Increasing Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide Concentration Research Articles

CTAB-induced synthesis of two-dimensional copper oxalate particles: using l-ascorbic acid as the source of oxalate ligand.

Copper oxalate is typically synthesized through a precipitation reaction involving copper salts mixed with oxalic acid or oxalate solutions. However, in this study, we were successful in synthesizing well-formed square-like copper oxalate particles under liquid-phase conditions at ambient temperature and pressure using ascorbic acid as the source of the oxalic acid ligand. The addition of cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) caused the morphology of copper oxalate particles to undergo a transition from three-dimensional to two-dimensional. And the inhibition of the assembly of primary copper oxalate nanocrystals along the [001] direction became stronger with the increase of CTAB concentration. The impact of CTAB on the crystallization, growth, and self-assembly processes of primary copper oxalate nanocrystals was analysed using various testing methods. Based on these analyses, the possible mechanism of CTAB-induced synthesis of two-dimensional copper oxalate particles was finally proposed.

Effect of CTAB premicelle and micelle formation on Bromophenol Blue spectra

AbstractThe interactions between surfactants and dyes in aqueous solutions are essential for gaining insights into dyeing processes across various industries and for driving advancements in chemical research. This paper investigates the interaction between the anionic dye bromophenol blue (BPB) and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous solutions. It was observed that the absorbance value at the maximum absorption peak of BPB changes systematically with increasing CTAB concentration, revealing the critical premicelle concentration (cpc) and critical micelle concentration (cmc) of CTAB. Employing a micellization model and measuring the electric conductivity across different concentrations of CTAB, the micellization thermodynamic parameters of CTAB, both in the absence and presence of BPB, were determined. The findings indicate that the associative interaction between BPB and CTAB significantly influences the formation of CTAB micelles.

Effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on flocculation and filtration of bentonite suspensions

Separation of bentonite from wastewater is challenging because bentonite, is highly dispersible in water. Using cationic polymer flocculants has a high flocculation effect on bentonite. However, the flocculation mechanism is unclear. In this study, flocculation, filtration, and bentonite adsorption behavior are investigated using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as cationic small molecule; subsequently, the flocculation mechanism of bentonite is explored. The flocculation effect increases and the filtration time is reduced with increasing CTAB concentration. In particular, when more than 1500 ppm of CTAB is used, the filtration time is reduced to 2–3 min. Bentonite forms secondary flocculates after the formation of primary flocculates with increasing CTAB concentration. Additionally, the adsorption behavior reveals that CTAB is inserted between the layers, and it is excessively adsorbed on the bentonite surface. The increase CTAB concentration was effective in improving the shortening the filtration time owing to the formation of large bentonite flocculates.

Monodispersed, Micron-Sized Supermicroporous Silica Particles by Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide-Mediated Preparation.

In this study, we present a novel modified Stöber method utilizing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a mediator for the preparation of monodispersed, micron-sized supermicroporous silica particles. Observed results show prepared silica particles ranging in size from 0.64 to 1.36 μm with an increase in CTAB concentration from 1.0 to 5.0 mM. The particles exhibited low polydispersity (<5%), a high Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area (570 to 1064 m2/g), and pore volumes ranging from 0.22 to 0.39 cm3/g. The pore size, determined using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method from the adsorption branches of the isotherms, was approximately 1.9 nm, specifically 1.83, 1.85, and 1.90 nm, as the CTAB concentration increased from 1.0 to 2.5 and 5.0 mM, respectively. The resulting particles displayed a narrow distribution of pore diameters. In addition, to obtain an in-depth understanding of the role of CTAB on the preparation of silica particles, a possible mechanism is also investigated using conductivity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, FT-IR spectra, and transmission electron microscopy. Our findings demonstrate that CTAB plays multiple roles in the hydrolysis/condensation of TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) and subsequent nucleation and growth of silica particles. CTAB acts as a template for superporosity, a stabilizer for colloids, and an accelerator for nucleation and growth, leading to formation of monodispersed micrometer silica particles. Further characterization through FT-IR and 29Si solid NMR spectra revealed that the micron silica particles were obtained with inhomogeneity in the condensation degree, allowing for selective etching through hot incubation to form micron-sized hollow silica spheres.

