Increase In Volume Fraction Of Nanoparticles Research Articles

Heat transfer in radiative hybrid nanofluids over moving sheet with porous media and slip conditions: Numerical analysis of variable viscosity and thermal conductivity

Our current numerical investigation aims to estimate the thermal transport properties of hybrid nanofluids on a moving surface that is being shrinked horizontally. The hybrid nanoparticles consist of alumina (Al2O3) and copper (Cu), suspended in water as the base fluid. The transportation phenomenon takes place in a Darcy-Forchheimer medium, which is a porous material that exhibits thermal radiation, variable viscosity, variable thermal conductivity, Joule heating, viscous dissipation, and the effects of velocity and thermal slip conditions. The governing partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted using suitable similarity transformations into non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The equations were solved using the shooting technique with the RK-IV algorithm in the MATHEMATICA program. Dimensionless velocity, temperature, skin friction, and Nusselt numbers all provide numerical outcomes. Graphs and tables show the results of an investigation into the influence of different physical characteristics on these numbers. The velocity profile exhibits an upward trend when the velocity slip and nanoparticles volume fraction rise, but a downward trend when the viscosity and Prandtl number are varied. if the thermal slip and variable Prandtl number grow, the temperature profile falls. Conversely, if the nanoparticles volume fraction and variable thermal conductivity increase, the temperature profile increases. The skin friction and Nusselt number exhibit an upward trend as the volume percentage of nanoparticles and the viscosity of the system rise. At a Prandtl number of 6.2 and a nanoparticle volume fraction of 1 %, the Xue model demonstrates a heat transfer rate increase that is 5.32 % superior to the Yamada-Ota model and 3.18 % superior to the Hamilton-Crosser model for nanofluid. In the case of hybrid nanofluid, the Xue model exhibits a 19.01 % superiority over the Yamada-Ota model and 12.197 % superior to the Hamilton-Crosser model.

The Lattice Boltzmann Simulation of Free Convection Heat Transfer of a Carbon-Nanotube Nanofluid in a Triangular Cavity with a Solar Heater

In this paper, the flow and free convection heat transfer of a multi-walled carbon nanotube/water nanofluid in a triangular cavity with a solar heater is studied using the lattice Boltzmann method. The side walls of the cavity are cold and the bottom wall is partially heated by a solar heater, which have a non-uniform temperature distribution. It is assumed that the heating energy is provided by an absorber that is directly exposed to sunlight. Because of the limited variations of density, the Boussinesq approximation is used, which causes the coupling of hydrodynamic and thermal fields. For velocity and temperature distribution functions, a lattice Boltzmann model with two dimensions and nine directions is adopted. The effect of parameters, such as the Rayleigh number, the volume fraction of nanoparticles, and the position of solar heater, on the flow and heat fields is studied. The results show that, for all Rayleigh numbers studied, the Nusselt number increases as nanoparticles volume fraction increases. The addition of 4% nanoparticles causes the average Nusselt number to increase about 11% at low (Ra = 103) and moderate (Ra = 104) Rayleigh numbers and 217% at the high Rayleigh number (Ra = 105). Furthermore, it is shown that for a fixed Rayleigh number, heat transfer can be optimized by adjusting solar heater’s position. This study can provide a useful insight for utilizing solar heaters with non-uniform temperature distribution in triangular cavities.

Porosity and heat transfer analysis of nanofluids due to rotating-stretching disk with Joule heating

The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), forced convective, rotating flow of nanofluid is investigated induced by eccentric rotations of a unsteady stretching porous disk and that of the fluid at infinity. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible, viscous, and electrically conductible. The disk and fluid away from the disk rotate about non-coincident axes at the same angular velocity. The forced convection is due to the temperature gradient between the uniform temperatures of the disk and that of the fluid far away from the disk. Consideration of the Joule heating as well as viscous dissipation have been taken into account. Nanofluids based on copper, alumina, and titania have also been assumed. Exact solution has been carried out for the velocity field. Numerical solution, on the other hand, is obtained using Crank–Nicolson algorithm for the temperature profiles. Several physical aspects of the investigation are discussed and explained by means of dimensionless parameters, Prandtl number Pr, Eckert number Ec, porosity parameter S, magnetic parameter [Formula: see text] and unsteady stretching parameter. With increasing nanoparticle volume fraction, the velocity profile is reduced, while the thickness of the boundary layer upsurges. As the unsteady parameter C gets higher values, the velocity profile enhanced whereas the temperature profile gets weaker. Fluid temperature decreases as suction parameter S raises.

