Increase In Ion Concentration Research Articles

Effect of background ions and physicochemical factors on the cotransport of microplastics with Cu2+ in saturated porous media

Microplastics (MPs) in subsurface environments are migratory and can carry heavy metals, increasing the extent of MP and heavy metal pollution. This study used quartz sand-filled column experiments to investigate the adsorption and cotransport behaviours of PS-MPs, O3, UV-aged PS-MPs, and Cu2+ at different MP concentrations, ionic strengths, and ionic valences in a saturated porous medium. The results showed that when MPs migrate alone in the absence of an ionic background, higher concentrations have increased mobility. In contrast, an increase in the background ion concentration or ion valence inhibits the individual transport capacity of PS-MPs. An increase in the concentration of background ions or elevation in the valence state promotes Cu2+ transport because of the action of the double electric layer on the surface of the colloid and the electrostatic repulsive forces combined with the background ions. The adsorption capacity of aged PS-MPs was stronger than that of PS-MPs because of the binding of the aged PS-MPs to Cu2+ through complexation and electrostatic attraction. In the binary system of PS-MPs/Cu2+, PS-MPs promoted Cu2+ transport and the mobility of Cu2+ loaded by PS-MPs decreased with increasing background ion concentration. The cotransport results showed that MPs promote Cu2+ transport in the following order: O3-aged Ps > UV-aged Ps > Ps, as the increasing cation concentration in the MPs and Cu2+ occupies the PS surface adsorption sites. Overall, PS is an effective carrier for Cu2+. These findings offer fresh exploration concepts for the joint migration of MPs and heavy metals in underground settings.

Optimizing photocatalysis: Tuning europium concentration in zinc oxide nanoparticles for superior performance

This work reports, improved photo catalytic performance of ZnO by band gap engineering via Eu doping (0.5–2.0 %). Single phase wurtzite structure of sol gel derived ZnO and Eu (0.5–2.0 %) doped ZnO are confirmed by XRD, FTIR and Raman spectra. Slight variation in structural parameter, FTIR stretching mode at 677 cm−1 and Raman E2 peak position indicate substitution of Eu+3 in ZnO. Calculated band gap decreases [3.05-2.89] with Eu concentration due to generation of charge trap level. Dye degradation of MO improved in Eu doped ZnO as compare to ZnO. The catalytic effectiveness is clearly shown by significant breakdown of a commonly used MO dye (at a concentration of 120 mg l−1). ZnO: Eu 2 % has a remarkable clearance rate of 99.37 %, which is explained by pseudo-first-order kinetics. The increase in oxygen radical ion concentration due to presence of Eu2O3 impurity phase in Eu 2 % doped ZnO supports MO degradation mechanism.

Microstructural Evaluation and Linkage to the Engineering Properties of Metal-Ion-Contaminated Clay

The rapid progress of urbanization and industrialization has led to the accumulation of large amounts of metal ions in the environment. These metal ions are adsorbed onto the negatively charged surfaces of clay particles, altering the total surface charge, double-layer thickness, and chemical bonds between the particles, which in turn affects the interactions between them. This causes changes in the microstructure, such as particle rearrangement and pore morphology adjustments, ultimately altering the mechanical behavior of the soil and reducing its stability. This study explores the effects of four common metal ions, including monovalent alkali metal ions (Na+, K+) and divalent heavy metal ions (Pb2+, Zn2+), with a focus on how ion valence and concentration impact the soil’s microstructure and mechanical properties. Microstructural tests show that metal ion incorporation reduces particle size, increases clay content, and transforms the structure from layered to honeycomb-like. Small pores decrease while large pores dominate, reducing the specific surface area and pore volume, while the average pore size increases. Although cation exchange capacity decreases, cation adsorption density per unit surface area increases. Monovalent ions primarily disperse the soil structure, while divalent ions induce coagulation. Macro-mechanical tests reveal that metal ion contamination reduces porosity under loading, with compressibility rises as the ion concentration increases. Soils contaminated with alkali metal ions shows higher compression coefficients at all loads, while heavy metal ions cause higher compression under lower loads. Shear strength, the internal friction angle, and cohesion in metal-ion-contaminated clay decrease compared to uncontaminated field-state clay, with greater declines at higher ion concentrations. The Micropore Morphology Index and hydro-pore structural parameter effectively characterize both micro- and macrostructural properties, establishing a quantitative relationship between HPSP and the engineering properties of metal-ion-contaminated clay.