Spectrophotometric investigation on interactions of dye with surfactant in aqueous as well as alcoholic media

The interaction of the methyl orange (MO) dye with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in propanol, butanol, and water was studied using spectrophotometry method. The NLREG approach was used to compute the distribution constant which is the lower as carbon number increases which resembles that value of distribution constant 0.07161476, 0.00060913, 0.00010865 is of water, 1-propanol, 1-butanol media respectively. The Benesi-Hilderbrand and Hashemi and Sun equations were also used to determine the binding constant (Kb) and Gibbs free energy of binding (ΔG°). As the alkyl chain lengthened, the ΔG° value shifted more negatively in comparison to water. The spontaneous nature of CTAB binding with MO was suggested by the negative value of ΔG°. As the concentration of CTAB in the water & alcoholic media increased, the MO absorption dramatically blue-shifted from 464 nm (water) to 440–450 nm (propanol, butanol). These findings showed that the alkyl chain plays a role in reducing absorbance. The MO absorbance in the water, 1-propanol or 1-butanol media decreased with increasing CTAB concentration (hyperchromic shift).

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide assisted preparation of Au@SiO2 particles

Coating silica on Au particles has been known to be effective to improve their stability and performance. In this work, we demonstrated a cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) assisted approach for preparation of Au@SiO2 particles in ethanol/water mixtures. At ethanol content of 0.25, Au particles were well dispersed, while at ethanol content of 0.50, the aggregated Au particles were gradually dispersed with increasing CTAB concentration, attributed to the gradual formation of CTAB bilayer on the particle surface. When tetraethyl orthosilicate and ammonia were added directly to the Au particle dispersions, the Au@SiO2 particles formed at the low ethanol content (0.25) were red in color and spherical in shape with a core composed of single Au particles, and these formed at the medium ethanol content (0.50) were purple in color and fractal-like in shape with a core composed of multiple Au particles.

Dispersion of Graphene Using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB): Dye Removal and Characterization Studies

The aim of this study to determine the usability of CTAB-RGO composites in the removal of MB from aqueous solutions and to investigate the stability of composites in the aqueous dispersions. And also, we compared the effects of three different CTAB concentrations on the decolorization of MB. The CTAB-RGO composites performed increasing decolorization activity, decreasing average particle size and resulting individual graphene layers with the increasing CTAB concentration. CTAB-RG0 with 40 and 80 mg/L composites were unstable, RGO and CTAB-RGO with 120 mg/L had good stability in the aqueous solutions. Effective repulsive forces of CTAB-RGO-120 composite prevented to forming graphene aggregates. The highest decolorization rate of CTAB-RGO-120 composite at neutral pH can result from both the electrostatic interaction and π-π interaction.

Mechanism of CH4 Sorption onto a Shale Surface in the Presence of Cationic Surfactant

A substantial amount of water used for fracking shale formations is trapped by capillary and interfacial forces. Such trapped water is detrimental to gas production because of its potential to obstruct gas’s desorption and, subsequently, its flow path. Surfactants are proposed to alleviate the problem; however, further insight is required to understand the underlying mechanism. In this study, a cationic surfactant, namely, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and a clay-rich Marcellus shale are used to investigate and explain the mechanism. The study encompasses a series of systematic experiments and molecular simulations. First, laboratory measurements of CH₄–brine interfacial tension, CH₄ surface excess, and zeta potential at different CTAB concentrations were conducted. Then, we evaluated CH₄ adsorption in Marcellus shale before and after treatment with CTAB. Second, a molecular dynamics simulation by GROMACS software was used to explain the phenomenon at the molecular level. Experimental results indicated that CTAB reduced the CH₄–brine interfacial tension by up to 80%. The zeta potential data showed that shale’s dominant surface charge was altered from negative to positive after treatment with CTAB. Furthermore, the presence of CTAB has significantly influenced the distribution of CH₄ in the aqueous phase as indicated by the changes in the CH₄ surface excess concentration. Moreover, the adsorbed CH₄ amount decreased with increasing CTAB concentration when the CTAB concentration was kept below the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The reduction in adsorbed CH4 was explained by the molecular dynamics simulation results, which revealed a 62% shrinkage in vertical distances between CH₄ molecules and clays after introducing CTAB. Simulation findings also unfold that CTAB has reduced the density distribution of CH₄ molecules along with clay layers by 64%. One of the more significant result of this study is that surfactants injected at above CMC values can lessen fracking water trapping by reducing CH₄ brine interfacial tension, changing surface charges, and reducing molecular distances between CH₄ and hydrophilic clays.