Effect of slip boundary conditions on unsteady pulsatile nanofluid flow through a sinusoidal channel: an analytical study

A novel analysis of the pulsatile nano-blood flow through a sinusoidal wavy channel, emphasizing the significance of diverse influences in the modelling, is investigated in this paper. This study examines the collective effects of slip boundary conditions, magnetic field, porosity, channel waviness, nanoparticle concentration, and heat source on nano-blood flow in a two-dimensional wavy channel. In contrast to prior research that assumed a constant pulsatile pressure gradient during channel waviness, this innovative study introduces a variable pressure gradient that significantly influences several associated parameters. The mathematical model characterising nano-blood flow in a horizontally wavy channel is solved using the perturbation technique. Analytical solutions for fundamental variables such as stream function, velocity, wall shear stress, pressure gradient, and temperature are visually depicted across different physical parameter values. The findings obtained for various parameter values in the given problem demonstrate a significant influence of the amplitude ratio parameter of channel waviness, Hartmann number of the magnetic field, permeability parameter of the porous medium, Knudsen number due to the slip boundary, volume fraction of nanoparticles, radiation parameter, Prandtl number, and heat source parameters on the flow dynamics. The simulations provide valuable insights into the decrease in velocity with increasing magnetic field and its increase with increasing permeability and slip parameters. Additionally, the temperature increases with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction and radiation parameter, while it decreases with increasing Prandtl number.

Entropy generation analysis of kerosene oil flow with ternary hybrid nanoparticles on the stretchable exponential surface

ABSTRACT In this research, the flow of kerosene oil with ternary hybrid nanoparticles on a stretchable exponential surface has been investigated. There is also a discussion about the entropy analysis of the flow of hydromagnetic radiation by the surface. The ternary hybrid nanofluid (THyNF) contains graphene oxide (GO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and zinc oxide (ZnO) as nanoparticles and kerosene oil as a base fluid. Using useful transformations, differential equations with partial derivatives (PDEs) were transformed into ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Then, the ODEs were solved using the RK5th method. Furthermore, the impacts of parameters like radiation parameter ( Rd ), porosity parameter ( λ ), and volume fraction ( φ ) of THyNF were investigated. Magnetic field (M) and shape factor (SF) on the temperature ( θ ( η )) and velocity ( f ′ η ) profiles have been investigated. Increasing the magnetic field parameter (M) raises the Lorentz force, which produces resistance to fluid flow and reduces fluid velocity ( f ′ η ). The temperature profile ( θ ( η )) rises with increasing magnetic field because the reduced flow rate due to increasing magnetic parameter allows the nanoparticles to transfer more heat. As the nanoparticle volume fraction increases, both the velocity and temperature profiles increase. The effects of M, Rd, SF (shape factor), and λ on entropy generation ( S G ) and Bejan number (Be) have been discussed. Also, the results show that at a fixed value of the magnetic field or the porosity parameter, with the increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the − C fx R e x 12 rises. At a constant value of the φ value of N u x R e x − 12 rises with the increase of the radiation parameter.

Exploring the influence of nanolayer morphology on magnetized tri-hybrid nanofluid flow using artificial neural networks and Levenberg–Marquardt optimization

This study investigates the impact of morphological nanolayers on the thermal conductivity of magnetized tri-hybrid nanofluid flow using artificial neural networks (ANNs) employing the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM-ANN) scheme. Nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using similarity variables. A dataset covering various parameters such as nanolayer thickness, particle radius, magnetic parameter, expansion/contraction ratio, Schmidt number, volume fraction, and Prandtl number is generated using the Bvp5c numerical algorithm. LM-ANN is then used for testing, training, and validation to analyze approximate solutions for individual cases. Histogram analysis, mean square error (MSE), and regression investigations validate the LM-ANN. The proposed approach closely aligns with suggested and reference findings, showing an accuracy level within 10−10 range. Increasing nanolayer thickness leads to higher effective thermal conductivity. The Nusselt number increases notably with higher hybrid nanoparticle volume fraction. Laminar shape consistently exhibits superior heat transfer performance compared to other shapes. Increasing nanoparticle volume fraction enhances the Nusselt number and reduces skin friction coefficients (SFC). Industry recommendations include integrating nanolayer technologies for improved thermal efficiency.