A new spectrophotometric method for measuring ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity: an innovative approach.

Ferroxidases are enzymes that participate in the iron metabolism of different organisms. They catalyze the oxidation of ferrous iron, Fe2⁺, into ferric iron, Fe3⁺, which is essential in iron homeostasis and physiological functioning. The present study describes a novel spectrophotometric method of serum ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity. This method is easy to perform; it is also sensitive, specific, and rapid. In this method, ferrous ions are used as a substrate for the enzyme, with either salicylic acid or sulfosalicylic acid being taken as a chromogenic compound. These chromogens easily form a colored complex with ferric ions but are not formed with ferrous ions. In the enzymatic reaction, the ceruloplasmin ferroxidase enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of ferrous to ferric ions. The resulting increase in ferric ion concentration is then measured spectrophotometrically, following the formation of the colored complex. The complex formed has maximum absorbance at 540 nm in the case of salicylic acid and 490 nm in the case of sulfosalicylic acid. Comparatively, it was tested against the standard method to ascertain the new method's effectuality and reliability for assaying ferroxidase activity. The determined correlation coefficient amounted to 0.99, showing a strong correlation between the results obtained by the two methods. This new spectrophotometric technique offers a simplified, sensitive, specific, and fast means of estimating ferroxidase activity. It avoids using concentrated strong acids in the procedure and correlates excellently with the standard technique. This sets up a potential alternative for accurately determining ferroxidase activity in biological samples.

Spatio-temporal and depth-oriented evaluation of hyporheic zone processes in headwater catchments

The hyporheic zone (HZ) is vital for nutrient cycling and overall stream ecosystem health across groundwater-surface water interfaces, with biogeochemical and physical variations influencing exchange processes. To gain a depth-oriented insight into the various hyporheic functioning, isotopic (18O and 2H) and chemical analyses, along with physical parameters, were performed in two streams named Ahna and Losse in North Hesse, Germany. Multi-level interstitial probes were installed to extract subsurface pore water samples up to 0.45 m depth. We identified three distinct HZ in Ahna upstream, downstream and Losse. The Ahna upstream HZ was a less permeable barrier with low water fluxes but reactive, while the downstream HZ was less reactive with higher permeability and vertical fluxes. The Losse HZ, remained non-reactive but well-mixed with good hydraulic circulation due to fast downward flows. Isotopic composition revealed distinctive features, indicating increased evaporation and intricate mixing with other water sources and intensified subsurface flow in Ahna downstream compared to upstream. Hydro-chemical dynamics in Ahna exposed increased ion concentrations downstream, driven by anthropogenic factors along the course. Upstream denitrification was dominant under low oxygen conditions due to the slow infiltration and low mixing rates. The primary water source for both streams and HZs was groundwater, with the potential for rainwater to serve as a secondary source. This study shows the spatial heterogeneity of HZ processes and highlights that the specific HZ conditions need to be examined locally.

Propensity of hydroxide and hydronium ions for the air-water and graphene-water interfaces from abinitio and force field simulations.

Understanding acids and bases at interfaces is relevant for a range of applications from environmental chemistry to energy storage. We present combined abinitio and force-field molecular dynamics simulations of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide highly concentrated electrolytes at the interface with air and graphene. In agreement with surface tension measurements at the air-water interface, we find that HCl presents an ionic surface excess, while NaOH displays an ionic surface depletion, for both interfaces. We further show that graphene becomes less hydrophilic as the water ions concentration increases, with a transition to being hydrophobic for highly basic solutions. For HCl, we observe that hydronium adsorbs to both interfaces and orients strongly toward the water phase, due to the hydrogen bonding behavior of hydronium ions, which donate three hydrogen bonds to bulk water molecules when adsorbed at the interface. For NaOH, we observe density peaks of strongly oriented hydroxide ions at the interface with air and graphene. To extrapolate our results from concentrated electrolytes to dilute solutions, we perform single ion-pair abinitio simulations, as well as develop force-field parameters for ions and graphene that reproduce the density profiles at high concentrations. We find the behavior of hydronium ions to be rather independent of concentration. For NaOH electrolytes, the force-field simulations of dilute NaOH solutions suggest no hydroxide adsorption but some adsorption at high concentrations. For both interfaces, we predict that the surface potential is positive for HCl and close to neutral for NaOH.