HYDROPHOBIZATION OF SILICA PARTICLES WITH VARIOUS CATIONIC SURFACTANTS

Silica particles with a radius of 3-7 nm (Ludox and Aerosil) and 270 nm (synthesized by the Stöber method), modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and hexylamine, were used to stabilize emulsions. The hysteresis angles θ of the particle selective wetting were measured by the sessile droplet method on the vertical surface or by the pulling a ball method at using a glass substrate modified by contact coagulation of silica. The contact angle at the boundary between the aqueous phase and the saturated hydrocarbon (octane, decane) reached the values θrec = 53 ± 2 ° and θadv = 116 ± 4 ° (the aqueous phase receding and advancing angle, respectively) with an increase in the initial concentration of long-chain CTAB to (1.4–9.5)·10–2 mmol/g of silica. With a further increase in CTAB concentration, a second reoriented layer was formed, which lowered the contact angle. Accordingly, using CTAB, only oil-in-water emulsions were obtained with the oil phase volume fraction Øoil = 0.5. The amount of short-chain hexylamine required to start stabilizing the emulsions turned out to be 2-3 orders of magnitude higher than the amount of CTAB. At using hexylamine, it was possible to increase the contact angle up to the values θrec ≈ θadv = 163 ± 12 ° at a concentration of 7-21 mmol/g. This is due to the fact that hexylamine is not characterized by formation of micelle or reoriented layers. Apparently, the adsorption of hexylamine is possible not only on dissociated silanol groups Si–OH, but also on siloxane groups Si–O–Si≡, which makes it possible to make the silica surface superhydrophobic. The measured contact angles were correlated with the region of stable oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions.

Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide as Anti-Pit Agent for Mild Steel in Sulfuric Acid Medium

Aim: Pitting corrosion is a very serious problem for mild steel when it comes in contact with the dilute sulfuric acid medium. Specialized corrosion inhibitors are essentially required to minimize pitting and uniform types of corrosion in mild steel. Background: Most of the corrosion inhibitors discovered so far protects the mild steel from uniform type of corrosion. But pitting corrosion is more fatal than a uniform type of corrosion because it immediately makes mild steel unfit for use as leakage starts from the pit. Objective: The objective was to protect the mild steel alloys from pitting corrosion when comes in contact with dilute sulfuric acid by the use of organic corrosion inhibitor. Methods: Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (CTAB) is tested as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.1 N H2SO4 as corroding medium at 25.0, 30.0 and 35.0°C by weight loss, electrochemical polarization, and Impedance spectroscopy methods. Surface study of corroded and un-corroded specimens of mild steel was carried out by Metallurgical Research Microscopy (MRM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. Results: Surface study confirms that the adsorption of CTAB takes place through nitrogen atom resulting in the formation of uniform, nonporous, passive film confirmed by decrease in Warburg Impedance (Zw), decrease in Faradaic current, increase in Capacitive current, an increase in charge transfer resistance, Rct (41 to 401 Ω cm2) and significant increase in capacitive loop in Nyquist plot with increase in concentration of CTAB which results in significant decrease in corrosion rate of mild steel in 0.1N H2SO4 medium (percentage corrosion inhibition efficiency: 95.0%) especially eradicating pitting type of corrosion. Conclusion: CTAB was proved to be a very good anti-pit agent for mild steel in 0.1N sulfuric acid medium. Pitting and uniform type of corrosion was significantly reduced by the use of CTAB as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in the dilute sulfuric acid medium at 25.0, 30.0 and 35.0°C.

The degradation of xanthan gum in ionic and non-ionic denaturants studied by rheology and molecular dynamics simulation

The use of xanthan gum (XG) as a thickener increases solution viscosity, and therefore, the cost of subsequent processes such as fluid transportation and purification. Herein, we investigate the degradation of XG by urea, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The results showed that CTAB degraded the XG more than SDS or urea. Interestingly, the degree of CTAB-induced degradation varied with the concentration regime. Thus, increasing CTAB concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 M decreased the complex viscosity (|η*|), whereas from 0.2 to 0.5 M the |η*| increased. For XG/SDS, the |η*| was unchanged with increasing SDS concentration from 0.01 to 0.1 M, whereas it decreased from 0.2 to 0.5 M. For XG/urea, the |η*| was stable in all concentrations. At the atomic-scale, computer simulations revealed that the degrading effect of CTAB was due to preferential interaction with the XG sidechain. These findings can enhance industrial applications of XG.