Mixed Convection of an Ag/Water Nanofluid in a Ventilated Square Cavity Containing Cold Blocks of Different Shapes

This research presents the results of a numerical study on mixed convection in a ventilated cavity with a central cold block of varying shapes. The direction of the forced flow of Ag/water nanofluid is perpendicular to the transverse axis (y) of the central cold block. Mixed convection is induced by cooling at the entrance of the ventilated cavity and uniformly heating its bottom wall. The governing equations for the flow of an incompressible Newtonian nanofluid are assumed to be two-dimensional, steady, and laminar. The finite volume method is employed for numerical simulations. A series of calculations are conducted to investigate the effects of key influencing factors: Reynolds number (Re = 100), Richardson number (Ri = 1), and nanoparticle volume fractions (0 ≤ ∅ ≤ 8%) on the enhancement of heat transfer. The impact of four different geometric shapes of the cold obstacle (circular, square, triangular, and elliptical) on fluid flow and heat transfer rate is also explored. The results indicate that an increase in nanoparticle volume fraction enhances the heat exchange rate in the cavity only when the geometric shape of the cold obstacle is circular. This is followed by square and triangular shapes, which approximately yield concordant results, and then the elliptical shape.

An experimental investigation and flow-system simulation about the influencing of silica–magnesium oxide nano-mixture on enhancing the rheological properties of Iraqi crude oil

This study aims to investigate the effects of introducing a 50/50 mixture of silica and magnesium oxide nanoparticles (SNP + MgONP) to the viscosity of Al-Ahdab crude oil (Iraq) at varied concentrations and temperatures. It is observed that the viscosity value drops from 38.49 to 7.8 cP. The highest degree of viscosity reduction is measured to be 56.91% at the maximum temperature of 50 °C and the greatest concentration of 0.4 wt% SM4. The Bingham model can be used to classify the behavior of the crude oil before the Nano-mixture is added. The liquid behavior grew closer to Newtonian behavior once the Nano-mixture was added. Along with a rise in plastic and effective viscosity values, the yield stress value decreases as the concentration of the Nano-mixture increases. The numerical data demonstrate that when the volume proportion of nanoparticles increases, the pressure distribution decreases. Furthermore, as the nanoparticle volume fraction increases, the drag decrease would also increase. SM4 obtains a maximum drag reduction of 53.17%. It is discovered that the sample SM4 has a maximum flow rate increase of 2.408%. Because they reduce the viscosity of crude oil, nanoparticles also reduce the friction factor ratio.

Modeling and analysis of hybrid-blood nanofluid flow in stenotic artery

Current communication deals with the flow impact of blood inside cosine shape stenotic artery. The under consideration blood flow is treated as Newtonian fluid and flow is assumed to be two dimensional. The governing equation are modelled and solved by adopting similarity transformation under the stenosis assumptions. The important quantities like Prandtl number, flow parameter, blood flow rate and skin friction are attained to analyze the blood flow phenomena in stenosis. The variations of different parameters have been shown graphically. It is of interest to note that velocity increases due to change in flow parameter gamma and temperature of blood decreases by increasing nanoparticles volume fraction and Prandtl number. In the area of medicine, the most interesting nanotechnology approach is the nanoparticles applications in chemotherapy. This study provides further motivation to include more convincing consequences in the present model to represent the blood rheology.

Impact of heat source on mixed convection hybrid ferrofluid flow across a shrinking inclined plate subject to convective boundary conditions

Hybrid ferrofluids have exhibited enhanced heat transfer results in numerous applications. Industry demands like inclination sensors and solar water heaters give a new insight into heat transfer problems on the angle of inclination problems. Thus, this paper is motivated to analyse the effect of inclination angle towards mixed convection hybrid ferrofluid flow, including heat sources and convective boundary conditions, on a porous shrink surface. By utilising a similarity transformation, the intricate nature of the partial differential equations (PDEs) is simplified, transforming it into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and numerically solved in the bvp4c (MATLAB). A positive correlation was obtained between the current model and past researchers. Besides that, the increase in nanoparticle volume fraction improved the skin friction by approximately 14.79% and 15.00% for opposing and assisting flow regions, accordingly. Altering the inclination angle positively impacted growth by approximately 3.28% and 0.0068% on the skin friction and the heat transfer rate, accordingly. The inclusion of a heat source reduced the heat transfer rate by approximately 0.20% and 0.19% for both opposing and assisting flow regions, respectively. Meanwhile, a greater rise in heat transfer rate by approximately 174.48% when the Biot number, Bi rose.

