Increasing Field Strength Research Articles

Characteristics and suppression methods of low-frequency oscillation in Hall thruster

Low frequency oscillation in the discharge channel of Hall thruster is an important physical phenomenon that affects its performance and stability. In this paper, the characteristics of low-frequency oscillation of the discharge current of Hall thruster and its suppression method are numerically studied by using a one-dimensional fluid model. Assuming that the discharge channel satisfies the quasi-neutral condition, the effects of electron-neutral collision, electron anomalous transport and electron-wall collision on conductivity are considered. The changes of plasma parameters and the effects of magnetic field, preionization rate, and atomic velocity on the amplitude and frequency of discharge current oscillation are also studied. Research results show that the variation of electron temperature in the discharge channel is closely related to the ionization process, and the electron temperature increases as the ionization intensity increases. The fluctuations in neutral gas flow rate and atomic density in the discharge process cause the ionization region to move forward and backward and the ionization intensity to change, which are the main driving forces for the low-frequency oscillation of discharge current in the channel. The magnetic field intensity in the discharge channel affects the axial current by influencing the electron mobility. With the increase of field strength, the oscillation frequency of current decreases, and under different magnetic field strengths, the current amplitude drops as the discharge voltage decreases. When the preionization rate of the working gas increases to above 4%, the amplitude of the discharge current oscillation gradually decreases. When the preionization rate is greater than 3% and the atomic velocity is less than 160 m/s, the discharge current oscillation in the channel exhibits damping attenuation, achieving a stabilizing effect which conduces to stabilizing the discharge of the Hall thruster.

Effect of terahertz electromagnetic field on single-file water transport through a carbon nanotube.

With the advancement in terahertz technology, the terahertz electromagnetic field has been proven to be an effective strategy to tune the nanofluidic transport. In this study, we utilize molecular dynamics simulations to systematically analyze the transport of single-file water through a carbon nanotube (CNT) under terahertz electromagnetic fields, focusing on the CNT length, field strength, polarization direction and frequency. Strikingly, with the increase in field strength, the water flow exhibits a transition from normal to super permeation states because of the resonance effect, and the threshold field shifts to low values for long CNTs. The field component parallel to the CNT axis contributes to the resonance effect and increasing water flow, but the vertical component maintains the structure of the single-file water chain and even impedes the water flow. As a result, for a continuous change of field direction, the water flow changes from super permeation to normal states. With the increase in field frequency, the water flow also changes from super permeation to normal or even frozen states, where a higher frequency is required to trigger the super permeation states for lower field strength. Our results provide a comprehensive insight into the effect of terahertz electromagnetic field on the transport of single-file water chains and should have great implications for designing novel nanofluidic devices.

Coiling of semiflexible paramagnetic colloidal chains.

Semiflexible filaments deform into a variety of configurations that dictate different phenomena manifesting at low Reynolds number. Harnessing the elasticity of these filaments to perform transport-related processes at the microfluidic scale requires structures that can be directly manipulated to attain controllable geometric features during their deformation. The configuration of semiflexible chains assembled from paramagnetic colloids can be readily controlled upon the application of external time-varying magnetic fields. In circularly rotating magnetic fields, these chains undergo coiling dynamics in which their ends close into loops that wrap inward, analogous to the curling of long nylon filaments under shear. The coiling is promising for the precise loading and targeted transport of small materials, however effective implementation requires an understanding of the role that field parameters and chain properties play on the coiling features. Here, we investigate the formation of coils in semiflexible paramagnetic chains using numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the size and shape of the initial coils are governed by the Mason and elastoviscous numbers, related to the field parameters and the chain bending stiffness. The size of the initial coil follows a nonmonotonic behavior with Mason number from which two regions are identified: (1) an elasticity-dependent nonlinear regime in which the coil size decreases with increasing field strength and for which loop shape tends to be circular, and (2) an elasticity-independent linear regime where the size increases with field strength and the shape become more elliptical. From the time scales associated to these regimes, we identify distinct coiling mechanisms for each case that relate the coiling dynamics to two other configurational dynamics of paramagnetic chains: wagging and folding behaviors.

