Increase In Number Of Leaves Research Articles

The Effect of Some Biological Fungicides and Liquid Organic Fertilizers on Sigatoka Disease on ‘Mas’ Banana Plants (Musa acuminata Colla)

Banana (Musa acuminata Colla) is a tropical fruit with great economic potential and export prospects. According to the Directorate General of Horticulture, Ministry of Agriculture, banana production from 2009 to 2014 fluctuated due to attacks by Plant Destruction Organisms (PDO), particularly Sigatoka disease caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella musciola. This study investigated biological agents like Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp., along with liquid organic fertilizers, to control the disease without synthetic fungicides.The research, conducted at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang, used a split-plot design with two factors: biological pesticides (Tricogreen, Natural Glio, Trico-G) and liquid organic fertilizers (rabbit urine POC, shrimp shell MOL, banana hump MOL). The experiment had nine treatment combinations with three plant samples each. Results showed that biological pesticides significantly reduced Sigatoka disease intensity, with the J3P3 treatment (Trico-G and Banana Hump MOL) achieving the lowest infection rate of 29.55%, reducing disease intensity by 70.45%. Liquid organic fertilizers also improved plant growth, increasing leaf number and leaf area. This indicates that biological agents and organic fertilizers effectively manage Sigatoka disease and promote healthy banana plant growth.

Mitigating Salinity Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with K-humate and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Salinity stress poses a major challenge to plant growth and development, causing problems like osmotic stress, ion toxicity, and nutrient imbalances. These issues lead to reduced photosynthesis and early aging of plants. In this study, we explored the potential of potassium humate (Kh) and iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe (II,III) oxide-NPs) to help cotton plants (Gossypium hirsitum L.) cope with saline conditions. We examined various growth parameters such as plant height, leaf number, fresh and dry weights of leaves and roots, leaf area, chlorophyll content (SPAD values), and relative water content (RWC). Our findings showed that salinity stress significantly decreased plant height, leaf number, fresh leaf weight, dry leaf weight, leaf area, and RWC. However, the application of Fe (II,III) oxide-NPs and Kh helped mitigate these negative effects. Notably, the combination of Fe (II,III) oxide-NPs and Kh resulted in the highest plant height under saline conditions. Kh alone was particularly effective in increasing leaf number and fresh leaf weight, even under stress. In conclusion, both Fe (II,III) oxide NPs and Kh proved to be effective in enhancing cotton plant resilience to salinity stress, highlighting their potential use in sustainable agriculture in saline and arid regions. These insights can help develop strategies to improve plant growth and yield under challenging environmental conditions.

Leaf Area Index, Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Content Influences Yield and Quality of Nanasaheb Purple Seedless Grapes under Semi-arid Condition

Canopy management practices in grapes are crucial for achieving high-quality production. The study was conducted with different treatments of number of leaves above the bunch (10, 12, 14, 16, and >16 leaves). Significant variation was recorded on photosynthetic activity, yield and quality of Nanasaheb Purple Seedless grape variety. The increase in leaf number enhanced total leaf area and photosynthetic capacity while, it had negative impact on bunch weight, berry size and total soluble solids (TSS). Retaining 10 leaves above bunch with leaf area of 1980.00 cm2 /bunch resulted in maximum bunch weight (450.20 g), 50-berry weight (250.13 g) and yield/vine (13.60 kg) while, minimum bunch weight (400.00 g), 50-berry weight (222.30 g) and yield/vine (11.22 kg) were observed by retaining >16 leaves above the bunch. However, retaining 10 leaves above the bunch on a shoot with leaf area/shoot (2475.00 cm2), leaf area/vine (59400.00 cm2), leaf area/bunch (1980.00 cm2) and leaf area/g berry weight (4.36 cm2/g) were sufficient to obtain good quality production in Nanasaheb Purple Seedless grape variety spaced at 9 feet X 5 feet distance.