Coupling effect of concrete cracks and stray current on chloride-induced corrosion of rebar

Either concrete cracking or stray current promotes the corrosion of rebars; however, the coupling effects of concrete cracking and stray current on the rebar corrosion are still unknown. In this work, the effect of concrete cracking patterns coupled with stray current on rebar corrosion is presented by both experimental and finite element simulation. Specifically, there is a strong coupling effect when crack width is less than 100 μm, which manifests that ion concentration and electric field intensity increase pronouncedly with decreasing crack width. Simulation shows that the coupling effect leads to an asymmetric distribution of ions and electric fields at the crack tip, which in turn causes the asymmetric corrosion of rebars. Under the coupling effect, the highest corrosion rate reaches 3 μA/cm2 and is more than three times higher than that in a natural environment. Our findings contribute to understanding and evaluating accurately rebar corrosion in practical application.

Effect of environmental factors on adsorption of ciprofloxacin from wastewater by microwave alkali modified fly ash

Antibiotics, as emerging persistent pollutants, pose significant threats to human health. The effective and low-cost removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP) from wastewater has become an important research focus. In this study, fly ash (FA) was used as the raw material, and modified fly ash (MFA) was prepared by varying microwave power, alkali concentration, and immersion time to investigate its adsorption characteristics for CIP. Results showed that the optimal preparation conditions for MFA with the most effective adsorption of CIP, using the Box-Behnken response surface methodology, were a microwave power of 480 W, an alkali concentration of 1.5 mol/L, and a modification time of 3 h. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that after modification, the glassy structure of FA is destroyed, the specific surface area is increased, and obvious hydroxyl O–H absorption peaks appear. Both FA and MFA exhibited adsorption processes for CIP that conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir equation. Maximum adsorption of CIP (9.61 and 12.67 mg/g) was achieved at pH = 6. With increasing temperature, the adsorption capacity of both FA and MFA for CIP decreased, indicating an exothermic process. The adsorption capacity of CIP decreased with increasing ion concentration, with the impact order of ions being Al3+ > Ca2+ > Na+. The results show that pore filling, electrostatic interaction, ion exchange and complexation are the main ways of CIP adsorption by FA. Microwave alkali modified fly ash is an economical and efficient adsorbent for CIP removal in water, realizing the purpose of “treating waste with waste”. This study provides a scientific basis for controlling CIP treatment in wastewater.

Experimental study on freezing temperature and its influencing factors of loess contaminated by heavy metals

This paper attempts to reveal the freezing temperature and its influencing factors of heavy metal-contaminated loess by adopting two cooling methods: fast and slow grading. As a result, Lanzhou loess was used as an experimental material to make polluted soil with varying heavy metal concentrations and initial water content. The pollutant elements included Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Pb. The findings demonstrate that: 1) The slow cooling rate causes supercooling, jumping, and a progressive decrease in the temperature of the polluted soil. Different cooling methods have no obvious effect on freezing temperature. Furthermore, the freezing temperature of contaminated soil varies depending on its water content. The impact of increasing water content on freezing temperature is not evident; 2) The freezing temperature of loess decreases with the increase of heavy metal ion content. The freezing temperature of loess polluted by Zn, Ni and Cd ions decreased linearly with the increase of ion content. The influence of cations on the freezing temperature of loess is as follows: Zn2+> Ni2+> Cd2+> Cr3+> Pb2+> Cu2+. The influence order of anions is Cl− > SO42−; 3) The freezing temperature of loess containing heavy metal ions is about equal to the freezing temperature of the corresponding heavy metal solution plus the freezing temperature of loess itself. The freezing temperature of heavy metal-polluted loess follows the temperature superposition principle.