Hyperthermia temperature reduction in biomagnetic flow: Thermal transfer in Fe3O4–blood particle suspension with uniform and non-uniform effects

Magnetic hyperthermia is beneficial in cancer treatment and in the treatment of some blood vessel diseases. However, excessive temperatures may also kill healthy cells in the vicinity of a sick cell. Using magnetic nanoparticles and changing the nature of the magnetic field as required, magnetic hyperthermia may be regulated in the blood. This research examines the effects of uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields on suspensions of bio-magnetic fluid and nano-bio-magnetic fluid under hyperthermia. Blood is a diamagnetic material, and when combined with superparamagnetic Fe3O4, its thermo-mechanical characteristics are changed significantly. By manipulating the nature of the magnetic field, it is possible to raise or decrease the temperature in the flow domain of magnetic nano-fluids. A computational study of two such magnetic fields has been conducted, and their effects on the blood-based magneto nano-fluid flow in a rectangular conduit have been documented in this study using COMSOL multi-physics. Results indicate that a uniform magnetic field increases temperature only locally, but decreases the overall temperature in the domain. The non-uniform field of a current-carrying wire decreases both the local maximum and average blood temperature as field strength increases.

Экспериментальное исследование поверхностного натяжения магнитной жидкости и ее основы в магнитном поле

The action of an external magnetic field on a magnetic fluid surface tension is a topical problem that has beenrepeatedly addressed theoretically, with a relatively small number of experimental studies conducted. The purpose of ourwork is systematic experimental research on the surface tension of a magnetic fluid and its non-magnetic liquid base by static and dynamic methods. We carried out a detailed study of the physicochemical properties of a decane-based magnetic fluid with magnetite particles stabilized by oleic acid. The dependences of the surface tension and vis-cosity of the non-magnetic liquid base on the concentration of the stabilizing liquid in it and tem-perature were systematically studied. A modified capillary waves method (CWM) was used to measure the surface tension; the results were verified with data obtained using a high-precision commercial tensiometric device. It is shown that with an increase in the concentration of oleic acid in decane, the surface tension of the solution increases. With an increase in the external vertical magnetic field strength, the surface tension of the decane-based magnetic fluid decreases, which is consistent with theoretical results of other authors. The obtained results confirm the hypothesis about the physical mechanism of the change in the surface tension of amagnetic fluid in a magnet-ic field due to the redistribution of magnetic particles in the near-surface layer.

Региональные особенности грозовой активности (на примере территории Кабардино-Балкарской Республики)

Introduction. Thunderstorm activity refers to one of the regional climatic characteristics of a limited area. Thunderstorms result in lightning discharges and an increase in the electric field strength of the surface layer of the atmosphere. Considered lightning discharges, which are divided into positive and negative. The number of thunderstorm days recorded on the territory of the KBR for the period from 2012 to 2022 was analyzed and calculated. It is shown that the relief and climate of the study area contribute to the heterogeneous development of thunderstorm processes. Materials and research methods. The lightning direction finding network of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "VGI" with spatially separated sensors LS8000 and LS7002 was used in the work. To determine the characteristics of thunderstorm activity, we used long-term data from the specified lightning direction finding network. The analysis of data from the LS8000 lightning direction finding system (GPS) confirms that ground-based lightning is unevenly distributed over the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. For the analysis of thunderstorm activity, data over the period 2012 to 2022 were used. The following characteristics were studied the long-term course: the number of thunderstorm days in different months of the year; the total number of lightning of all types registered in the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic; number of lightnings of negative polarity; number of registered positive lightning; values (peak) of lightning currents in ground discharges; average air temperature for the warm period of the year. Research results and their discussion. During the studied period of time on the territory of the KBR, 869 days with a thunderstorm were recorded by the lightning registration system. A day was considered a thunderstorm if at least four lightning strikes were recorded per day. The largest number of days with 90 thunderstorms were noted in 2016 and 2018; the smallest number of days with thunderstorms was noted in 2022. This year, according to the data of Roshydromet, weather stations on the territory of the KBR, was marked as the driest year. The average annual number of days with thunderstorms in the considered time interval was 79 days, which is 19 more than recommended for lightning protection measures. Conclusions. The analysis performed showed a trend towards a decrease in thunderstorm activity on the territory of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, as well as the values of the number of lightning per year of negative polarity. Linear trend expressions for the indicated characteristics are obtained.