Combinatory effects of pineapple peel liquid organic fertilizer and rice husk charcoal on melon (Cucumis melo L.) growth and yield

The intensive use of synthetic fertilizers in melon cultivation can reduce soil organic matter and fertility, ultimately decreasing productivity. This situation necessitates the improvement of growing media to achieve production targets through the use of rice husk charcoal and liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) from pineapple peel. This study aims to determine the combinatory effects of pineapple peel LOF and rice husk charcoal media on the growth and yield of melon plants. The research employed a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 6 treatment levels, and data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by an HSD test at the 5% significance level. The results showed an interaction between pineapple peel POC and rice husk charcoal media on the number of leaves variable. The P0M1 treatment (NPK 16:16:16 at 3 g and 50% rice husk charcoal & 50% soil) at 52 days after planting (DAP) produced the highest number of leaves, totaling 26.12. However, this increase in leaf number was not accompanied by an increase in fruit weight or brix levels. These findings open opportunities for further research to understand why the increase in leaf number did not translate to higher fruit weight or Brix levels, and to identify treatment combinations that can enhance both growth and yield.

The Influence of Varying Wavelengths of LED Light on the Development, Physiology Response, and Metabolism Activities of Micropropagated Dendrobium Hybrid ‘Shuijing’ Plantlets

Dendrobium hybrids have a significant role in the present floral sector. The aim of this research was to evaluate how various light qualities affect the physiological and biochemical traits of Dendrobium ‘Shuijing’. In order to determine the optimal light quality for in vitro cultivation of Dendrobium plantlets, we examined the correlations between growth, antioxidant capacity, and nutrient and chlorophyll levels, as well as chlorophyll fluorescence. The growth rate was compared by using different light qualities emitted by the LED light source. These included red light (R), blue light (B), and three ratios: 8R:2B, 7R:3B, and equal proportions of both colors, known as white, fluorescent light (CK). The combination of 7R:3B resulted in noticeable enhancements in leaf count, root length, root activity, fresh and dry weight measurements, antioxidant capability, as well as chlorophyll content and fluorescence. Specifically, the mixture of red and blue LED lights at a ratio of 7R:3B led to increased leaf number, root length, root activity, fresh and dry weight measurements, antioxidant ability, and chlorophyll content with improved fluorescence. In order to explore the effect of light quality on the growth and development of Dendrobium, the chlorophyll content and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of plants under all light quality conditions were analyzed by using a linear regression model with other physiological and biochemical indexes. A significant correlation between non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and leaf length was also observed. The content of chlorophyll b showed significant correlations with both root number and leaf number. Furthermore, chlorophyll a, along with its ratio to chlorophyll b, significantly correlated with root length. Chlorophyll b and the relative electron transport rate of PSII (ETRII) significantly correlated with root activity and the free proline content (FPC) and catalase (CAT) activity. The photochemical quenching coefficient (qP) significantly correlated with total soluble sugars content (SSC) and peroxidase (POD) activity. The correlation between the quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was found to be significant. Similarly, the effective quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (ΦPSII) showed significant correlations with fresh weight, dry weight, soluble protein content (SPC), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity. Through a principal component analysis (PCA), it was observed that plants cultivated under the 7R:3B light treatment achieved significantly better comprehensive scores compared to those grown under different light treatments. In conclusion, growth achieved under an LED emitting a ratio of 7R:3B light yielded the most robust Dendrobium hybrid plantlets within a controlled environment.

ZIF-8 metal organic framework, carboxymethylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol bio-nanocomposite controlled-release phosphorus fertilizer: Improved P management and tomato growth

This study is concerned with the synthesis, characterization, and application of bio-nanocomposite films using a mixture of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) integrated with zeolitic imidazolate type 8 (ZIF-8) nanoparticles (NPs). The advanced bio-nanocomposites were employed as a coating for triple superphosphate (TSP) fertilizers, and their impact on tomato plant growth was evaluated. The successful integration of ZIF-8 into the composite matrix was determined by distinct changes in Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, indicating significant structural modifications. Morphological analyses by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed alterations in the surface characteristics of the CMC/PVA films. Furthermore, energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis confirmed the elemental composition of the resulting nanocomposite. The precision-coated TSP fertilizers exhibited a notable enhancement in mechanical strength, as evidenced by their superior resistance to crushing. The coated TSP also exhibited a controlled release of phosphorus over time, prolonging the release of phosphorus for up to 9 days in water and 50 days in soil. In soil, the 0.5 % ZIF-8 NP coating delayed the release of phosphorus, with only 12.29 ± 2.75 % released after five days compared to 96.96 ± 2.03 % for uncoated TSP. The application of coated TSP fertilizers to tomato plants (of the MARIA variety) resulted in a 13.79 % increase in leaf number and a 15.83 % increase in plant height compared to uncoated TSP. This research underscores the pivotal role of advanced coating fertilizers in fostering sustainable and efficient agricultural practices, thereby making a substantial contribution to the advancement of innovative agrochemical solutions.

