Increase In Cl Content Research Articles

Influence of Chloride Ion Substitution on Lithium-Ion Conductivity and Electrochemical Stability in a Dual-Halogen Solid-State Electrolyte.

Li+ conducting halide solid-state electrolytes (SEs) are developing as an alternative to contemporary oxide and sulfide SEs for all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) due to their high ionic conductivity, excellent chemical and electrochemical oxidation stability, and good deformability. However, the instability of halide SEs against the Li anode is still one of the key challenges that need to be addressed. Among halides, fluorides have shown a wider electrochemical stability window due to fluoride's high electronegativity and smaller ionic radius. However, the ionic conductivity of fluoride-based SEs is lower compared to other halide-based SEs. To achieve better interface stability with the Li anode, the presence of fluoride is not only advantageous for a wider potential window but also forms a stable passivation layer at the Li/SEs interface. Therefore, developing mixed halogen-based solid electrolytes, particularly fluorine and chlorine-based SEs are promising in ASSBs. Herein, we report dual halogen-based SEs, Li2ZrF6-xClx (0 ≤ x ≤ 2), synthesized via ball-milling. The X-ray diffraction results revealed that Li2ZrF6-xClx compounds crystallize in the trigonal phase (P3̅1m). Using impedance spectroscopy, an increase in Li+ conductivity with the increase in Cl content was observed for Li2ZrF6-xClx. Compared with x = 0, Li+ conductivity for the sample with x = 1 improved by ∼5 orders of magnitude. The Li+ conductivities for Li2ZrF5Cl1 at 25 and 100 °C are 5.5 × 10-7 and 2.1 × 10-5 S/cm, respectively. Moreover, Li2ZrF5Cl1 exhibits the widest electrochemical stability window and excellent Li interface stability. Our work indicates Li2ZrF6-xClx as an attractive material for optimization in the class of halide-based solid-state Li-ion conductors.

Poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid-co-ε-caprolactone)의 합성, 분석 및 감압 접착 특성

Random copolymers of poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid-co-ε-caprolactone) (PLGA-CL) based on lactic acid (LA), glycolic acid (GA), citric acid (CA), and ε-caprolactone (CL) were synthesized and characterized. ¹H NMR spectra showed that the polymerization conversion of various monomers was high under the experimental conditions, and the degree of polymerization of the polycaprolactone (PCL) segment increased with the growth of CL content. The content of CL has a remarkable effect on the decrease of glass transition temperature (T<SUB>g</SUB>) of the copolymers. The adhesive properties of random copolymers as pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) were evaluated. With the increase of CL content, 180° peel strength, the shear strength and loop tack decreased. When CL content was 16.7 wt%, 180° peel strength was 4.76 N/25 ㎜, and loop tack was 8.45 N/25 ㎜.

Structure, electronic and optical properties of Cs2Ti(Br1-xYx)6 (Y = Cl, I; x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) perovskites: The first principles investigations

Extensive studies have demonstrated that all-inorganic lead-free halide perovskite solar cells as promising photoelectric devices are receiving great attention. In this paper, we have investigated the structures, electronical and optical properties of perovskite Cs2Ti(Br1-xYx)6 (Y = Cl, I, x ​= ​0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1). When x ​= ​0.25, the system Cs2Ti(Br0.75Cl0.25)6 has the suitable band gap value. With the increase of Cl content, the absorption coefficients showing blue shift which lead to the optical performance slightly decreased. But the systems become more stable. For the substitution of I to Br, the band gap values are lower than the optimal one. As to optical calculations, we find that the systems show obvious red shift, which result in the optical performance enhanced. However, the systems become unstable and not easy to be prepared. All calculations reveal that these excellent properties make Cs2Ti(Br0.75Cl0.25)6 as an ideal candidate material for perovskite solar cells.

Application and performance evaluation of desulfurization wastewater spray drying technology

In order to realize zero discharge of desulfurization wastewater, spray drying technology of desulfurization wastewater was used in 2x330MW unit of a power plant. Its principle was to use a rotary atomizer for atomization,and a part of hot flue gas was drawn from the SCR denitrification reactor and air preheater into the drying tower, the heat was used to evaporate the desulfurization wastewater in a spray drying tower. The salt in the waste water was mixed with the dust, which was collected and removed by the electric dust remover. Then the water vapor was mixed with the flue gas and finally enters the desulfurization tower.The field test was carried out under the condition that the unit load was 100% and the amount of desulfurization wastewater treated was 5.1m3/h.The results showed that the hot smoke gas volume of drying tower was about 64896m3/h, The smoke temperature at the inlet and outlet of the drying tower were 335℃ and 205℃ respectively,the moisture content of drying products was only 0.05%. The content of HCl in the flue gas at the inlet and outlet of the drying tower were 55mg/L and 195mg/L respectively, the mass fractions of Cl removal and Cl volatilization in desulfurization wastewater were 87.7% and 12.3% respectively. The increase of Cl content in the dried products had little effect on the utilization of fly ash.