57Fe Mössbauer and DFT study of the electronic and spatial structures of the iron(II) (pseudo)clathrochelates: the effect of ligand field strength.

Combined experimental 57Fe Mössbauer and theoretical DFT study of a series of iron(II)-centered (pseudo)macrobicyclic analogs and homologs was performed. The field strength of the corresponding (pseudo)encapsulating ligand was found to affect both the spin state of a caged iron(II) ion and the electron density at its nucleus. In a row of the iron(II) tris-dioximates, passing from the non-macrocyclic complex to its monocapped pseudomacrobicyclic analog caused an increase both in the ligand field strength and in the electron density at the Fe2+ ion, and, therefore, a decrease in the isomer shift (IS) value (so-called "semiclathrochelate effect"). Its macrobicyclization, giving the quasiaromatic cage complex, caused a further increase in the two former parameters and a decrease in IS (so-called "macrobicyclic effect"). The trend of their IS values was successfully predicted using the performed quantum-chemical calculations and the corresponding linear correlation with the electron density at their 57Fe nuclei was plotted. A variety of different functionals can be successfully used for such excellent prediction. The slope of this correlation was found to be unaffected by the used functional. In contrast, the predictions of both the sign and the values of quadrupole splitting (QS) for them, based on the theoretical calculations of EFG tensors, were found to be a real great challenge, which could not be solved at the moment even in the case of these C3-pseudosymmetric iron(II) complexes with known XRD structures. The latter experimental data allowed us to deduce a sign of the QSs for them. The straightforwarded molecular design of a (pseudo)encapsulating ligand is proposed to control both the spin state and the redox characteristics of an encapsulated metal ion.

Atomization and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel–ethanol fuel droplet in a uniform DC electric field

Electric field has the potential to influence the combustion characteristics of hydrocarbon fuel. In this paper, the atomization and combustion characteristics of the droplets of biodiesel and biodiesel–ethanol blend in a uniform direct-current electric field were investigated using photography. It was revealed that a certain electric field strength could induce droplet deformations and cone jets. For the droplet blended with 10 vol. % ethanol, the sizes of the secondary droplets from bubble breakups decreased with the increase in electric field strength, possibly due to the Coulomb repulsion in the ligament. The high breakup intensity of the droplet blended with 30 vol. % and 50 vol. % ethanol covered up the effect of electric field on the sizes of secondary droplets from bubble breakups. During the entire range of electric field strength, cone jets generated smaller secondary droplets in comparison with bubble breakups. Moreover, the electric field distorted the flame morphology, especially the flame width increased at the electric field strength of 50 kV/m. The maximum droplet temperature decreased with the electric field strength, in addition to the biodiesel droplet. Overall, the electric field ameliorates fuel droplets' atomization and combustion characteristics.

Perfect absorption of symmetric grating structure based on the continuous metal film

The perfect absorption is achieved by the structure of a continuous metal film with symmetrical grating structure on both sides. The maximum absorption coefficient can reach 99.47% for a optimal structural parameters with a silver film thickness of 20 nm, a lattice constant of 400 nm, and a medium refractive index of 1.46. The full width of half maximum of the absorption line is about 2.53 nm, and the quality factor <i>Q</i> is 296.06. When the absorption is perfect, the reflection and transmission of the incident light are effectively suppressed, and the phase gradient of the absorption coefficient reaches a maximum value. The perfect absorption is determined by the long-range surface plasma polariton (LRSPP) with a little transmission loss, long propagation distance and deep penetration depth. And the electric field is mainly distributed outside the silver film with a standing wave distribution. As the thickness of the silver film decreases, the line width of the absorption spectrum gradually decreases, while the <i>Q</i> value and electric field strength increase. When the thickness drops to about 12 nm, the minimum line width is 0.98 nm and the maximum <i>Q</i> value is 760.0. The sharp absorption curve and very high quality factor at the perfect absorption can be used in the design and application of the highly sensitive micro-nano sensor.