Agro-morphological Growth Response of Acha (FONIO) (Digitaria exilis and Digitaria iburua [Kippist] Stapf.) Exposed to Colchicine: Germination, Plant Height and Leaf Number

Acha (Fonio) Digitaria sp. is a valuable cereal crop widely cultivated in several African countries. The genetic improvement of Acha through induced mutagenesis has gained attention for enhancing desirable traits. Colchicine, a mitotic inhibitor, is commonly used to induce polyploidy, which can lead to alterations in plant characteristics. This study aimed to investigate the effects of colchicine treatment on germination, plant height, and leaf count of two Acha species. Seeds from two Digitaria species, Digitaria exilis, and Digitaria iburua, were subjected to colchicine treatment using different concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20g/dL). The control group was treated with distilled water. Germination rates were assessed by measuring the percentage of seeds that successfully sprouted. Plant height and leaf number were measured at maturity and analyzed using ANOVA on SPSS Version 26. The results indicated that colchicine treatment significantly affected germination, plant height, and leaf number in both Digitaria species. Germination rates varied depending on the concentration, with lower germination observed at higher concentrations (70.70% and 74.3% for 0.20g/dL treatment in both species). In terms of plant height, colchicine-treated Acha plants exhibited significant differences compared to the control group. The majority of treated plants showed increased growth (57.00 cm to 60.70 cm in D. exilis and 114.10 to 122.40 cm in D. iburua) compared to the control. Variability in plant height was observed among the treated plants, suggesting that colchicine-induced polyploidy had varying effects on height across different genotypes. Similarly, the number of leaves was affected by colchicine treatment. Treated plants exhibited an increase in leaf number (56.70 to 60.7 for D exilis and 32.60 to 36.30 for D. iburua), compared to the control group (49.7 and 29.7 respectively). This variability suggests that colchicine-induced polyploidy may have influenced leaf development and growth patterns in Acha. Colchicine treatment had significant effects on germination, plant height, and leaf count in both varieties of Acha. The results suggest that colchicine-induced polyploidy can alter these plant characteristics. These findings provide insights into the potential use of colchicine treatment for inducing desirable traits in Acha through polyploidization, which may have implications for crop improvement and breeding programs. Further research is warranted to explore the underlying mechanisms and assess the impact of these alterations on overall agronomic performance and yield potential.

Augmentation of physiology and productivity, and reduction of lead accumulation in lettuce grown in lead contaminated soil by rhizobacteria-assisted rhizoengineeing

Microbial-assisted rhizoengineering is a promising biotechnology for improving crop productivity. In this study, lettuce roots were bacterized with two lead (Pb) tolerant rhizobacteria including Pseudomonas azotoformans ESR4 and P. poae ESR6, and a consortium consisted of ESR4 and ESR6 to increase productivity, physiology and antioxidants, and reduce Pb accumulation grown in Pb-contaminated soil i.e., 80 (Pb in native soil), 400 and 800 mg kg−1 Pb. In vitro studies showed that these strains and the consortium produced biofilms, synthesized indole-3-acetic acid and NH3, and solubilized phosphate challenging to 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg L−1 of Pb. In static conditions and 400 mg L−1 Pb, ESR4, ESR6 and the consortium adsorbed 317.0, 339.5 and 357.4 mg L−1 Pb, respectively, while 384.7, 380.7 and 373.2 mg L−1 Pb, respectively, in shaking conditions. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results revealed that several functional groups [Pb–S, M − O, O–M–O (M = metal ions), S–S, PO, CO, –NH, –NH2, C–C–O, and C–H] were involved in Pb adsorption. ESR4, ESR6 and the consortium-assisted rhizoengineering (i) increased leaf numbers and biomass production, (ii) reduced H2O2 production, malondialdehyde, electrolyte leakages, and transpiration rate, (iii) augmented photosynthetic pigments, photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, total antioxidant capacity, total flavonoid content, total phenolic content, and minerals like Ca2+ and Mg2+ in comparison to non-rhizoengineering plants grown in Pb-contaminated soil. Principal component analysis revealed that higher pigment production and photosynthetic rate, improved water use efficiency and increased uptake of Ca2+ were interlinked to increased productivity by bacterial rhizoengineering of lettuce grown in different levels of Pb exposures. Surprisingly, Pb accumulation in lettuce roots and shoots was remarkably decreased by rhizoengineering than in non-rhizoengineering. Thus, these bacterial strains and this consortium could be utilized to improve productivity and reduce Pb accumulation in lettuce.