Enhanced oil recovery and mitigating challenges in sandstone oil reservoirs employing EDTA chelating agent/ seawater flooding

While low salinity water (LSW) holds promise for improving oil recovery, its implementation is comparatively costly due to the substantial volumes of fresh water required to dilute seawater (SW). Additionally, concerns arise regarding potential issues related to LSW, including fines migration in sandstone reservoirs and scale formation in carbonate reservoirs. Chelating agents can be introduced into undiluted SW to bind with metal ions, thereby lowering its salinity. This approach mimics the behavior of LSW injection while overcoming associated challenges. This study involves measuring oil/injected solution interfacial tension (IFT), evaluating sandstone surface wettability alteration, along with conducting different sand pack flooding scenarios using Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) chelating agent. The aim was to comprehend the EDTA oil recovery mechanisms and determine the optimal concentration of EDTA that minimizes chemical consumption while maximizing oil recovery. The findings indicated that incorporating 5 wt% EDTA into SW significantly reduced IFT from 29.52 mN/m to 4.75 mN/m, making the oil nearly miscible in the solution. Moreover, wettability tests confirmed that a minimum EDTA concentration of 5 wt% is required to shift wettability from oil-wet to strongly water-wet conditions. Sand pack flooding experiments, on the other hand, further demonstrated that this optimized fluid system can potentially recover an additional 16.1 % of oil following SW flooding. Finally, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis revealed a notable increase in metal ion concentration during EDTA flooding, indicating enhanced leaching of metals from the sandstone surface and improved wettability characteristics.

Steric Effects of Tetraalkylammonium Hydroxides on Nafion in Adiponitrile Production

Over the last two decades, the chemical industry has witnessed a 43% increase in greenhouse gas emissions, with organic chemicals contributing to 75% of the total chemical production [1]. While organic electrosynthesis is a promising method for reducing the environmental impact of chemical manufacturing, advancing this technology faces significant challenges due to the limited viability of membranes used in divided electrochemical reactors. Despite the need for suitable membranes for electrosynthesis, only a few studies have explored the use of ion-conducting membranes for electro-organic reactions [2-7]. In this study, we aim to provide additional insights into the role of membranes in electrosynthesis and their behavior when exposed to electrolytes containing organic components.We selected adiponitrile electrosynthesis, one of the largest industrial electro-organic processes, as a model reaction [2,3]. We used Nafion as a model membrane material. Electrolytes used in adiponitrile electrosynthesis contain tetraalkylammonium (TAA) ions to enhance the selectivity of electro-organic reactions. Here, we present a systematic study exploring how TAA ions impact Nafion's structure and transport properties. We exposed Nafion membranes to solutions with varying concentrations and sizes of TAA ions, including tetramethyl (TMA), tetraethyl (TEA), tetrapropyl (TPA), and tetrabutyl (TBA). We quantified TAA ion sorption in the membranes using ATR-FTIR. The results reveal that TAA ion sorption saturates when the solution concentration exceeds 0.02 M. Compared to the conductivity of Nafion equilibrated in pure water (9.8 x 10-2 S/cm), the membrane conductivity after exposure to TAA solutions exhibits a substantial decline, decreasing by up to 4 orders of magnitude. We performed small-angle X-ray scattering experiments to correlate the conductivity results with structural changes in Nafion. The measurements revealed that the spacing between Nafion's ion-conducting domains decreases as the TAA ion concentration increases. For example, when membranes are exposed to 1.0 M TBA solutions, the domain spacing drops from 4.9 nm to 3.76 nm compared to membranes equilibrated in pure water. Consequently, we infer those organic ions reduce the size of ion-conducting domains due to the diffusion of water from the membranes into the surrounding electrolyte, resulting in decreased conductivity. These results represent an important step in elucidating structure-property relationships in ion-conducting membranes used for organic electrosynthesis.Reference[1] 2022. Our Risks for Infectious Diseases Is Increasing Because of Climate Change. CDC:NCEZID [updated 2022 August 02]. https://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/what-we-do/climate-change-and-infectious-diseases/index.html.[2] N. Tanbouza. 2020 J. iScience. 23 101720[3] Suryanto, B. H. R.; Kristianto, H. A.; Yi, Z. "Electrosynthesis: An overview of green chemistry.” Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry 16 (2019): 28-34.[4] Baizer, M.; Lust, E.; Williamson, S.E.; Connor, R.F. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Adiponitrile." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development, 1966, 5 (1), 56–62.[5] D. E. Danly 1984 J. Electrochem. Soc. 131 435C[6] Blanco, D.; Prasad, P.; Dunningan, K.; Modestino, M. React. Chem. Eng., 2020, 5, 136[7] Katzenberg, A.; Angulo, A.; Kusoglu, A.; Modestino, M. Macromolecules 2021, 54, 5187−5195 Figure 1

