavior for all true nanoemulsions was found to be Newtonian as viscosity was unchanged by increasing the rate of shear. The ex vivo skin permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cell with rat skin as permeation membrane. The ex vivo skin permeation profile of optimized formulation was compared with marketed Indobene gel and nanoemulsion gel. Significant increase in permeability parameters was observed in nanoemulsion formulations (P < 0.05). The steady-state flux (Jss) and permeability coefficient (Kp) for optimized nanoemulsion formulation were found to be 73.96 ± 2.89 μg/cm2/h and 1.479 × 10−2 ± 0.289 × 10− 2 cm/h, respectively, which were significant compared with Indobene gel and nanoemulsion gel (P < 0.05). Enhancement ratio (Er) was found to be 7.88 in optimized formulation F6 compared with other formulations. These results suggested that nanoemulsions can be used as potential vehicles for improved transdermal delivery of indomethacin.