Understanding the Molecular Mechanism of PGPR Strain Priestia megaterium from Tea Rhizosphere for Stress Alleviation and Crop Growth Enhancement

The study aimed to assess the plant growth-promoting (PGP) capabilities and abiotic stress tolerance of strain IHB B 7164 with a focus on identifying associated genes through genomic analysis. Isolated from the tea rhizosphere, strain underwent screening for multiple PGP traits and stress tolerance against various abiotic factors. Taxonogenomic analysis of the complete genome identified the bacterium as Priestia megaterium exhibiting high similarity (97.04 % ANI, 74.3 % in silico DDH) to P. megaterium ATCC 14581. Functional annotations of the genome highlighted gene clusters associated with PGP traits and stress tolerance substantiating the strain's potential in promoting plant growth under stress conditions. The strain demonstarted robust growth and PGP activities under stressed culture conditions such as acidity, temperature fluctuations, desiccation, salinity, and exposure to calcium, aluminum, and iron salts, affirming its status as a stress-tolerant rhizobacterium. Screening of PGP traits under acidic conditions revealed phosphate solubilization, ACC-deaminase activity and production of IAA-like auxins. Notably gluconic and oxalic acids were consistently detected during solubilization of tri-calcium phosphate (TCP), aluminum phosphate (Al-P), and iron phosphate (Fe-P). Inoculation with the strain led to significant enhancements in tea nursery plants including a 9 % increase in plant height, 10 % increase in leaf number, and substantial improvements in leaf fresh and dry weights. Similarly, pea and wheat yields recorded notable increases of 16.9 % and 18.3 %, respectively under field conditions. These findings underscore the efficacy of P. megaterium strain IHB B 7164 as an abiotic stress-tolerant and broad-spectrum plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) capable of enhancing plant growth and productivity across diverse agricultural settings.

Mycorrhiza-triggered changes in leaf food quality and secondary metabolite profile in tea at low temperatures

Tea is a popular cash crop around the world that often endures low temperatures in the spring, thereby negatively affecting tea yield and quality. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Clariodeoglomus etunicatum, on plant growth, root morphology, leaf food quality, associated gene expression, and secondary metabolite profiles in tea (Camellia sinensis cv. Fuding Dabaicha) seedlings grown at low temperatures. A seven-day low temperature (4 °C) treatment significantly reduced root colonization rate by C. etunicatum by 21.08%. Uninoculated plants' growth was considerably impeded by low temperatures, whereas C. etunicatum inoculation significantly increased leaf number and leaf, stem and root biomass at low temperatures. Low temperatures had little effect on root morphology, whereas C. etunicatum inoculation significantly increased root surface area at low temperatures. In addition, low temperatures reduced leaf quality variables, whereas C. etunicatum significantly increased the levels of glucose, fructose, sucrose, tea polyphenols, catechin, free amino acids, and caffeine at low temperatures, along with up-regulated expression of CsGDH, CsGOGAT, and CsHMGR, as well as down-regulated expression of CsGs. Non-targeted metabolomics identified 767 differential metabolites, of which 65 differential metabolites were observed at low temperatures by C. etunicatum inoculation, including 42 (e.g., catechin, (−)-epicatechingallate, protoanemonin, epicatechin, and 4-dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) up-regulated and 23 (e.g., 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, raffinose, L-theanine, melezitose, and D-serine) down-regulated. Mycorrhiza-triggered differential metabolites enriched 268 metabolic pathways at low temperatures, including isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis, lysine biosynthesis, tyrosine metabolism, and others. These findings reveal that C. etunicatum can function as a fungal stimulant to improve the plant growth and leaf quality in tea while also changing the secondary metabolite profile at low temperatures.