Long-term trends of pH, alkalinity, and hydrogen ion concentration in an upwelling-dominated coastal ecosystem: Ría de Vigo, NW Spain

The present study focuses on the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain), a coastal embayment influenced by the Canary Current Upwelling System, which is among the world’s significant Eastern Boundary Upwelling Ecosystems. The research assesses historical changes in the marine carbonate system by generating 25-year weekly time series at six stations . Assessing ocean acidification in the region is complex due to diverse factors influencing coastal carbon dynamics, making predictions more challenging. To capture the specific dynamics in Ría de Vigo, ensembles of Neural Networks were applied. These networks were trained with a data set obtained in several oceanographic cruises, in order to retrieve pH, hydrogen ion concentration and alkalinity, achieving a root mean square error of 0.0272 pH units, 0.588 nmol kg-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {kg}^{-1}$$\\end{document}, and 10.6 μ\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\upmu$$\\end{document}mol kg-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\hbox {kg}^{-1}$$\\end{document}, respectively. Subsequently, time series of the selected variables were generated, applying data of predictors measured at the aforementioned stations . An increase in normalized alkalinity was observed for all stations, except in the surface layer at the innermost location. A decrease in pH and an increase in hydrogen ion concentration were observed for all points, with trends that exceed reported rates of ocean acidification in the open ocean.

Highly sensitive and specific uranyl ion detection by a fluorescent sensor containing uranyl-specific recognition sites

Uranium pollution has become a serious threat to human health and environmental safety, making the detection of environmental uranium contamination of great importance. The sensitive and specific detection of uranyl ions, which are the dominant form of uranium in the environment, depends on the specific recognition of uranyl ions by chemical groups. In this study, a novel fluorescent sensor containing a highly specific uranyl ion recognition group is synthesized via the reaction of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) and 1,1,2,2-tetra(4-carboxylphenyl)ethylene (TPE-(COOH)4). Owing to the effects of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), the fluorescent sensor, named TPE-EDC, exhibits significant fluorescent properties in aqueous environments. The binding of uranyl ions by specific recognition groups in TPE-EDC leads to a decrease in the ICT effect, thus causing a significant reduction in the emission intensity of TPE-EDC. The attenuation of the fluorescence intensity of TPE-EDC shows an excellent linear relationship with an increase in uranyl ion concentration. TPE-EDC exhibits ultra-sensitive and ultra-selective detection ability for uranyl ions with an ultra-low detection limit of 69 pmol/L and an ultrashort response time of 30 s. These high detection performances render the fluorescent sensor TPE-EDC a promising candidate for early warning of uranium pollution.

Effects of inorganic salt ions on the wettability of deep coal seams: Insights from experiments and molecular simulations

Coal wettability plays a significant role in the efficiency of coalbed methane (CBM) extraction since it determines fluid transport and distribution. Deep coal seam aqueous fluids have a high salinity. Consequently, coal wettability experiments utilizing fresh water are not representative for those coal seams. Therefore, the effect of aqueous fluids with inorganic salt ions on coal wettability needs to be investigated. In this study, both experiments and molecular simulations are conducted to unravel the wetting behaviour and mechanisms of saline fluids on coal surfaces, investigating different fluid salt concentrations, temperatures, valence states, and coal pore sizes. The results reveal that a more saline fluid displays a more hydrophobic behaviour on the coal surface. Microscopically, water molecules have a tendency to assemble around cations and anions as hydration shells and gradually detach from the coal surface, leading to a gradual transition from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity. A change in wettability with fluid salinity can be caused by two mechanisms. On the one hand, an increase in ion concentration constrains the diffusion of water molecules through hydration, weakening the mobility of water molecules. On the other hand, a higher ion concentration weakens the interaction between water molecules and oxygen-containing functional groups, reducing the affinity of the water molecules with the pore wall. Moreover, at higher temperatures, ion valence states, and for coal with smaller pores, the impact of inorganic salt ions in fluids on the wetting behaviour of coal surfaces becomes more significant. The coal wettability influences the capillary pressure of coal pores. This study provides new insights on the effect of saline fluids on coal wettability which may help address challenges of fracturing fluid loss and water-blocking in CBM production activities.