Heat Transfer Enhancement of Convective Casson Nanofluid Flow by CNTs over Exponentially Accelerated Plate

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) nanofluids are gaining increased popularity among researchers due to their outstanding thermal properties, leading to numerous promising industrial applications. Analytical solutions discovered in the study of CNTs nanofluids, combined with a Casson-type fluid model, are extremely limited. Therefore, a study on the heat transfer analysis of an unsteady and incompressible Casson carbon nanofluid flow is conducted. Human blood-based single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and human blood-based multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are considered as nanofluids that move beyond an exponentially accelerated vertical plate. A set of dimensional momentum and energy equations, along with their initial and exponentially accelerated boundary conditions, is employed to represent the problem. The transformation of these equations to the dimensionless expression is achieved by using suitable dimensionless variables. The resulting equations are then tackled using Laplace transformation to acquire the analytical solution for temperature and velocity. Figures and tables are produced for a further analysis of temperature and velocity characteristics. The study shows that an increase in nanoparticle volume fraction enhances nanofluid flow and heat transmission, proving highly beneficial for cancer treatment. However, the flow is retarded due to the increment of Casson parameter values, while an enhancement is observed with a superior accelerating parameter.

Thermal analysis of AA7075-AA7072/methanol via Williamson hybrid nanofluid model past thin needle: Effects of Lorentz force and irregular heat rise/fall

Hybrid nanofluids have received remarkable attention due their promising thermal performance compared to conventional nanofluids. The use of hybrid nanofluids is widely found in the pumping power, solar collector, electronic components, coolants in nano devices, and engine applications etc. Such types of applications grabbed the attentionof researchers and scientistswith the aim to understand in depththe problems involving the hybrid nanofluids. Therefore, the primary objective of the present investigationis to investigatethe thermal performance of hybrid nanofluid consisting of asuspension of aluminum alloys (AA7075-AA7072) in methanol-base fluid. The non-Newtonian Williamson fluid flow model under Lorentz force, and irregular heat rise/fall impact past incessantly moving thinneedleis considered. The governingflow equations are solved by bvp4c solver. Results are computed for governing flow parameters such as magnetic field parameter, needle thickness parameter, Weissenberg number, volume fractions, and irregular heat rise/fall constants. Graphs confirm that augmenting values of magnetic field parameter, needle thickness parameter, and Weissenberg number lead to downfall of velocity field but reverse behavior is noticed for increasing nanoparticles volume fraction. A rise in temperature field has been noticed by increasing the magnitude of magnetic field, irregular heat rise/fallparameter, and nanoparticles volume fraction but a decline in fluid temperature occurswithraising theneedle thickness parameter. Detailed discussion about the observed variation in physical properties under pertinent parameters effects is presented. The proposed model is validated by comparison with previouslypublished results.

Study of solar cells structures based on perovskite and nanoparticles

Researchers and scientists working in the field of energy conversion have become interested in the rapidly developing new class of solar cells based on mixed organic-inorganic halide perovskite semiconductors over the past few years. Here we study the transmission of assumed solar cell structures based on nanoparticles and CH3NH3PbI3, CH3NH3PbBr3, and CH3NH3PbI2Br perovskite types by using the transfer matrix method (TMM). We found that as the nanoparticle volume fraction increases, the transmission decreases. Cells doped with aluminum nanoparticles showed the best transmission values. And transmission values in all wavelength ranges are better than those in the range of approximately (300-500).