Twice Applications of Laying Hens Manure Produced the Highest Yield of Organic Okra Pods (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench.)

The optimal okra cultivation using organic fertilizers remains a subject of limited information. This study aimed to assess the impact of applying 18 t.ha-1 of laying hens' organic fertilizer on the morphological and physiological traits of the "Naila IPB" green okra variety. The study was conducted between September and December 2022 at the IPB organic experimental field at Cikarawang, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. A randomized complete block design with a single factor namely frequency of organic fertilizer application, was employed. The factor consisted of four levels: no organic fertilization, 1-, 2-, and 3-times applications. The results demonstrated that a single application of organic fertilizer led to an increase in plant height at 5, 7, and 9 weeks after planting (WAP), leaf number at 5 WAP, root dry weight at 4 WAP, stem dry weight at 10 WAP, and an acceleration in the onset of flowering. This resulted in a flowering period lasting 29.6 days, with a total flowering duration of 69.33 days. In contrast, a two-times application of organic fertilizer resulted in elevated plant height at 11 WAP, an increased leaf number at 11 WAP, heightened leaf potassium content, a greater number of pods per plant, and a higher yield of young pod okra. These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of organic fertilizer application frequency on the growth and yield of young pod okra, aiding in the formulation of improved cultivation strategies.

Application of vermicompost in improving the growth, water content, and vase life of LA hybrid lily

One of the limitations of soilless cultivation is its high cost. Considering this issue, this technique is cost-effective when the obtained product is of high quality from a commercial point of view. Lilies are the world’s fourth most popular cut flowers in terms of commercial importance. It is crucial to provide the lily with a culture medium that will extend its vase life and enhance its morphological and marketable characteristics. Vermicompost (VC) improves plant growth and performance with better access to water and nutrients. This study investigated the effect of different VC levels on LA hybrid lilies’ growth parameters and vase life. LA hybrid lily bulbs were planted at 20, 35, 50, and 65% VC levels on a cocopeat and perlite bed. First, growth traits such as the number of leaves and flowers, leaf area, plant height, petals’ anthocyanin content, some plant organs’ water content, and finally, vase life were measured. It was found that only the 20% VC treatment resulted in an increase in leaf number (8.6%) and flower number (3.6%). Furthermore, only in this treatment did water absorption in cut flowers and vase life increase by 43.5% and 9.8%, respectively. This research showed that the 20% VC treatment (V1) performed better in producing compact cut flowers with freshness and longer vase life.

Pengaruh Naungan dan Dosis Fungi Mikoriza Arbuskular terhadap Pertumbuhan Kopi Arabika (Coffea arabica) Fase TBM

The growth of Arabica coffee plants in the immature phase can be improved by shade application thus the plants absorb sunlight optimally and AMF to maintain soil fertility through the AMF association with the roots of the Arabica coffee plants. This research aims to determine the shading type and AMF dosage that increasing the growth of Arabica coffee plants (Coffea arabica) in the immature phase. This research was conducted at the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, with an altitude of ±750 m above sea level from February 2023 to May 2023. The design used was a split plot design with three replications. The main plot was the type of shade which consisted of three levels, namely: 65% paranet shade, gamal shade trees with a ratio of gamal to coffee of 1:2, and shade trees of gamal with a ratio of gamal to coffee of 1:4. Subplots were AMF doses consisting of four levels: without AMF (control), AMF doses of 40g/plant, AMF doses of 50g/plant, AMF doses of 60g/plant. The results showed that there was an interaction effect between the shade of the gamal shade tree and the dose of AMF in the ratio of gamal to coffee 1:2 and the AMF dose of 40g/plant on the parameter of increase in stem diameter at 10-12 WAP. There is an independent effect of the type of shade of gamal shade trees with a ratio of gamal to coffee of 1:4 on the parameters of increase in leaf number 6-12 WAT, increase in branch length 2 WAT, increase in stem diameter 8-10 WAT, and chlorophyll index 2 WAT.