Polymer and micellar catalysis in d-fructose oxidation by imidazolium fluorochromate: A kinetic and mechanistic study

This work investigated the oxidation of d-fructose using imidazolium fluorochromate (IFC) as an oxidant and analyzed how sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) affected the reaction kinetics. The process exhibited a unit-order dependence on IFC, d-fructose, and perchloric acid concentration. Perchloric acid was the primary source of hydrogen ions in the reaction mixture. The stoichiometry of the reaction indicated that 3 mol of d-fructose requires 4 mol of IFC. Acrylonitrile, a radical-generating species, did not impact the reaction rate, indicating the absence of a free radical intermediate. The reaction rate decreases as the Mn (II) ions concentration increases, suggesting the involvement of Cr (IV) species in the reaction. The dielectric value of the reaction medium (D) had an inverse effect on the rate, and the outcomes were consistent with the Amis (log k1 and 1/D) and Kirkwood plots (log k1 and (D-1/2D+1)), indicating the presence of dipole-dipole interactions in the process. SDS and PEG-400 catalyzed the reaction. The reaction showed significant catalysis before reaching the critical micelle concentration (CMC). However, the observed rate constants stabilized at higher SDS concentrations exceeding the CMC. Piszkiewicz's cooperativity model was employed to describe the surfactant catalysis, while the Benesi-Hildebrand equation was utilized to explain polymer catalysis. The activation parameters are ΔH† = 44.3 ± 1.3 kJ mol−1, and ΔS† = −133.4 ± 4.3 J K−1 mol−1. The products of the reaction have been identified by spectral analysis as d-arabinoniclactone and formic acid. The formation of an ester complex followed by its decomposition was proposed as the rate-limiting step in the proposed mechanistic reaction pathway.

Combined Effects of Tetracycline and Copper Ion on Microorganisms During the Biological Phosphorus Removal.

Tetracycline and copper ion are common pollutants in wastewater, and the effects of mixed pollutants on microorganisms in wastewater biological treatment have been less studied. In order to reveal the effects of mixed pollutants of tetracycline and copper ion on the microorganisms during the biological phosphorus removal, three ratios of tetracycline and copper ions were designed by the direct equipartition ray method. The relative abundance and diversity of microbial community were investigated, and the microbial interactions were revealed through microbiological methods. The results demonstrated that, for three different ratios, the inhibitory effect of specific phosphorus uptake rate became more significant with the increase of the tetracycline-copper ions concentration and the reaction time. The microbial community decreased with the increase of the proportion of tetracycline in different ratios. The relative abundance of Acinetobacter decreased with the increase of the proportion of tetracycline, while the relative abundance of Ca.Competibacter was higher under the conditions of low mixtures concentrations. Positive interactions and symbiotic relationships among microorganisms were predominant for three different ratios. However, as the proportion of tetracycline increased, the community structure of microorganisms shifted from phosphate-accumulating organisms to glycogen accumulating organisms and denitrifying bacteria. This study can provide a reference for the effect of mixed pollutants on microorganisms and the mechanism of wastewater treatment.

Effects of negative ions on equilibrium solar plasmas in the fabric of gravito-electrostatic sheath model

The gravito-electrostatic sheath (GES) model, exploring the solar wind plasma (SWP) origin from the solar interior plasma (SIP) via the solar surface boundary (SSB), is revaluated by including realistic negative ionic species. A constructive numerical analysis of the structuring equations shows that the SIP volume shrinks with an increase in the negative ion concentration. This shrinking nature is independent of ion mass and plasma temperature. The electric potential is insensitive to the negative ion concentration, mass, and plasma temperature. The solar plasma flow dynamics is studied with the Mach number and current density profiles. The sonic transition of the SWP depends on the Ti/Te-ratio. The current density responds to the negative ion density and Ti/Te−ratio in both the SIP and SWP. A deviation from the local quasi-neutrality state is observed in the SIP. The GES model equations result in a modified GES-Bohm sheath criterion in a well justifiable and validated form. The obtained results are then compared with the various observed outcomes and previous GES-based predictions. The relevance of this multi-parametric solar plasma analysis is lastly emphasized on the basis of the current solar research progressions.

