Increase Of Freeze-thaw Cycles Research Articles

Effects of reduced snowpack due to climate warming on abiotic and biotic soil properties in alpine and boreal forest systems

Reduction in snow cover, depth, onset, and duration of seasonal snow in mid-latitude regions due to climate warming has multiple global and local scale ecosystem impacts. These effects include modulations of the hydrological cycles and increases in land surface solar radiation absorption due to decreased albedo. Changes in snow cover characteristics also affect underlying soils. Snow has an insulating effect on soils by decoupling air and soil temperatures, thus seasonal snow cover reduction leads to overall lower soil temperatures and an increase in freeze-thaw cycles. This is especially prominent during the fall and spring thaw seasons when the snow cover is not as extensive. This in turn has downstream impacts on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. Among these impacts are soil moisture reduction, temperature, frost regimes, soil pH shifts, and alteration in nutrient flux dynamics during winter, snowmelt period and the following summer growing season. These changes in soil physicochemical properties due to snowpack reduction can then impact the biological soil properties via increased plant root mortality, reduced abundance and diversity of soil arthropods, and shifts in composition, abundance and activity of soil microbial communities. All these soil biotic factors can in turn alter the dynamics of soil nutrient fluxes and future greenhouse gas emissions. Here, we integrate data on the effects of snow cover reduction on abiotic and biotic soil properties, with focus on temperate alpine and forest ecosystems and with an outlook on future impacts.

Degradation of RC short beams under monotonic and repeated loads after cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles

ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles and repeated loading on the bearing capacity and deformation properties of reinforced concrete (RC) short beams, RC short beams with different reinforcement ratios were subjected to Minus 160°C cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles. Subsequently, a four-point bending tests were carried out under monotonic and repeated loading with the aim of exploring the performance characteristics of the test beams, such as failure mode, load‐deflection response, and ductility. Experimental results showed that the failure mode of RC short beams changed from ductile bending to brittle shear failure after cryogenic freeze-thaw cycles. Additionally, the load-carrying capacity, deformation properties and energy dissipation performance exhibited a significant degradation trend. There is decreasing trend for the ductility and ultimate bearing capacity of beams with the increase in freeze-thaw cycles, and the decrease degree was most obvious in the first three cycles. Moreover, compared with monotonic loading, the ductility index of normal temperature beam and freeze-thaw cycle short beam decreased more significantly under repeated loading, and the bearing capacity decreases more obviously under the last stage of multi-level loading and unloading cycles.

Thawed drip and its membrane-separated components: Role in retarding myofibrillar protein gel deterioration during freezing-thawing cycles

Myofibrillar proteins are crucial for gel formation in processed meat products such as sausages and meat patties. Freeze-thaw cycles can alter protein properties, impacting gel stability and product quality. This study aims to investigate the potential of thawed drip and its membrane-separated components as potential antifreeze agents to retard denaturation, oxidation and gel deterioration of myofibrillar proteins during freezing-thawing cycles of pork patties. The thawed drip and its membrane-separated components of > 10 kDa and < 10 kDa, along with deionized water, were added to minced pork at 10 % mass fraction and subjected to increasing freeze–thaw cycles. Results showed that the addition of thawed drip and its membrane separation components inhibited denaturation and structural changes of myofibrillar proteins, evidenced by reduced surface hydrophobicity and carbonyl content, increased free sulfhydryl groups, protein solubility and α-helix, as compared to the deionized water group. Correspondingly, improved gel properties including water-holding capacity, textural parameters and denser network structure were observed with the addition of thawed drip and its membrane separation components. Denaturation and oxidation of myofibrillar proteins were positively correlated with gel deterioration during freezing-thawing cycles. We here propose a role of thawed drip and its membrane separation components as cryoprotectants against myofibrillar protein gel deterioration during freeze-thawing cycles.