The radiative composite (NiCr + TC4/H2O) mixture nanofluid flow over a non-linear spinning stretching sheet with the impact of variable Lorenz force and slip condition

Significance The hybrid nanofluid flow is an exciting area of research nowadays for various applications like solar thermal systems, aircrafts, heat exchangers, cooling systems and medical applications. Aim The present research explores the numerical analysis of the three-dimensional spinning flow of a hybrid nano-liquid (NiCr + TC4) over a nonlinear stretching sheet with boundary slip. Methodology The flow equations are governed as partial differential equations (PDEs) and then converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via scaling transformations. In order to compute a solution to the nonlinear ODEs, the Runge-Kutta Fehlberg scheme is used along with MATLAB. Results The findings demonstrate that the temperature field rises with an increase in nanoparticle volume fraction () and falls with an increase in Prandtl number Pr. The wall shear stress in the hybrid nanofluid flow is 1.2% more than viscous fluid flow for different index parameter (n) values. In addition, thermal radiation and magnetic effects widen the study and provide useful insights into the behavior of nano-liquid under various aspects. Novelty This article explores the computational analysis of the 3D rotating flow of (NiCr + TC4)/H2O hybrid nano-liquid across a nonlinear stretching sheet under boundary slip conditions. This flow also takes into account the effect of the variable magnetic field and heat radiation.

Numerical study of unsteady tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid over an exponentially stretching surface

The significance of fuzzy volume percentage on the unsteady flow of MHD tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid towards an exponentially stretched surface is scrutinized. The heat transport mechanism is classified by Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, boundary slippage, and convective circumstances. Ethylene glycol (EG) as a host fluid along with the nanomaterial’s Cu and {text{Al}}_{{2}} {text{O}}_{{3}} are used for heat transfer analysis is also considered in this investigation. The nonlinear governing PDEs are meant to be converted into ODEs employing appropriate renovations. Then, a built-in MATLAB program bvp4c is employed to acquire the outcome of the given problem. The variation of flow rate, thermal heat, drag force and Nusselt number and their influence on fluid flow with heat transfer have been scrutinized through graphs. An increase in thermal radiation, power law index and nanoparticle volume friction heightens the heat transmission rate. Skin friction is diminished by swelling the power-law index, Weissenberg number, and ratio parameters, whereas it is increased by enhancing the magnetic parameter. The heat transfer rate upsurges with an increase in Weissenberg number and nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the nanoparticle volume percentage is expressed as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN). The triangular membership function (MF) and TFN are regulated by the chi - {text{cut}} parameter, which has a range of 0 to 1. In comparison to nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids have a higher heat transmission rate, according to the fuzzy analysis. This investigation has applications in the areas of paper manufacturing, metal sheet cooling and crystal growth.

Oscillation and evolution characteristics of nanofluid thermocapillary convection in rectangular cavity

To analyze the oscillation and evolution characteristics of nanofluid thermocapillary convection instability, a two-phase mixture model was utilized to simulate nanofluid thermocapillary convection in a rectangular cavity and investigate the impact of nanoparticle volume fraction on the oscillatory flow. The results indicate that the two-phase mixture model has a lower critical temperature difference compared to the single-phase model, and the oscillation mode exhibits distinct changes for small nanoparticle volume fractions. At a high Marangoni number, the thermocapillary convection displays periodic oscillatory behavior, with the flow field composed of several dynamic convection vortices. An increase in nanoparticle volume fraction results in a decrease in the critical temperature difference, as well as the amplitude and variation range of temperature oscillation. However, the oscillation period shows an approximate linear increase. Furthermore, there is a non-uniform distribution of nanoparticles at the vicinity of solid wall, especially a significant concentration gradient near the side wall.

Laminar Natural Convection of Water-Based Alumina Nanofluids in a Square Enclosure

Steady-state, laminar, natural convection of water-based alumina nanofluids in a square enclosure with partial heating from the bottom and symmetrical cooling from the sides has been investigated based on numerical simulations. The effects of Rayleigh number, normalized heat source length and nanoparticle volume fraction on the heat transfer behavior have been investigated. An increase in Rayleigh number, for given values of normalized heat source length and nanoparticle volume fraction, leads to an increase in Nusselt number. For a given set of values of Rayleigh number based on base-fluid properties and normalized heat source length, the Nusselt number does not vary significantly with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction because the strengthening viscous effects with increasing volume fraction for water-based alumina nanofluids counteracts the enhanced thermal diffusion in nanofluids. However, when effective Rayleigh number is based on nanofluid properties, Nusselt number decreases with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction. For a given set of values of Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction, the Nusselt number increases with increasing normalized heat source length due to the strengthening of advective transport. A correlation for mean Nusselt number is proposed which adequately captures qualitative and quantitative behavior obtained from the simulations across the considered parameter range.