Exploring the structural, optical and photoluminescence of novel terbium-doped barium borosilicate glasses for high-performance technologies

The production process involved the use of the melt-quenching approach to produce a series of barium borosilicate glasses with the specific chemical formula 55B2O3+(26-x)BaO+12SiO2+7Na2O + xTb4O7, where x = 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mol%. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, optical absorption, and photoluminescence spectra measurement were used to examine the prepared samples. X-ray diffraction revealed the non-crystalline character of the assembled samples. The Raman spectroscopy revealed that the incorporation of Tb4O7 into borosilicate glasses induced alterations in their structure. As the doping of Tb3+ ions increases, the density and molar volume of the glasses under investigation increase. Furthermore, the ion concentration and field strength increase while the polaron radius and inter-ionic distance decrease. The glass optical absorption spectra showed five peaks in the wavelength range from 300 nm to 2000 nm: 5L10, 5D3, 5D4, 7F(0, 1, 2), and 7F3, attributed to Tb3+ ion electronic transitions. In addition, optical parameters like optical energy gap, Urbach energy, refractive index, molar refractive index, reflection loss, electronic polarizability, and optical transmission coefficient were computed. Terbium-doped borosilicate glasses had a decreased optical energy gap and an improved refractive index. Photoluminescence spectra were excited at 325 nm and showed five peaks in the range of 400–750 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra exhibit distinct peaks in the visible range.

Investigation on ion concentration of pore water in compacted bentonite after infiltrated by salt solutions

The behavior of salt solutions infiltrated into compacted bentonite was investigated in this study, with particular attention paid to the ion concentration in the pore water, in order to improve the understanding of the bentonite behavior in geological disposal projects. A Japanese bentonite, Kunigel V1 (K_V1), was used to prepare specimens with a thickness of 2 mm and an initial dry density of 1.4 to 1.7 Mg/m3. For each density case, salt solutions (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2) of different amounts (0 to 2 mol/L) were supplied to the specimens. After infiltration, the basal spacing (d001) and exchangeable cations of the montmorillonite in the bentonite and the leached cations from the bentonite were measured. Based on the test results, the ion concentration in the interlayer pore water of the montmorillonite or the interparticle pore water was discussed. The findings indicated that the infiltration capacities of the various salt solutions into the compacted K_V1 bentonite were in the order of KCl > CaCl2 > NaCl. The K_V1 specimen with the highest initial dry density exhibited the strongest resistance to salt solution infiltration. After the infiltration of the NaCl solution into the compacted K_V1 bentonite, the increased sodium ions mainly remained in the interparticle pores, leading to an increase in the sodium ion concentration in the interparticle pore water. During the infiltration of the KCl and CaCl2 solutions into the compacted K_V1 bentonite, the infiltrated potassium ions in the case of KC1 and the calcium ions in the case of CaCl2 tended to penetrate the interlayer pore preferentially, thereby displacing the exchangeable sodium ions. After most of the exchangeable sodium ions that had initially existed in the montmorillonite had been replaced, the infiltrated potassium or calcium ions remained in the interparticle pores.

Coupled model for electro‐osmosis consolidation and ion transport considering chemical osmosis in saturated clay soils

AbstractThe electro‐osmosis approach efficiently facilitates the rapid dewatering of soil with high water content and contributes to reducing contaminant levels within the clay soil. However, the changes of chemical field caused by ion transport in the clay soil during electro‐osmosis process will also influence the clay soil consolidation effect. Existing theories predominantly tend to disregard this crucial physical process and its resultant effects, thereby restraining a comprehensive analysis of electro‐osmosis consolidation (EOC) behavior under intricate chemical conditions. This study introduces a concise model of EOC and ion transport considering chemical osmosis. The model considers the nonlinear variation of clay soil parameters such as compressibility, permeability, and effective diffusion coefficients, along with the interaction between EOC and ion transport. Meanwhile, the correctness of the model is verified from different aspects such as theoretical derivation and model comparison. Based on the proposed model, the impacts of the variation in electrical field intensity and chemical concentration on the coupled behaviors between EOC and ion transport are systematically investigated, with and without incorporating nonlinear consolidation characteristics. The results show that diffusion and electro‐migration exhibit a more pronounced effect on ion transport during EOC. Simultaneously, with the increase of ion concentration in clay soil pore solution, the effects of chemical osmosis become increasingly apparent, thereby enhancing clay soil settlement.