A Kinetic Investigation of Metal-Dipeptide Complex with Ninhydrin in the Absence and Presence of CTAB Micelles.

This paper presents the results of a kinetic study performed between ninhydrin and a Ni(II) dipeptide complex under various conditions. The rate of formation of the imine adduct was measured spectrophotometrically both in plain aqueous media and in aqueous micellar media in which CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) is used as the surfactant. These studies were carried out at pH 5 and over a temperature a range of 50 to 70°C. Studies were also conducted to elucidate the effect of some organic sodium salts on the rate of this reaction. In these studies, it was found that the formation of imine adduct followed a first-order kinetics with respect to [Ni(II)-Gly-Leu]+ in both aqueous and micellar medium. A fractional-order kinetics was observed with respect to ninhydrin, again in both aqueous and micellar media. Increase in the total concentration of CTAB from 0 to 40×10-3 mol dm-3 resulted in approximately two folds increase in the pseudo-first-order rate constant (kψ). The rate constant (kΨ) in micellar medium first increased with increase in CTAB concentration, reached a maximum value, and finally, with further increase in CTAB concentration, a decreasing effect was observed. Quantitative kinetic analysis of kψ-[CTAB] data was performed on the basis of the pseudo-phase model of the micelles. The rate profile in presence of CTAB suggests a cooperative effect in the enhanced formation of the imine adduct as is commonly found in enzyme catalyzed reactions. Addition of organic sodium salts (such as benzoate, salicylate and tosylate) enhanced the rate at lower concentrations but rates start to decrease at higher concentrations. This suggests that tightly binding organic counter-anions were the most effective. Viscosity of the reaction media seems to affect the kinetic behavior in micellar media.

Enhancement of flotation response of fine low-rank coal using positively charged microbubbles

This study investigates the possibility of using positively charged (PC) microbubbles in pulp conditioning to improve the flotation response of fine low-rank coal. The surface properties of the coal are characterized by means of a zeta potential analyzer, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Batch flotation tests are conducted with the use of PC microbubbles, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) solution, and tap water in pulp conditioning. The roles of PC microbubbles in the coal flotation are illustrated by combining observations of particle–particle and particle–bubble interactions and extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) theory calculations. The results indicate that fine low-rank coal is negatively charged and contains a large amount of oxygen. In addition, the rough structure and the presence of numerous impurity mineral particles on the surface of low-rank coal afford adsorption sites for water molecules. These features of the coal render traditional collectors ineffective, whereas the presence of PC microbubbles significantly enhances flotation recovery. However, increasing CTAB concentration cannot continuously improve flotation performance with the use of PC microbubbles, possibly because the excess CTAB molecules can form bilayer or micelle adsorption structures on the coal surface, particularly on the mineral surface. The presence of PC microbubbles promotes particle–particle agglomeration and particle–bubble attachment by providing an additional attractive electrical double-layer force and enhancing hydrophobic interactions. The extended DLVO theory calculations agree well with the experimental results.

Wet-chemical preparation of TiO2-nanostructures using different solvents: Effect of CTAB concentration and tentative mechanism of particle formation

In this paper, TiO2 nanostructures (TiO2-NSs) were synthesized in a controlled way. The effects of the use of a surfactant, Cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and the nature of the solvent of synthesis (ethanol and toluene) on the characteristics of the final product were studied. For this, TiO2-NSs were characterized using IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The solid obtained, without heat treatment, presented an amorphous structure that crystallized when treated at 450 °C, giving anatase as crystalline phase, independent of the solvent of synthesis and the concentration of CTAB used. The size of the crystallite in the powders synthesized was 3–5 nm and was reduced on increasing CTAB concentration, regardless of the solvent used. Using ethanol, the primary particles had a spheroidal or needle type shape of nanometric size (<100 nm) and the agglomerates were spherical (1–5 μm), reducing in size on the addition of CTAB. On using toluene, irregular-shaped aggregates with acute edges were formed (10–20 μm), made up of primary particles nanometric (<100 nm) and with the presence of poros. Given the nature of the synthesis process, a mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of the TiO2-NSs.