Electrophoretic coalescence behavior of oil droplets in oil-in-water emulsions containing SDS under DC electric field: A molecular dynamics study

The presence of oil droplets in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions seriously affects the efficiency of wastewater purification, and the appropriate addition of surfactants can effectively improve the demulsification process. In this paper, the electrophoretic coalescence behavior of oil droplets containing anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) under a direct current (DC) electric field was studied based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and four typical stages of oil droplet migration coalescence were defined. The weak interactions between SDS and water and between SDS and n-hexane are mainly van der Waals interactions, while a small number of hydrogen bonds are formed between SDS and water and between water molecules internally. With the increase of electric field strength (E), the deformation of oil droplets after aggregation increases, and the contact angle with the electrode plate becomes smaller. The interfacial tension between oil and water decreases and then increases with increasing surfactant concentration, reaching a minimum value of 32.52 mN/m when the number of SDS molecules (n) around each oil droplet is 55. When E = 1.2 V/nm and n = 55, the coalescence time of oil droplets reaches the minimum value of 2.425 ns. The migration rate of oil droplet far from the anode is greater than that of oil droplet near the anode, which is due to the larger combined forces on the former. The results reveal the microscopic mechanism of oil droplet migration and coalescence under the coupling effect of DC electric field and anionic surfactant, which could provide theoretical guidance for the improvement of oily wastewater purification process.

Study of magnetized multi-component plasma sheath containing charged dust particles in presence of oblique magnetic field: a fluid approach

The dynamics of low-temperature magnetized multi-component dusty plasma sheath structures have been investigated with finite ion temperature in presence of an oblique magnetic field using the one-dimensional multi-fluid model. The parametric changes inside the sheath are estimated in presence of charged dust species having nano-meter (nm) sizes. In presence of charged dust inside the sheath, the ions are found to get accumulated near the sheath edge, hence the ion density is decreased towards the wall. Further, with the increase in magnetic field strength, the peaking of ion densities near the sheath edge has been found to be intensified. The magnetic field orientation has also played a crucial role in the bunching of the ions near the sheath edge. An increase in the magnetic field obliqueness has also contributed to intensifying the ion bunching. It has also been observed that the sheath potential is substantially changed. In addition, we also investigated and presented the influence of dust species presence on the electron density inside the sheath. A qualitative explanation of the phenomenon that occurs due to the presence of dust species is presented.

Mechanism study of the conductivity characteristics of cellulose electrical insulation influenced by moisture

Cellulose insulating paper is widely used in the power industry for its good electrical insulating properties. Moisture sharply increases its conductivity, which directly leads to the weakening of insulation performance and greatly increases the risk of subsequent electric field distortion and insulation breakdown. This paper focuses on the microscopic mechanism of moisture changing the characteristics of charge transport in cellulose insulation and attempts to reveal the related conductivity mechanism. To achieve this purpose, microscopic and macroscopic perspectives are integrated and several simulation and experimental methods are utilized comprehensively. The molecular dynamics simulation results showed that most water molecules in damped cellulose were individually and uniformly adsorbed on the hydroxyl groups by hydrogen bond, and the quantum chemistry computation results showed that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital more appeared on the water molecule and the corresponding density of state increased. Then, experimentally, it was confirmed that the trap energy level decreased by the thermally stimulated current method. On this basis, the promotion effect of moisture on charge transport is predicted and verified by polarization and depolarization current methods. As the moisture content increased, more charge carriers escaped from the trap by hopping and participated in long-range continuous charge motion. Therefore, after dampness, the current of cellulose insulating paper increased exponentially with the increase in electric field strength, which was consistent with the hopping conductivity mechanism.

Research on the Gradient-Field Superconducting Magnet for Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster Performance Improvement

Magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (MPDTs) are characterized by their high specific impulse, high thrust, and long operational life. Hence, they are promising candidates as space electric thrusters for deep space exploration, such as for future interstellar voyages. To improve the performance of MPDTs, this article investigates the potential to enhance their plume performance using a high-gradient magnetic field based on superconductor technology. We introduce a high-intensity superconducting magnetic field constraint method based on a 100-kW MPDT, which involves making the solenoid and gradient-field superconducting magnets more compact. The central magnetic field can reach 1 T and the magnetic field homogeneity is optimized from 1.69% to 0.83%. In addition, the MHD method is used to simulate and verify the concentration-constrained acceleration of plasma by the gradient-field superconducting magnets. Experimental results show that with increases in magnetic field strength, the axial plasma plume becomes more concentrated. The plume distribution of the 100-kW gradient-superconducting MPDT is more uniform than that of a solenoid plume at the same discharge current due to better magnetic field homogeneity.