An Experimental Study of Chlorine Incorporation In Amphibole Synthesized Along the Pargasite–Ferro-Pargasite Join

Abstract Understanding how chlorine partitions between calcium amphiboles and an ambient fluid can be used to deduce the chlorine content of fluids involved in a wide range of geological processes, such as in high-grade metamorphism, deposition of economic minerals, chlorine metasomatism, and seawater-oceanic crust interactions. One of the most common correlations that is observed in calcium amphiboles is the increase in chlorine concentration with increasing Fe 2+ /(Fe 2+ + Mg) (= Fe#). To quantify this dependence, amphiboles with intended compositions along the pargasite–ferro-pargasite [NaCa 2 (Mg 4 Al)(Al 2 Si 6 )O 22 (Cl,OH) 2 –NaCa 2 (Fe 4 Al)(Al 2 Si 6 )O 22 (Cl,OH) 2 ] join were synthesized in the presence of NaCl brines ranging in concentration from 1 molal ( m ) NaCl to halite saturation. Syntheses were made over the range 700–950 °C and 0.2–0.5 GPa at oxygen fugacities ( f O 2 ) near the Co-CoO buffer and for durations of 46–576 h. The observed amphibole compositions varied between pargasite and hastingsite with increasing Fe# for an assumed constant Fe 3+ /(Fe 2+ + Fe 3+ ) ratio of 0.18. The most common additional phases were plagioclase and Ca-rich clinopyroxene with minor davyne in some syntheses. At any given bulk composition, amphiboles increase in Cl content with increasing brine concentrations, reaching a plateau in brines of about 0.1–0.2 mole fraction of NaCl ( X NaCl , or 5–15 m NaCl). Amphiboles synthesized in brines below halite saturation showed a fairly linear increase in Cl content from essentially 0.0 to 0.11 atoms per formula unit ( apfu ) with increasing Fe content. Syntheses in brines above halite saturation showed a distinct jump in Cl contents up to 0.14–0.30 apfu for the two most Fe-rich bulk compositions. Isopleths of constant NaCl concentration have been fitted to all of the data, and a thermochemical analysis of the dependence of the Cl/OH ratio of amphibole to the activity ratio of H 2 O/HCl in the brine has been offered for amphiboles synthesized in the 1 m NaCl brines. Comparison of the Cl contents of synthetic amphiboles made here with natural pargasitic amphiboles shows that even the highest Cl contents observed here are only about 20% of the maximum Cl contents found in amphiboles from some localities. The main implication of this study is that there is very limited Cl uptake in amphiboles made in this chemical system in the presence of aqueous brines of highly variable concentrations, even for the most Fe-rich amphiboles. The high Cl contents observed in natural assemblages are likely controlled by brine, or perhaps halide or silicate melt chemistry, or crystal-chemical factors ( e.g ., K content) that exert a stronger effect than just the Fe# of the amphibole.

Thermal degradation behavior of Copoly(propylene carbonate ε-caprolactone) investigated using TG/FTIR and Py-GC/MS methodologies

Thermal degradation behaviors of copoly(propylene carbonate ε-caprolactone)s (PPCCLs) with different ε-caprolactone (CL) contents were studied at various pyrolysis temperatures by the combination of thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TG/FTIR) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) techniques. TGA curves of the copolymers clearly show two stages. The experimental results indicate that the increase of CL content in PPCCL chain leads to an increase of both first and second stage maximum decomposition temperature. The dominant degradation pathway is a backbiting ester interchange reaction involving OH chain ends of PPCCLs, resulting in the formation of cyclic oligomers. In addition, at a relative higher pyrolysis temperature, besides the major products propylene carbonate and caprolactone, some diol and long chain chemicals with ester group were also detected, showing a main intramolecular transesterification accompanied with chain scission decomposition mechanism.

High Precise Determination of Bromine Isotopic Ratios by Positive Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using Static Multicollection Based on Cs2Br+ Ions

Abstract A high precise determination of stable bromine (Br) isotopic ratios was achieved by thermal ionization mass spectrometer (TIMS) triton with 8 kV accelerating voltage using static multicollection of Cs2Br+ ions. The effect of B and Cl content on the measurement of Br isotope was studied. The static multicollection method had many advantages, such as high precision (external accuracy lies between 0.09‰–0.18‰), small amount of sample loading (10–20 μg Br) and short acquisition time (just 8 min for 100 cycles). The results showed that the effect of co-existing Cl on the measurement of Br isotope ratio increased with the increase of Cl content, and that the presence of B made the determined bromine isotope ratio lower than that without B. The effect of the sample loading sequence on the results of the determined Br isotopic ratio was insignificant. Meanwhile, the four bromide of Br isotopic composition were determined, its δ81Br was between 0.61‰–1.68‰, showing a significant Br isotope fractionation.