Effects of anionic and cationic surfactants on the rheological properties and kinetics of bovine serum albumin hydrogel

The effects of the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on the gelation kinetics of bovine serum albumin (BSA) hydrogel were investigated by rheological measurements using surfactant concentrations of 0–0.05 M, and BSA concentrations of 5, 7, and 10 wt%. It was found while an increase in CTAB concentration accelerated the rate of gelation of BSA solution under temperature jump and temperature ramp conditions, BSA solutions containing SDS exhibited a heat-dependent protective effect against thermal denaturation and gelation. Under temperature ramp conditions, inhibition of BSA gelation by SDS was diminished by increasing SDS concentration, while under temperature jump conditions, inhibition of BSA gelation increased with SDS concentration. That is, gel temperature (Tgel) under temperature ramp decreased with increasing CTAB and with SDS concentration, but under temperature jump the gel time (tgel) decreased with increasing CTAB concentration but increased with SDS concentration. Furthermore, BSA/CTAB solutions were found to gel more rapidly than BSA/SDS solutions, which was in line with the lower activation energy of BSA/CTAB gel. In support of experiments, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed the faster rate of BSA denaturation in the presence of CTAB was responsible for the increased gelation rate of BSA/CTAB solutions, whereas BSA was found to be protected by SDS against thermal denaturation leading to the slower gelation rate of BSA/SDS solutions.

Preparation of phase diagram of gold nanorods in mixture solvent of DMSO and water and its application for efficient surface-modification

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) have been widely studied in various biological and biomedical fields. The complete removal of a cationic binary surfactant cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), which is strongly bound to prepared AuNRs, is necessary due to their cytotoxicity as well as further functionalization of the surface. Here, we report an appropriate procedure which can remove CTAB and modify the surface by ω-mercaptocarboxylic acid efficiently. The detachment mechanism of CTAB from AuNR surface varying with the volume ratio of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)/water (VDMSO:VAuNRs) and the concentration of CTAB was also studied. For samples after twice-centrifugation (CCTAB = 15 μM), CTAB thoroughly detached from AuNRs under the condition of VDMSO:VAuNRs = 0.3–0.5, while AuNRs attained colloidal stability at either VDMSO:VAuNRs = 0–0.2 or 0.6–0.9. Especially, the complete removal of interdigitated CTAB bilayer was confirmed at VDMSO:VAuNRs = 0.5 by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface composition analysis. Based on the colloidal stability of AuNRs related with the volume ratios of DMSO/water and CTAB concentration, the phase diagram of AuNRs was further drawn. Both the minimal and maximum DMSO-fraction thresholds for efficient removal of CTAB are generally increased with the increase of CTAB concentration. After the removal of CTAB, mercaptohexadecanoic acid (16-MHDA) was utilized for the further modification of AuNRs. In a wide range of CTAB concentration and with high DMSO fraction, there is no aggregation after the modification. This technique may be used to functionalize the surface of AuNRs for use in a diverse range of applications.

Preparation of Organo-Montmorillonites and the Relationship Between Microstructure and Swellability

AbstractHydrophobicity, swellability, and dispersion are important properties for organo-montmorillonites (OMnt) and have yet to be fully characterized for all OMnt configurations. The purpose of the present work was to examine the preparation of OMnt from the reaction of Ca2+-montmorillonite (Ca2+-Mnt) with a high concentration of surfactant and to reveal the relevant properties of hydrophobicity and dispersion of the resultant OMnt. A series of OMnt samples were prepared using a small amount of water and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) with a concentration more than the CTAB critical micelle concentration (CMC). The relationship between OMnt microstructure and the hydrophobicity and swellability properties was investigated in detail. The resulting OMnt samples were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG), water contact angle tests, swelling indices, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The addition of CTAB and water in the OMnt preparation affected the OMnt microstructure and properties. An increase in CTAB concentration led to a more ordered arrangement of cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+) cations in the interlayer space of the OMnt and a large amount of CTA+ cations on the outer surfaces of the OMnt. The swelling indices and the water contact angles of OMnt samples depended on the distribution of the CTAB surfactant on OMnt and the orientation of the surfactant hydrophilic groups on the inner and on the outer surfaces of OMnt. A maximum swelling index of 39 mL/g in xylene was achieved with an average water contact angle of 62.0° ± 2.0° when the amount of CTAB added was 2 times the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of Mnt and the lowest water to dry Mnt mass ratio was 3 during the preparation of OMnt samples. The platelets of OMnt aggregated together in xylene by electrostatic attraction and by hydrophobic interactions.