Study on meso-deformation and failure mechanism of rock mass with micro-cracks under freeze-thaw loading

The long-term freeze-thaw effect leads to the development of rock fractures and strength degradation in cold region engineering construction, which poses a serious challenge to the stability of the project. In this paper, the microscopic model of sandstone freeze-thaw cycles was established using a particle flow code (PFC2D). Through numerical simulation, the variation law of mechanical properties of rock mass with micro-cracks is systematically studied from the aspects of displacement, crack development, strain and strength. The results show that: (i) The freeze-thaw loading displacement is concentrated on both sides of the initial micro-cracks, and the crack development is not controlled by it. When the number of freeze-thaw cycles is greater than 17, the displacement and crack development are significant. The crack increases with the increase of the crack distance ratio. (ii) When the number of freeze-thaw cycles is less than 15, the compressive crack develops at the end of the initial micro-crack, and the development is controlled by it. When the number of freeze-thaw cycles is greater than 21, the crack increases sharply, and the development is no longer controlled by the initial micro-cracks. When the number of freeze-thaw cycles is less than 15, the damage strain shows minimal variation but decreases sharply with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. (iii) Under each crack distance ratio, the strength changes in three stages: when the number of freeze-thaw cycles is less than 15, the strength changes little, and the strength decreases sharply with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. With the increase of the crack distance ratio, it increases first and then decreases. And it is more significant when the number of freeze-thaw cycles is greater than 17. The research results can provide theoretical support for the influence and evaluation of rock freeze-thaw action in cold regions.

Experimental Study on Salt-Bearing Sandstone Samples Under the Change of Temperature and Humidity Cycle

ABSTRACT Salt crystallization is a common type of disease in grottoes. Due to the change in temperature and humidity, the soluble salt originally existing in sandstone will have a negative impact on the protection of rock relics. In this study, sandstone samples containing Na2SO4 solution and distilled water were used to study the difference in sample damage under the condition of temperature and humidity cycle changes. It was found that the damage degree of samples containing soluble salts was much higher than that of salt-free samples, especially under the influence of freeze-thaw cycles. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the internal friction angle and wave velocity of sandstone decrease linearly, while the surface hardness, tensile strength, and cohesion decrease exponentially. In addition, the damage caused by freeze-thaw cycles and dry-wet cycles develops from the inside to the outside of the rock sample, which is manifested by the increase in the number of macropores and the emergence of new pores. The different combinations of several effects lead to different changes in pore structure and mineral composition of the samples under the four conditions. The research results are helpful in providing a scientific basis for the disease control of stone cultural relics.

Changing of mechanical property and bearing capacity of strongly chlorine saline soil under freeze-thaw cycles

Freeze-thaw cycles and compactness are two critical factors that significantly affect the engineering properties and safety of building foundations, especially in seasonally frozen regions. This paper investigated the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on the shear strength of naturally strongly chlorine saline soil with the compactness of 85%, 90% and 95%. Three soil samples with different compactness were made. Size and mass changes were measured and recorded during freeze-thaw cycles. Shear strength under different vertical pressures was determined by direct shear tests, and the cohesion and friction angle were measured and discussed. Microstructure characteristic changes of saline soil samples were observed using scanning electron microscopy under different freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, numerical software was used to calculate the subsoil-bearing capacity and settlement of the electric tower foundation in the Qarhan Salt Lake region under different freeze-thaw cycles. Results show that the low-density soil shows thaw settlement deformation, but the high-density soil shows frost-heaving deformation with the increase in freeze-thaw cycles. The shear strength of the soil samples first increases and then decreases with the increase in freeze-thaw cycles. After 30 freeze-thaw cycles, the friction angle of soil samples is 28.3%, 29.2% and 29.6% lower than the soil samples without freeze-thaw cycle, the cohesion of soil samples is 71.4%, 60.1% and 54.4% lower than the samples without freeze-thaw cycle, and the cohesion and friction angle of soil samples with different compactness are close to each other. Microstructural changes indicate that the freeze-thaw cycle leads to the breakage of coarse particles and the aggregation of fine particles. Correspondingly, the structure type of soil changes from a granular stacked structure to a cemented-aggregated system. Besides, the quality loss of soil samples is at about 2% during the freeze-thaw cycles. Results suggest that there may be an optimal compactness between 90 and 95%, on the premise of meeting the design requirements and economic benefits. This study can provide theoretical guidance for foundation engineering constructions in seasonally frozen regions.