A facile solvothermal growth of single crystal mixed halide perovskite CH3NH3Pb(Br(1-x)Cl(x))3.

We demonstrate a facile synthetic approach for preparing mixed halide perovskite (CH3NH3)Pb(Br1-xClx)3 single crystals by the solvothermal growth of stoichiometric PbBr2 and [(1 - y)CH3NH3Br + yCH3NH3Cl] DMF precursor solutions. The band gap of (CH3NH3)Pb(Br1-xClx)3 single crystals increased and the unit cell dimensions decreased with an increase in Cl content x, consistent with previous theoretical predictions. Interestingly, the Cl/Br ratio in the (CH3NH3)Pb(Br1-xClx)3 single crystals is larger than that of the precursor solution, suggesting an unusual crystal growth mechanism.

Chloride ion as nitrification inhibitor and its biocidal potential in soils

The accumulation of chlorine ion in soils and plants due to the continued use of potassium chloride triggers a series of physiological disorders in plants and microorganisms deserving special attention. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibition potential of chloride ions added to soils as ammonium chloride (AC) and/or KCl in the reaction of soil nitrification. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions. The soil was incubated for 21 days at 70% of maximum water retention capacity at 25 °C. The addition of AC, combined with KCl, decreased nitrate concentration in the soil. The increase of Cl content in the soil with the use of AC resulted in an inhibition of soil nitrification. The agricultural potential of using AC as N source was shown in many crops, although, caution regarding excess is recommended, which results in a build-up of salt in the soil and causes injury to the root system and microorganisms.

Effect of using chlorine-containing precursors in the synthesis of FeNi-filled carbon nanotubes

A method for the in situ filling of thin-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with long continuous ferromagnetic nanowires is described, using chlorine substituted benzene, C 6H 6− x Cl x ( x = 0–3), as the carbon precursor. This method can be used to prepare not only single-metal (e.g. Fe, Co, Ni) nanowires, but also alloy (e.g. FeNi) nanowire-filled CNTs. As an example, we show the successful synthesis of FeNi-filled CNTs. A ratio d in/ W is used to evaluate quantitatively the hollow degree of CNTs, where d in is the inner diameter and W is the wall thickness of a nanotube. The larger this ratio is, the wider inner cavity of the CNTs will be. Statistical results show that the hollow degrees of CNTs increase with the increase of Cl content in carbon precursors, which in turn affords a convenient way to control the hollow degrees of CNTs.

Cl-rich biotite and amphibole from Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York

Other| April 01, 1996 Cl-rich biotite and amphibole from Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York Albert Leger; Albert Leger American Museum of Natural History, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, New York, NY, United States Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Carolyn Rebbert; Carolyn Rebbert Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jim Webster Jim Webster Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar American Mineralogist (1996) 81 (3-4): 495–504. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1996-3-423 Article history first online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation Albert Leger, Carolyn Rebbert, Jim Webster; Cl-rich biotite and amphibole from Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York. American Mineralogist 1996;; 81 (3-4): 495–504. doi: https://doi.org/10.2138/am-1996-3-423 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentBy SocietyAmerican Mineralogist Search Advanced Search Abstract Biotite and amphibole containing up to 4.6 and 5.1 wt% Cl, respectively, are found in gneisses from Black Rock Forest, located within the Hudson Highlands of New York. The area was metamorphosed to granulite facies during the Grenvillian orogeny at ~ 1100 Ma. Small, subeconomic magnetite deposits coexist with the gneisses.Cl contents in biotite range from 0.1 to 4.6 wt%. Some individual biotite grains are spectacularly zoned, with Cl contents varying from 1.0 to 4.6 wt% within <20 μm. In zoned biotite, an increase in Cl content correlates with increasing Fe and decreasing Mg, Ti, and F. When data from five specimens are compared, however, Cl contents in biotite show only two strong correlations: Cl contents correlate positively with Fe (r2 = 0.75) and negatively with Ti (r2 = 0.84). Cl and Mg are uncorrelated for the complete dataset but show strong correlation within individually zoned grains (r2 = 0.74). F contents show only one correlation, a positive one with Mg (r2 = 0.62). The structural formula for the most Cl-rich biotite analyzed is (K2.00Na0.02)(Mg1.94Fe3.90Ti0.07Al0.04)(Si5.85Al2.15)O20(OH2.46F0.25Cl1.29), as normalized to 24 (O + OH + F + Cl). This biotite is one of the most Cl rich ever reported.Cl contents in amphibole range from 0.2 to 5.1 wt%. Cl contents correlate positively with Fe2+/(Fe2+ + Mg) (r2 = 0.84) and K (r2 = 0.70) and negatively with Si/(Si + [4]Al) (r2 = 0.49) and Ti (r2 = 0.76). F contents are uncorrelated with any of the other elements analyzed. The structural formula for the most Cl-rich amphibole, a hastingsite, is (K0.57Na0.31)(Ca1.90Na0.10)(Fe2.692+Mg0.90Mn0.03Ti0.06Fe1.023+Al0.29)(Si5.80Al2.20)O22(OH0.55F0.07Cl1.38) as normalized to 13 octahedral and tetrahedral cations.In rocks with coexisting amphibole and biotite, Cl partitions preferentially into the amphibole and F partitions preferentially into the biotite. Infiltration of the gneisses by fluids rich in Fe and Cl (perhaps as an FeCl2 compound) could explain the formation of magnetite bodies as well as the Fe- and Cl-enriched phases found in and around Black Rock Forest. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this article.