The effect of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide on the coefficient of thermal expansion and optical transmittance of poly(ether sulfone) film

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was used as a stabilizing agent for PES films, and its effect on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and optical transmittance (OT) of PES films was investigated. The CTE of PES film decreased with increasing CTAB concentration up to 0.5 wt%, because of the improved intermolecular interaction between polymer chains via CTAB molecules. When 0.5 wt% of CTAB was added to the PES film, the CTE of polymer film decreased from 66 to 50 ppm/°C without noticeable reduction in OT. At such a low CTAB concentration range (<0.5 wt%), the glass transition temperature (T g ) and tensile strength increased with CTAB. At high CTAB concentration above 0.5 wt%, however, it had a negative effect on the properties of PES film - CTE increased but T g and tensile strength decreased with it.

Volumetric, viscometric and 1H NMR spectroscopic studies in (polyhydroxy solute + CTAB + H2O) ternary solutions

To investigate the molecular interactions of polyhydroxy solutes with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) surfactant, we have measured the densities and viscosities of (+)-d-xylose, xylitol, (−)-l-sorbose, d-sorbitol, (+)-d-glucose, and (+)-d-maltose in (4.0, 8.0, and 12.0)·10−4mol·kg−1 CTAB(aq) solutions at (298.15, 308.15 and 318.15) K. The density data have been utilized to evaluate apparent molar volumes (V2,ϕ), partial molar volumes (V2°) and their transfer (ΔtV2°) values at infinite-dilution. The viscosity data were analyzed using the Jones-Dole equation and further used to calculate the viscosity B-coefficients and transfer B-coefficients, ΔtB. The structure-making/-breaking behavior of the polyhydroxy solutes were analyzed using the signs and magnitude of (∂2V2°/∂T2)P and dB/dT coefficients. It has been observed that the positive ΔtV2° and ΔtB values increase with increasing CTAB concentration. 1H NMR spectroscopic study of polyhydroxy solutes was also carried out in mB=(4.0, 8.0, and 12.0)·10−4mol·kg−1 CTAB solutions which were made in 9:1 (w/w) H2O+D2O solvent. NMR results showed higher downfield shift in ternary (polyhydroxy solute+CTAB+9:1 (w/w) H2O+D2O) solutions as compared to pure CTAB solution, hence suggested the predominance of hydrophilic-ionic interactions over hydrophobic-ionic interactions.

Electrosurface properties of kaolin and bentonite particles in solutions of electrolytes and surfactants

The influence of pH and KCl, CaCl2, AlCl3, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) concentrations on electrokinetic potential ζ of particles and the electrical conductivity of aqueous kaolin and bentonite suspensions has been studied. At “natural” pH values of the suspensions (7.2–7.4), the ζ potential of bentonite is much higher (–45 mV) than that of kaolin (–20 mV), and this difference takes place in a wide pH range (2–11). In both cases, a rise in pH leads to an increase in the absolute values of ζ due to the enhanced dissociation of surface OH groups. Charge reversal is observed at pH of approximately 2 and pH 2.5 for kaolin and bentonite, respectively. The dependence of the ζ potential of the particles on KCl concentration passes through a maximum, while the addition of CaCl2 and AlCl3 causes a substantial reduction in ζ and particle charge reversal, respectively. An increase in CTAB concentration C in a suspension leads to a decrease in the negative ζ values followed by particle charge reversal, with the ζ(C) curve tending to reach a plateau. It has been shown that the initial regions of the dependences of the relative electrical conductivities of the suspensions on the volume fraction of the solid phase are almost linear, with their slopes decreasing with a rise in electrolyte concentration. Hence, the contribution of the surface conductivity to the total suspension conductivity decreases with a rise in the ionic strength of a solution. The values of the electrokinetic charge calculated from the data on the ζ potential, i.e., the charge of the slipping plane, have appeared to be one to two orders of magnitude lower than the surface charges of the minerals. This finding suggests that counterions are predominantly located in the hydrodynamically motionless part of the electrical double layer.