Freeze-Thaw Damage Characterization of Cement-Stabilized Crushed Stone Base with Skeleton Dense Gradation.

The skeleton dense graded cement-stabilized crushed stone base is a widely used material for road construction. However, this material is susceptible to freeze-thaw damage, which can lead to degradation and failure, for which there is still a lack of an in-depth understanding of the freeze-thaw damage characteristics. This study aims to assess the mechanical performance and the freeze-thaw damage characteristics of the cement-stabilized crushed stone base with skeleton dense gradation based on a mechanical test and acoustic technology in a laboratory. There is a gradually increasing trend in the mass loss rate of the base material with an increase in freeze-thaw cycles. The curve steepens significantly after 15 cycles, following a parabola-fitting pattern relationship. The compressive strength of the cement-stabilized crushed stone base also decreased with a parabola-fitting pattern, and the decrease rate may accelerate as the freeze-thaw cycles increase. The resilience modulus of the base material decreased with increasing freeze-thaw cycles, following a parabolic trend. This suggests that the material's resistance to freeze-thaw damage decreases with increasing cycles. The ultrasonic wave velocity decreased with increasing freeze-thaw cycles, exhibiting a parabolic trend. This decline can be attributed to microcracks and defects developing within the material, offering insights for monitoring and predicting its service life. The damage progression of the cement-stabilized crushed stone base was found to occur in three stages: initial, stationary, and failure. The duration of stage I increased with freeze-thaw cycles, while the duration of stage III decreased. The findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms and processes of freeze-thaw damage in a cement-stabilized crushed stone base with skeleton dense gradation.

Freeze-Thaw Damage Characteristics of Concrete Based on Compressive Mechanical Properties and Acoustic Parameters.

Concrete is a versatile material widely used in modern construction. However, concrete is also subject to freeze-thaw damage, which can significantly reduce its mechanical properties and lead to premature failure. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the laboratory performance and freeze-thaw damage characteristics of a common mix proportion of concrete based on compressive mechanical tests and acoustic technologies. Freeze-thaw damage characteristics of the concrete were evaluated via compressive mechanical testing, mass loss analysis, and ultrasonic pulse velocity testing. Acoustic emission (AE) technology was utilized to assess the damage development status of the concrete. The outcomes indicated that the relationships between cumulative mass loss, compressive strength, and ultrasonic wave velocity and freeze-thaw cycles during the freezing-thawing process follow a parabola fitting pattern. As the freeze-thaw damage degree increased, the surface presented a trend of "smooth intact surface" to "surface with dense pores" to "cement mortar peeling" to "coarse aggregates exposed on a large area". Therefore, there was a rapid decrease in the mass loss after a certain number of freeze-thaw cycles. According to the three stages divided by the stress-AE parameter curve, the linear growth stage shortens, the damage accumulation stage increases, and the failure stage appears earlier with the increase in freeze-thaw cycles. In conclusion, the application of a comprehensive understanding of freeze-thaw damage characteristics of concrete based on compressive properties and acoustic parameters would enhance the evaluation of the performance degradation and damage status for concrete structures.

Combined deterioration effects of freeze–thaw and corrosion on the cyclic flexural behavior of RC beams