Effect of MHD Control on Turbulent Boundary Layer Separation Flow in Scramjet Inlet

In order to study the effect of MHD control on the separation flow of turbulent boundary layer in the scramjet inlet based on the assumption of low magnetic Reynolds number, considering the source term of turbulent electromagnetic dissipation, the numerical simulation method is developed for electromagnetic field coupled with flow field. A Mach 4 plate is adopted as the basic configuration to assess the accuracy of the solver’s source term of turbulent electromagnetic dissipation. On this basis, numerical simulation of MHD control on the separation flow of boundary layer in scramjet inlet is carried out to study the influence of different electric field strengths and magnetic induction intensity on it. The results show that applying MHD local control alleviates the boundary layer separation in the scramjet inlet. Under different electric field strengths and magnetic induction intensity, the separation vortex’s scale significantly changes. The scale of the separation zone continues to decrease when the electric field strength or magnetic induction intensity increases, and the effect of MHD control is more significant.

The role of hyperonic interactions in proto neutron stars

In this paper, how the hyperonic interaction affect the properties of proto neutron stars (PNSs) is studied with relativistic mean field theory. Corresponding to the same baryon density, in consideration of the hyperonic interaction, the [Formula: see text]-meson field strength increases, whereas the [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-meson field strengths, chemical potentials of neutrons and electrons, energy density and pressure all decrease. The influence of the interaction between hyperons on the center field strengths of mesons [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], the central chemical potential of neutrons and electrons, the central energy density and the central pressure increases with the increase of the PNS’s mass. As the hyperonic interaction is considered, the PNS’s mass [Formula: see text] decreases with respect to the same radius [Formula: see text], and the larger the PNS’s mass, the larger the radius reduction. Our results show that inside PNSs, [Formula: see text] hyperons do not appear, but baryons [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] do, whether the hyperonic interaction is considered or not. In consideration of the hyperonic interaction, the relative density of neutrons decreases, while those of hyperons [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] increase. The effect of hyperonic interaction on the center relative density of baryons increases as the PNS’s mass increases.

Dielectric Breakdown Properties of He-H2 Mixtures for High Temperature Superconducting Power Devices

In this study, the electron energy distribution function (EEDF), the electron swarm parameters , the effective ionization coefficients, and the critical field strength (dielectric strength) in binary He-H2 gas mixture which is used as cryogenic for high-temperature superconducting power applications, are evaluated using two-term solution of the Boltzmann equation over the range of E/N ( the electric field to gas density) from 1 to 100 Td ( 1 Td=10-17 Vcm2) at temperature 77 K and pressure 2MPa, taking into account elastic ( momentum transfer) and inelastic cross-sections. Using the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) electron swarm parameters (electron drift velocity, mean electron energy, diffusion coefficient, electron mobility, ionization and attachment coefficient) are calculated. At low reduced electric field strength E/N, the EEDF is close to Maxwellian distribution, at high E/N, due to vibrational excitation of H2, the calculated distribution function is non-Maxwellian. Besides, the Boltzmann equation analysis showed as the small mole fraction of H2 in the He-H2 mixture is increased, the electron energy distribution function EEDF shifts to lower energy region, the density-reduced ionization coefficient α/N and density-reduced effective ionization coefficient (α-η)/N decreases, whereas density-reduced attachment coefficient η/N, density-reduced critical electric field strength increases, (E/N)crt and critical electric field Ecrt increases. It is found that dielectric field strength depends on pressure and temperature. To confirm the validity of the two term solution of Boltzmann equation analysis, a set of elastic and inelastic cross-sections for each gas He and H2 are used to calculate the electron swarm parameters and dielectric field strength. Compared with previous experimental and theoretical literatures, the values obtained are generally in good agreement.