Silicon improves the growth of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. under salt and/or drought stress by regulating respiration metabolism

Drought and salt stress severely threaten the growth and productivity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (G.uralensis), and usually, they occur concomitantly. Silicon (Si) addition is well known to enhance the tolerance of plants. Here, we analyzed the changes in parameters related to growth and respiration, including glycolysis pathway (EMP), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by Si in G. uralensis seedlings under salt and/or drought stresses. Results showed that Si effectively alleviated the effect of salt, drought and combined stress on the growth and respiration metabolism of G. uralensis seedlings. Under salt stress, Si increased leaf number by 15.13%, upregulated the TCA pathway at the transcriptional level, and increased PFK, PK, and content of acetyl CoA in both aerial and underground, ICDHm, α-KGDH in aerial part and NAD-MDH in underground part, thus alleviating the inhibitory effect of salt stress on the EMP–TCA process, but weakening the PPP by declining G6PDH and 6-PGDH in aerial part by 34.10% and 55.54%, and G6PDH in underground part by 83.86%. Under drought stress, Si increased underground biomass by 11.40%, slowed the EMP by decreasing PFK in aerial part by 21.76%, PK and PFK in underground part by 38.11% and 64.71%, weakened PPP by reducing 6-PGDH in aerial part by 72.9%, G6PDH and 6-PGDH in underground part by 77.00% and 64.71%. Si increased SDH and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) by 28.66% and 145.48% with the TCA cycle and GABA shunt as the main respiratory pathways in the underground part of drought-stressed seedlings. Under combined stresses, Si addition increased leaf number and aboveground biomass by 11.96% and 23.88%, upregulated the EMP and TCA pathways at the transcriptional level, and alleviated the effects of combined stress on EMP–TCA metabolic processes at the physiological and biochemical levels by increasing PDH, α-KGDH and NAD-MDH in aerial part by 27.22%, 18.85% and 140.37%, HK, PK and PEPC in underground part by 93.97%, 25.81% and 31.19%, initiated the replenishment mechanism and inhibited GABA shunt in underground part of G. uralensis to provide energy for vital activities. In conclusion, Si can effectively regulate respiration metabolism process to provide more substrates for subsequent physiological processes, thus improving tolerance to salt and drought stress, and thereby promote the growth of G. uralensis seedlings under stress conditions.

The Effect of Light Quality and Intensity on <em>in vitro</em> Potato Cultures

Purpose: The study investigates the effect of light quality and intensity factors on in vitro potato meristem cultures and multiplication for optimization of pre-basic seed potato productions of some potato varieties.Research Method: In vitro experiments were conducted to study the response of meristems and nodal cuttings of five potato varieties, i.e., Cara, Hermes, Lady Rosetta, Santana, and Spunta, to four LED light qualities (blue, red, red+blue, or white) for five potato varities. Also, the response of nodal cuttings was examined under three light intensities (50, 75 and 100 μmol m-2 s-1).Findings: Significant differences were obtained between the four tested light qualities. Red LED gave the best meristem survival rates of the Cara, Hermes, Lady Rosetta, and Spunta potato varieties. In the multiplication phase, a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher plantlet length was obtained from nodal cuttings under red light quality. Also, white and red light produced vigorous plantlets, expressed as higher significant dry weight (82.2 and 80.4 mg/plantlet, respectively). Increasing light intensity from 50 to 75 and 100 μmol m-2 s-1 resulted in increases in leaf number, stem diameter, root length, leaf area, chlorophyll content, fresh weight, and dry weight.Originality/value: White LED light quality enhanced in vitro initiation of potato meristems. Furthermore, Light intensity of 75 μmol m-2 s-1 gave better performance of potato plantlets in vitro.