Reinforced concrete (RC) stands as the predominant construction material, and with the growing prevalence of aging infrastructure, the safety assessment of deteriorating structures has emerged as a pressing and critical concern. This study presents an experimental investigation into the combined effects of freeze–thaw cycles (100, 200, and 300 cycles) and corrosion (corrosion ratio: 3% and 10%) on the cyclic behavior of RC beams. Seven RC beam specimens with varying types and levels of deterioration were fabricated, and static tests were conducted using a four-point bending method to assess the behavior of RC beams under each degradation factor. The experimental results revealed that increasing freeze–thaw cycles significantly impact RC beam behavior, leading to intensified crack formation due to cyclical frost-heaving pressure. This ultimately results in reduced yield loads ranging from 3% to 11% and peak loads reduced by 1–2% compared to the reference specimen A-0-0. Corrosion of steel bars in RC beams alters failure modes, with corroded specimens (C-0-3 and C-0-10) experiencing substantial decreases in yield load, a 15% reduction in C-0-3, and a 26% decrease in C-0-10, compared to A-0-0. Displacement at yield load and peak load also decreased, highlighting the detrimental impact of corrosion on beam mechanical properties. The combined deterioration from freeze–thaw cycles and corrosion further exacerbates these reductions, resulting in a substantial decrease in yield load (32%) and peak load (24%) in D-3-10 compared to the reference specimen A-0-0. Additionally, energy dissipation capacity and cumulative energy dissipation capacity exhibit dynamic changes influenced by the progression of freeze–thaw cycles, corrosion, and their combined effects.

Damage and failure characteristics of single fractured cyan sandstone subjected to freeze–thaw cycles under uniaxial compression

In order to explore the freeze–thaw (FT) damage characteristics of fractured rock masses, FT cycle tests and uniaxial compression tests were conducted on intact and pre-cracked cyan sandstone samples, respectively. The degradation laws of physical and mechanical properties of samples under FT cycle conditions were analyzed, and the FT damage mechanism and failure mechanism were explored accordingly. The results indicate that as the number of FT cycles (N) increases, the saturation weight change rate and porosity of the sample continue to increase, while the P-wave velocity continues to decrease. The closure stress, initiation stress, damage stress, and peak stress decrease linearly with increasing FT cycles, and increase linearly with increasing crack inclination angle (β). Moreover, as FT cycles increase, the geological strength index GSI decreases linearly, while the damage factor (D) increases linearly. A Hoek Brown strength degradation model for fractured rocks subjected to FT damage under uniaxial compression was obtained, and its high reliability was verified using test results. The FT damage of cyan sandstone is mainly dominated by the frost heave force inside the rock, and the degree of FT damage of fractured samples is much higher than that of intact ones. The concentration of frost heave force at the crack tip leading to cracking is the key to exacerbating the FT damage in fractured rock masses. However, the crack initiation mechanism is still controlled by β. Whenβ = 90°, it exhibits tensile initiation mode, and whenβ = 45°, it mainly exhibits shear initiation mode. Moreover, the fracture of the single crack sample conforms to the compression-shear fracture criterion. Taking the sample with pre-crack inclination angle of 45° as an example, the variation of KI and KII, and the relationship between them are discussed accordingly. The results of this paper are beneficial to clarify the influence of FT cycles on the mechanical properties of cyan sandstone, and can provide reference for the study of related issues.

A Study on Chloride Corrosion Resistance of Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) with Copper Slag Replacing Quartz Sand under Freeze-Thaw Conditions.

In order to study the influence of freeze-thaw cycles on chloride ion corrosion resistance of RPC with copper slag (CS) instead of quartz sand (QS), the 28d uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of CSRPC with a different CS substitution rate was investigated by unconfined compression tests. The electric flux test method was used to study the chloride ion diffusion resistance of CSRPC after freeze-thaw cycles, and the pore size distribution was obtained through the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method. Then, a mathematical relationship between the chloride ion diffusion coefficient and the pore fractal characteristic parameter T was established to study the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on chloride ion diffusion. Finally, SEM/EDS, XRD, and DTG methods were combined to study the influence of the distribution of Friedel's salts generated after freeze-thaw cycles on chloride ion diffusion in CSRPC. The results indicate that CS has a micro aggregate effect and pozzolanic activity, which can effectively improve the chloride ion diffusion resistance of CSRPC after freeze-thaw cycles. In addition, the electric flux of CSRPC decreases with the increase in freeze-thaw cycles, and the chloride diffusion coefficient is closely related to the pore fractal dimension.