Computation of micropolar nanofluid from a wedge with heterogeneous carbon/metallic nanoparticles, viscous dissipation and heat sink/source: rheological nanocoating flow simulation

ABSTRACT Motivated by nanotechnological coating applications, a theoretical study is presented for the laminar, steady-state, incompressible nonlinear boundary layer flow of a non-Newtonian nanofluid external to a wedge-shaped configuration. The wedge surface is assumed to be isothermal. The Eringen micropolar model is deployed for rheological properties of the nanofluid. The dimensionless thermal perimeter layer equations are solved with the efficient MATLAB bvp4c numerical scheme. Validation with earlier studies is conducted. Aqueous-based nano-polymers are examined with either metallic/metallic oxide or carbon-based nanoparticles. The influence of Hartree pressure gradient parameter, Eringen vortex viscosity parameter, nanoparticle volume fraction, heat absorption parameter, Prandtl number and nanoparticle type on velocity, angular velocity, temperature, skin friction function and Nusselt number function are visualized graphically and in tables. Temperature is strongly elevated with increasing micropolar parameter and nanoparticle volume fraction. Velocity is boosted with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction. Temperatures are elevated with heat source but suppressed with heat sink. Temperatures are a maximum for silver and progressively lower for copper, diamond and with a minimum for titania. Skin friction is boosted with pressure gradient parameter whereas Nusselt number is depleted. Nusselt number is observed to be a maximum for diamond whereas it is a minimum for silver.

Numerical analysis of MHD tri-hybrid nanofluid over a nonlinear stretching/shrinking sheet with heat generation/absorption and slip conditions

In light of the exciting potential of nanofluids, this work presents a new mathematical model for enhancing heat transfer using tri-hybrid nanofluids. In this study, the influence of heat production/abstraction and mass suction on MHD stagnation point flow in a nonlinearly stretching/shrinking sheet of a tri-hybrid nanofluid based on water is investigated. Boundary conditions based on the Maxwell velocity slip and the Smoluchowski temperature are also considered. We shall model the flow-control equations based on our assumptions. An ordinary differential equation system may be constructed from nonlinear partial differential equations for which a similarity transformation does not provide an exact solution. In MATHEMATICA 10, the shooting with Runge-Kutta (RK-IV) technique will be used to solve the reduced equations analytically. There were charts and figures showing how different variables affected the speeds of motion, temperature, skin friction coefficient, and local heat transmission. The characteristics of volume fraction, mass suction, magnetic field, and stretching all contribute to the acceleration of nanoparticles. When the nanoparticle volume fraction and heat production parameters increase, the temperature profile improves, but the mass suction, magnetic, and stretching parameters decrease. Compared to ordinary fluid, the Nusselt number reveals an improvement of around 9.8% for nanofluid, 19.85% for hybrid nanofluid, and 44.04% for tri-hybrid nanofluid when the strength of S is raised from 2.0 to 2.4. The heat transfer rate of the tri-hybrid nanofluid is also superior to that of the hybrid nanofluid and the traditional nanofluid. Results from this study were compared to those already in the literature, and they were determined to be quite consistent. Many other fields might benefit from this study, including those dealing with extreme heat or cold, aerospace technology, medicine, metal coatings, and biosensors.

Natural convection of Cu-[formula omitted] nanofluid inside hexagonal enclosure fitted with a square cavity with a non-uniformly heated wall(s)

Numerical simulations are undertaken to investigate the flow of fluids and heat transfer through a nanofluid inside a hexagonal enclosure fitted with a square cavity and characterized by buoyancy-driven fluid motion. A periodic hot temperature Th and cold temperature Tc respectively, with Th > Tc is maintained on the parallel walls of the cavity on a regular basis. The Galerkin finite element method discretizes the equations in two dimensions. Stabilized solutions are obtained by using an upwind scheme. Based on the developed code, a parametric study of fluid flow and heat transfer inside the cavity is conducted to study the effects of the Rayleigh number. As the Rayleigh number and nanoparticle volume fraction increase from 101to106, the Nusselt number increases as well. Additionally, the bottom-middle and middle locations of the thermally active parts have the highest average Nusselt numbers for the high and low Rayleigh numbers. The novelty and originality of the proposed work lie in the exploration of a unique hexagonal cavity geometry, the parametric study involving varying Rayleigh numbers and nanoparticle volume fractions, and the utilization of numerical simulations with advanced computational techniques. These contributions enhance the understanding of nanofluid behavior and provide valuable insights for optimizing heat transfer systems in various applications.