Synergistic regulation of the growth and fruit quality of cherry tomato by remaining fruit spikes and number of interspike leaves after pruning

In this study, we aimed to understand the synergistic effects of the number of fruit spikes and leaves between the fruit spikes on fruit quality in cherry tomatoes. We conducted a 2-factorial experiment combining three fruit remaining spike rate treatments, i.e., 4, 6, and 8 remaining fruit spike per branch (F4, F6, and F8, respectively) with three interspike leaf number treatments (1, 2, and 3 interspike leaves abbreviated as L1, L2, L3); thus, in total, nine different treatments (3 × 3) were performed (L1F4, L1F6, L1F8, L2F4, L2F6, L2F8, L3F4, L3F6, and L3F8). The results revealed that the number of fruit spikes and interspike leaves exhibited a significant effect on the relative growth rate of leaf area (RGH-LA) and leaf area index. RGH-LA increased with the increase of the remaining fruit spike number. The leaf area index was higher in L3F6 and L3F8 than in other treatments. Water use efficiency (WUE) was reduced with the increase of leaf number at the same fruit spike retention in 4 and 8 fruit spikes; however, 6 fruit spikes exhibited an opposite trend. The WUE was higher in L3F6 and L1F8 than in other treatments. Both soluble sugars and soluble proteins contents in leaves (LSP) were the lowest in L3F6. However, the contents of vitamin C, soluble solids, soluble proteins and starch, and the activities ofsucrose and sucrose synthase were the highest in L3F6. In addition, the fruit yield, single fruit fresh weight, and fruit firmness were the highest in L3F6. Correlation analysis revealed that the remaining fruit spike and number of leaves between the spikes regulated the photosynthetic characteristics, in particular carbon and nitrogen metabolism in the leaves, and fruit quality. Collectively, L3F6 exhibited the highest potential to improve photosynthetic characteristics, WUE, fruit quality (particularly sugar accumulation), and yield of cherry tomatoes.

Growth, Yield and Fatty Acid Profile of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) Seeds with Shoot Pruning and Additional Fertilizer

Winged bean is a remarkable climbing plant, distinguished by its multiple segments that serve as growth sites for shoot, leaf and flower. Several studies have shown that the plant requires shoot pruning to increase the production of its flower buds, pods and seeds, but this practice can inhibit the generative phase. To overcome this challenge, the application of additional fertilizer is needed to provide the required nutrients. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effects of shoot pruning and additional fertilizer on the growth, yield and bioactive compounds of winged bean seeds. The determination of the proper rates of fertilization was important for plant production and to support sustainable agriculture. The study procedures were carried out at IPB experimental station in Leuwikopo, IPB University, Bogor. A Randomized complete block design (RCBD) was utilized with two factors and three replications, namely leaf pruning (without shoot pruning, 15 cm, and 30 cm from the ground) and additional fertilizer (0, 6.25, 12.5 and 18.5 g NPK 16-16-16 plant<sup>-1</sup>). The parameters observed included plant height, leaf nutrient, root length, yield, leaf number, as well as protein and fatty acid profile of seeds. The results showed that shoot pruning treatment and additional fertilizer had no interaction effect on plant growth and seed yield. Shoot pruning caused an increase in leaf number, fatty acid and linoleic acid content by 17% to 20%, 10%, and 16% to 19%, respectively, compared to the control. The use of additional fertilizer at a concentration of 6.25 to 12.5 g NPK (16-16-16) plant<sup>-1</sup> increased leaf number, nutrients, and seed yield. Based on the findings, the highest seed yield (2.56 tons ha<sup>-1</sup>) was achieved with the application of additional fertilizer at the rates of 6.25 g NPK (16-16-16) plant<sup>-1</sup>, but shoot pruning was not required.

Effects of red and blue light ratio on the morphological traits and flower sex expression in Cucurbita moschata Duch.