Investigation of the Deterioration of Basu Granite Mechanical Properties Caused by Freeze–Thaw Cycles in High-Altitude Mountains in the Eastern Part of the Tibetan Plateau, China

Mountains composed of granite are generally regarded as stable geological formations. However, in Alpine and high-altitude mountains in the eastern part of the Tibetan Plateau, geological hazards such as collapses and landslides occur frequently due to the deterioration of granite mechanical properties caused by the freeze–thaw cycles. To investigate this phenomenon, a freeze–thaw cyclic mechanical test is conducted on granite from the Basu area, and the rock’s damage trend during the freeze–thaw process is analyzed through wave velocity and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tests. The results indicated that the internal damage of granite increases and its wave velocity decreases significantly with increasing the freeze–thaw cycles, implying a decline in the rock’s integrity. Furthermore, the development pattern of the NMR T2 relaxation time distribution indicates that the crack size range of naturally weathered rock samples further increased after freeze–thaw cycles, whereas less-weathered rocks showed a more concentrated range of crack sizes. Triaxial compression tests conducted on rock samples after the freeze–thaw cycles showed that parameters such as the uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, internal friction angle, and cohesion of the rock decreased with increasing freeze–thaw cycles, while a significant change of Poisson’s ratio was not observed. Based on the test data and theoretical analysis, a freeze–thaw damage constitutive model of the Basu granite can be established to simulate and predict the overall variation in rock stress and strain under various confining pressures and freeze–thaw cycles. Hopefully, the present study will provide useful guidance for research on the hazard mechanism and hazard prevention of granite sand-sliding slopes in the Basu area.

Effect of ultra-low temperature freeze-thaw cycle on the flexural performance of hybrid fiber RC beams subjected to monotonic and repeated loading

This study investigates the effects of Ultra-low temperature freeze-thaw cycles on the cracking behavior and deformation performance of steel fiber, basalt fiber, and hybrid fiber reinforced concrete beams under monotonic and repeated loading. Firstly, the freezing temperature and freeze-thaw cycles on the compressive and splitting tensile strength of steel fiber, basalt fiber and hybrid fiber reinforced concrete were tested respectively; Then a four-point bending tests under monotonic and repeated loading were carried out on 12 fiber reinforced concrete beams after ultra-low temperature freeze-thaw cycles. Experimental results are reported in terms of their failure modes, flexural strength, load-deflection response, cracking behavior and ductility. The test results show that both the compressive and splitting tensile strength of all kinds of fiber reinforced concrete decreases with the progressive freeze-thaw cycles and lowering freezing temperature. The addition of fiber could significantly mitigate the concrete damage caused by freeze-thaw cycle, and the hybrid fiber reinforced concrete shows the most significant strength enhancement. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles and the decrease of freezing temperature, the freeze-thaw damage of the beam is more serious. The ductility and energy absorption of the beam shoes different degrees of decrease. The degradation of flexural load-bearing capacity, deformation capacity, cracking performance and ductility of beams are inhibited by adding fibers.

CT measurement of damage characteristics of meso-structure of freeze-thawed granite in cold regions and preliminary exploration of its mechanical behavior during a single freeze-thaw process

Abstract The freeze-thaw (FT) damage characteristics of granite after different FT cycles were studied using computed tomography (CT) images. The three-dimensional (3D) volume numbers in the image were extracted to obtain the 3D pore structure of representative volume elements (RVEs) of granite under different FT cycles. The CT images of granite after 80 FT cycles were selected to draw reference lines for quantitative analysis of the distribution of meso-cracks in granite after FT cycles. Subsequently, a finite element model was established to explore the mechanical properties of minerals in granite during a single FT process. The results show that the FT damage inside the granite exhibits fracture characteristics, and the number of internal cracks, cracks area, and voxel porosity increase with the increase of FT cycles. After 80 FT cycles, the distribution of meso-cracks on the cross-section of granite exhibits significant anisotropy, and the distribution density and variation coefficient of meso-cracks vary with the dip direction angle of the reference line. The maximum principal stress and strain in the finite element model are negatively related to temperature. The maximum principal stress and strain of biotite minerals are consistently higher than those of feldspar and mica during FT cycles. The results can provide a reference for exploring the internal mechanism of the weakening of mechanical properties of granite microstructure caused by FT damage in cold regions.