Self‐Sealing of Earthen Liquid Manure Storage Ponds: I. A Case Study

AbstractA monitoring system was established on an unlined, earthen storage pond near Kitchener, ON prior to the addition of liquid manure from a 4500‐head beef (Bos taurus) feeding operation. The bottom of the pond, which had a surface area when full of 2 ha, was a coarse textured sand. This material, with some gravel layers, extended below the water table, which was initially at 13.7 m below the ground surface. A platform, at which soil moisture measurement and groundwater sampling tubes were installed, was constructed within the pond. Additional groundwater sampling tubes were installed at several points surrounding the pond. Moisture content of the soil immediately below the pond reached saturation when liquid manure was first added but began to decrease within 2 weeks and reached a steady state at a water potential of about −0.03 MPa within 90 d. The infiltration rate at this time was estimated to be less than 10−8 m s−1, a value considered to indicate that the bottom was effectively sealed. There was a rapid increase in Cl content of the groundwater within 2 weeks of manure addition but the concentration declined to initial values within 12 weeks. There was no evidence of elevated Cl concentrations in groundwater outside the boundaries of the pond. The NO3‐N content of groundwater below the pond decreased to non‐detectable values very shortly after addition of manure but returned to background values within 12 weeks except in the upper portions of the groundwater. A similar depression of NO3‐N was observed at one sampling position within a few meters of the pond but not at more distant points. It was concluded that the NO3‐N depression was due primarily to denitrification in the groundwater as it passed below the pond. It is concluded that, with some limitations, unlined earthen manure ponds are environmentally acceptable, even in sandy material.

Geochemistry of thermal waters on the island of Ischia (Campania, Italy)

The stratigraphic and structural situation on the island of Ischia (southern Italy), the recent volcanic activity and the presence of hot springs and fumaroles, suggest the existence of a geothermal field. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the waters from several springs and wells were examined to obtain information on deep temperatures and to formulate a geothermal model of the island. δD values range from −33.60 to −12.50‰ and δ 18O from −7.10 to −1.71‰, relative to SMOW. These variations have mainly been attributed to the presence of seawater, as confirmed by the general shift to more positive values with the increase of Cl content. Water-rock reactions, evaporation and subsurface boiling also contribute to the δ 18O− δD trend. The chemical analyses reveal the presence of alkaline sulphate chloride water (seawater), bicarbonate waters and waters interpreted as the result of mixing. The chemical and isotopic composition of the latter are dependent on water-rock interactions, water circulation rates and eventual evaporation and condensation phenomena. The silica geothermometer, which seems to be the most suitable for determining the deep temperatures of these waters, gave values of about 200°C, even for mixing models. Our data suggest the following geothermal model: the heat flow heats up a deep reservoir, causing steam to rise through faults and fractures and transfer heat to a shallower aquifer. The temperatures of 200°C obtained by the geothermometers are not the maximum reservoir temperatures, but are probably water-rock equilibrium temperatures for the shallower aquifers. The high boron contents and the isotopic data confirm the presence of steam in the system.

ROADSIDE WOODY PLANT SUSCEPTIBILITY TO SODIUM AND CHLORIDE ACCUMULATION DURING WINTER AND SPRING

Sodium (Na) and chloride (Cl) contents in twigs of 12 roadside coniferous and deciduous woody species were studied between early January and early May in 1972 and 1973. In most species, a gradual increase in Cl content during January and early February and a more rapid increase during March or early April was followed by a decline. The trend in Na content was essentially similar, but levels generally were lower than corresponding chloride values. Levels of Na and Cl were higher in buds than in adjacent twig tissues and, in the case of Salix alba ’Tristis’ Gaud (weeping golden willow), salt content decreased from apex to base of twigs. Salt content in twigs was related to the degree of plant injury, to differences in the physiological tolerance due to species, and also to the temperature and snowfall (precipitation) patterns during the sampling periods.