Squash (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) is an important fruit vegetable that can be long-term transport and storage. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are commercially used light sources applied to improve the producing of leaf vegetables in plant factory. However, the influences of LEDs on the plant growth and flower development of fruit vegetables remain unknown. In this study, five effective light quality treatments, including white light, a 10:8 ratio of blue (B) to red (R) light, a 10:4 mixture of blue/red light, red light, and blue light, were used for growing squash and inducing female flowers to maximize production. Our results show that varying light quality influence morphological traits and flower appearance. Both blue and red light improved the development of first and second internodes and induced larger leaves and petiole lengths, whereas 10:4 mixture caused shorter plant heights and decreased internode and petiole lengths. Although 10:8 mixture treatment reduced chlorophyll content, this spectral regime increased leaf number and influenced flower sex development, inducing more female flowers and more fruits. Light quality manipulation thus beneficially influences the growth and flower sex proportion in squash plants. Squash plants under 10:8 mixture treatment exhibited increase in yield, and can be used as a supplementary light treatment in plant factory.

The Reinforcement of Early Growth, Extract, and Oil of Silybum marianum L. by Polymer Organic Cover and Bacteria Inoculation under Water Deficit

Early growth water stress reduces the extract and fresh oil of Silybum marianum L. (S. marianum) shoots. Two experiments were conducted to reduce the effects of early growth drought. Treatments in the first experiment were organic seed cover fillers at three levels (control, vermicompost, and peat moss), hydrogel at seven levels (control, 2, 4, and 6 g hydrogelF1 per kg OSC, and 2, 4, and 6 g hydrogelA200 per kg organic seed cover), and water deficit at three levels (100, 50, and 25% of field capacity), and in the second experiment, seeds were inoculated with bacteria at four levels (control, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, and their combination) and water deficit at four levels (100, 50, and 25% of field capacity). Our results showed that milk thistle seeds are sensitive to water deficit at the emergence stage. Covering milk thistle (S. marianum) seeds with organic seed cover increased water retention around the seeds and improved emergence percentage. Use of organic seed cover with hydrogel increased relative water content (RWC), leaf area, and shoot length, and increased extracts and oils in fresh shoots. Bacterial inoculation also improved initial growth and reduced the effect of water stress on the plant, and increased leaf number, extract, and oil. The combination of bacteria had a positive effect on initial growth and inoculation of seeds, P. fluorescens and P. putida increased relative water content (RWC), shoot height, and specific leaf area, and increased extract and oil under water deficit conditions. A comparison of the results showed that seed inoculation is a simple method without new culture medium, and improves extract and oil under water deficit conditions.

The function of BoTCP25 in the regulation of leaf development of Chinese kale.

XG Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea cv. 'XiangGu') is a variety of Chinese kale and has metamorphic leaves attached to the true leaves. Metamorphic leaves are secondary leaves emerging from the veins of true leaves. However, it remains unknown how the formation of metamorphic leaves is regulated and whether it differs from normal leaves. BoTCP25 is differentially expressed in different parts of XG leaves and respond to auxin signals. To clarify the function of BoTCP25 in XG Chinese kale leaves, we overexpressed BoTCP25 in XG and Arabidopsis, and interestingly, its overexpression caused Chinese kale leaves to curl and changed the location of metamorphic leaves, whereas heterologous expression of BoTCP25 in Arabidopsis did not show metamorphic leaves, but only an increase in leaf number and leaf area. Further analysis of the expression of related genes in Chinese kale and Arabidopsis overexpressing BoTCP25 revealed that BoTCP25 could directly bind the promoter of BoNGA3, a transcription factor related to leaf development, and induce a significant expression of BoNGA3 in transgenic Chinese kale plants, whereas this induction of NGA3 did not occur in transgenic Arabidopsis. This suggests that the regulation of Chinese kale metamorphic leaves by BoTCP25 is dependent on a regulatory pathway or elements specific to XG and that this regulatory element may be repressed or absent from Arabidopsis. In addition, the expression of miR319's precursor, a negative regulator of BoTCP25, also differed in transgenic Chinese kale and Arabidopsis. miR319's transcrips were significantly up-regulated in transgenic Chinese kale mature leaves, while in transgenic Arabidopsis, the expression of miR319 in mature leaves was kept low. In conclusion, the differential expression of BoNGA3 and miR319 in the two species may be related to the exertion of BoTCP25 function, thus partially contributing to the differences in leaf phenotypes between overexpressed BoTCP25 in Arabidopsis and Chinese kale.