Study on deterioration mechanism of granite with a natural single weak surface after freeze-thaw treatment

Natural weak plane of rock is a great threat to the stability of the rock project in cold areas due to the freeze-thaw environment. However, the effect of both weak plane and freeze-thaw cycles is rarely considered. This paper investigated the deterioration mechanism of granite with a natural single weak surface after 0, 20, 40, and 60freezing-thawing cycles. Experimental results show that as the number of freeze-thaw cycles increased, the peak strength of samples decreased while the axial strain gradually increased. The weak plane angle has a significant impact on the sample strength. The strength and elastic modulus changed in a ‘U' shape with the increase of weak plane angle. The samples exhibited a shift from brittle failure to ductile failure with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. A theoretical model for predicting rock strength is proposed with consideration of weak plane and freeze-thaw effects by combining the single weak plane theory with the decay function. The proposed model is verified by experimental data. The predicted values based on the proposed model match well with experimental data. Samples with lower porosity but higher tensile strength and elastic modulus have larger frost resistance. The research results can provide a scientific basis for the safety assessment of geotechnical engineering in cold regions.

Evolution characteristics of pore structure of coal under freeze-thaw cycles combined with scanning electron microscope instrument and nitrogen adsorption experiment

ABSTRACT In this paper, anthracite in Shanxi region is taken as a research object, and the pore structure of coal under different freeze-thaw times is characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscope and nitrogen adsorption experiment. The SEM experimental results show that the micron-scale cracks on the surface of anthracite gradually connect after freeze-thaw, and the secondary crack channels are formed around the pores and air holes, so that the pores also begin to connect. Further, the quantitative information of the picture was extracted, and it was found that the surface porosity and fractal dimension of the coal sample changed significantly after three freeze-thaw cycles, which increased by 163.3% and 15.9% respectively, and increased with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles. The results of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiments show that the coal samples after freeze-thaw are mainly crack, and the pore structure changes from simple to complex. In addition, the maximum nitrogen adsorption capacity, specific surface area and pore volume increased by 125.7%, 69.3% and 72.6%, respectively. With the increase of freeze-thaw times, the growth rates of maximum nitrogen adsorption capacity, specific surface area and pore volume are significantly different. The results of joint characterization show that the number of pores and cracks increases to different degrees after freezing and thawing. Comparing the increase in the degree of fracturing (163.3%) with the increase in the total pore volume (30.68%), we find that the degree of change of the crack after thawing is higher than that of the pore. In this paper, the damage effect of coal samples after freezing and thawing with liquid nitrogen is investigated from an experimental point of view, which accelerates the great leap of cyclic cryogenic fracturing technology from basic theory to technical practice.

Investigations of Dynamic Mechanical Performance of Rubber Concrete under Freeze-Thaw Cycle Damage

In order to study the effect of the freeze-thaw cycle on the integrity and dynamic mechanical performance of rubber concrete, the wave speed of rubber concrete specimens with 10% rubber volume was measured by a nonmetallic ultrasonic detector. The impact tests were also performed on rubber concrete specimens with different numbers of freeze-thaw cycles (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125) at different impact air pressures (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6 MPa) using a 74 mm diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) device, peak stress, ultimate strain dynamic intensity enhancement factor (DIF), and energy absorption effect. The results show that with the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the wave speed decreases, and the freeze-thaw action will damage the rubber concrete and reduce the longitudinal wave velocity. Under the same freeze-thaw cycles, with the rise of strain rate, the peak stress, limit strain, DIF, and absorbed energy increase, and there is an obvious strain rate effect; under the pressure of 0.6 MPa, the peak stress of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 freeze-thaw cycles decreases by 25.1%, 37.1%, 46%, 52.5%, and 54.8%. With the increase of the freeze-thaw cycles, the peak stress of the specimen decreases, and the decrease gradually decreases. After the number of cycles exceeds 100, the stress decrease of the specimen is no longer obvious, the limit strain increases, and the absorbed energy decreases. The freeze-thaw environment significantly reduces the strength and integrity of rubber concrete specimens.