Thermochemical non-equilibrium and electromagnetic effects of double-cone in hypervelocity flow

Hypervelocity flows generated over a 25°/55° double-cone are numerically investigated, characterized by a complex shock wave/boundary layer interaction. Based on the low magnetic Reynolds number assumption, the coupled model is established for the thermochemical non-equilibrium flow field and the externally applied magnetic field. The aim of the study is on one hand to evaluate the high temperature effects and on the other to investigate the electromagnetic effects of such an interaction. The results indicate that the thermochemical non-equilibrium effects become relevant and significantly affect the flow structure and surface properties in the case of high-enthalpy flows. The performance of shock wave/boundary layer interaction flows magnetohydrodynamic control is mainly determined by the Lorentz force near the triple point and the separated flow region. Furthermore, the modification of the flow field due to the applied magnetic field causes the mitigation of the aerodynamic heating. This is enhanced with the increase of magnetic field strength.

Evolution of Urca Pairs in the Crusts of Highly Magnetized Neutron Stars

We report on the effects of strong magnetic fields on neutrino emission in the modified Urca process. We show that the effect of Landau levels on the various Urca pairs affects the neutrino emission spectrum and leads to an angular asymmetry in the neutrino emission. For low magnetic fields, the Landau levels have almost no effect on the cooling. However, as the field strength increases, the electron chemical potential increases resulting in a lower density at which Urca pairs can exist. For intermediate field strength, there is an interesting interference between the Landau level distribution and the Fermi distribution. For high enough field strength, the entire electron energy spectrum is eventually confined to a single Landau level producing dramatic spikes in the emission spectrum.

Spectroscopic characteristics and dissociation of nitrogen trifluoride under external electric fields: Theoretical study

Abstract The dissociation of nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) is an important topic of study because the molecule is a highly dangerous greenhouse gas that can persist in the atmosphere for 740 years. In this study, changes in the geometry, orbital energy, spectral properties, and dissociation properties of NF3 when an external electric field was applied were studied by density functional theory. Results show that when the strength of the electric field was increased, the N–3F bond length became longer until it broke, and the energy gap decreased gradually. The dissociation barrier in the potential energy curve gradually decreased with the increase in the electric field strength. When the applied electric field reached 0.05 a.u., the dissociation barrier disappeared, indicating that under the action of a strong applied electric field, NF3 is degraded because of fracture of the N–3F bond. When the application of the electric field was continued, the potential barrier disappeared and dissociation occurred when the N–4F bond was scanned. The stepwise dissociation of nitrogen trifluoride molecules occurred under an electric field intensity of 0.05 a.u. The concerted dissociation of the N–3F and N–4F bonds occurred at an electric field intensity of 0.09 a.u. When the electric field direction was in the negative direction of the z-axis, the NF3 dissociated but no concerted dissociation occurred. These results offer insight into the degradation mechanism under an applied electric field.

Study on the Law and Mechanism of the Third-Order Intermodulation False Alarm Effect of the Stepped Frequency Ranging Radar

In order to improve the radar’s electromagnetic protection ability, it is essential to master the law of the false alarm effect of the radar’s out-of-band third-order intermodulation electromagnetic radiation, starting from the circuit field-circuit coupling mechanism, and the mechanism of the third-order intermodulation false alarm effect is analyzed. Taking a stepped frequency ranging radar as the research object, the absolute level value of the false alarm signal is selected as the sensitive criterion of the false alarm effect. The dual-frequency electromagnetic false alarm interference effect is carried out by using the method of the differential mode injection equivalent substitution electromagnetic radiation. The results show that the dual-frequency electromagnetic interference will cause the radar to generate the third-order intermodulation false alarm signal with the random position and waveform spreading. Under a certain interference intensity, the level of the third-order intermodulation false alarm signal increases with the increase of the interference field strength. With the continuous increase of the interference field strength, the fifth-order intermodulation false alarm signal gradually appears. The imaging mechanism, the waveform characteristics, and the level change law of the fifth-order intermodulation false alarm target, are similar to the third-order intermodulation false alarm target, and its position is also random. The maximum third-order intermodulation false alarm signal can reach 18 dBmV, indicating that the radar is sensitive to the out-of-band intermodulation electromagnetic interference.