On the decay of fracture toughness of sandstone subjected to freeze–thaw cycles

AbstractIn cold regions, progressive cracking, caused by freeze–thaw cycles, plays an important role in deteriorating engineering rock mass. Employing central cracked Brazilian disks (CCBDs) of sandstone, this paper aims at investigating the variations of falling rate among different modes of fracture toughness exposed to freeze–thaw cycles and the applicability of fracture criterion in predictions. Results revealed that different modes of fracture toughness exhibited comparable descending trends after varied freeze–thaw cycles. There was an agreement between the predictions via the generalized maximum tangential stress criterion (GMTS) and the test results. In specified conditions, the GMTS criterion incorporating fracture process zone of 0 freeze–thaw cycle can be applied to estimations for different freeze–thaw cycles. With increasing freeze–thaw cycles the fractal dimensions of mode I and mixed‐mode I–II fracture surfaces displayed a growing trend, indicating that the fracture surfaces became rougher and more complicated.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) Particle Lightweight Soil under Freeze-Thaw Cycles.

In seasonally frozen regions, the bearing capacity of soil decreases and gradually deteriorates after undergoing freeze-thaw cycles. To resolve this problem, based on the idea of frost-resistant filling materials, a filling scheme of expanded polystyrene (EPS) particles lightweight soil in cold regions was proposed. Unconfined compressive strength, direct shear, and micro-SEM tests were carried out to study the physical and mechanical properties of EPS particles lightweight soil under freeze-thaw cycles. The results indicate that the EPS particle lightweight soil has good frost resistance and can be used as frost-resistant filling material in cold regions. Under freeze-thaw cycles, EPS particle lightweight soil maintains good integrity; EPS particles can effectively reduce the frost heave rate, mass loss rate, and compressive strength loss rate of lightweight soil. The compressive strength depends on the EPS and cement contents: it decreases with an increase in the EPS content and increases with an increase in the cement content. The strength loss rate decreases with an increase in both. When the content of EPS is larger (more than 2%), the soil cement bound with EPS particles is limited, and the performance of lightweight soil decreases. The shear strength and cohesion decrease with an increase in freeze-thaw cycles and EPS content, and the internal friction angle follows no obvious rule with regard to the increase in freeze-thaw cycles but decreases with an increase in the EPS content. Based on the experimental results, an empirical formula for the compressive strength of EPS particle lightweight soil under freeze-thaw cycles was proposed. This study can provide a reference for the engineering design and application and provide new ideas for resolving freeze-thaw problems in construction engineering in cold regions.

Effects of Microencapsulated Phase Change Material on the Behavior of Silty Soil Subjected to Freeze–Thaw Cycles

Freeze–thaw (F-T) cycles are one of the most important factors affecting the performance of silty soils with high kaolin content in seasonally freezing regions. This study investigates the improvement of a high-plasticity clayey silt soil (MH) with microencapsulated phase change material (mPCM) to prevent changes in mechanical properties when subjected to freeze–thaw cycles. Unconfined compression, one-dimensional compression, and freeze and thaw tests were performed to evaluate the behavior of treated soil under different freeze/thaw cycles and with different mPCM ratios. It has been observed that the mPCM additive decreased the unconfined compression strength (UCS); however, the strength of the soil held constant during the increasing F-T cycles, and the increase in the mPCM additive content increased the strength of the soil. The inclusion of mPCM affected the compression of the soil and increased settlement (∆H), although the settlement remained constant with increasing freeze–thaw cycles. It has been noted that the compression behavior, which is least affected by the unconfined compressive strength and freeze/thaw cycles, is achieved with the addition of 10% mPCM. As a result of the tests, it was determined that the most suitable additive mPCM ratio is 10% for the compression and strength behaviors.