Increase In Liquid Volume Research Articles

Investigation and analysis of the macro- and micro-responses of bentonite-sand mixtures to temperature

Bentonite-sand mixture has been proposed as a buffer material of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) repositories in many countries. The elevated temperature in HLW repositories significantly influences the properties and behaviour of the surrounding buffers. However, to date the mechanism of temperature effects on the behaviour of the bentonite buffer is not well understood. This study is aimed at clarifying the macro- and micro-responses of bentonite-sand mixtures by conducting cone penetration test, rheometer test, flask volumetric test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) at different temperatures. The results from macro-experiments show that the liquid limit and yield stress increased while bound water content decreased with increasing temperature. The normalized relationships disclose the sand content dramatically affects the degree of temperature influence on the macro-behaviour. SEM and MIP results present that the contact manner between particles converted from edge-to-face to the edge-to-edge association and some intra-aggregate pores merged to form inter-aggregate pores as temperature increases. The mechanisms of the increasing temperature influence on the responses of bentonite-sand mixtures can be inferred that: 1) the diffuse double layer is supposed to decrease since more ions were electrolyzed from montmorillonite particles, thereby, increasing the ion concentration and changing the ion valence; 2) the slight shrinkage of diffuse double layer produced nano-fissures, causing water-hold capacity to increase; 3) the temperature-induced transition from bound water into free water results in an increase of liquid volume; 4) increasing temperature led to increased inter-particle repulsive force. Furthermore, an empirical model was proposed to predict the yield stress of bentonite dispersion incorporating the combined effects of sand content and temperature.

Preconditioning optimization of hydraulic fracturing in block caving of hard rock mass

Introduction: Cavability issues often arise in hard rock mines employing the block caving mining method. Hydraulic fracturing stands out as a promising pre-conditioning technology for hard rock masses, with its pre-conditioning effects dependent on variable parameters.Methods: The impact of cluster number, injection rate, and liquid volume on fracture propagation was investigated through on-site hydraulic fracturing practices. Fracturability was initially verified via true triaxial fracturing tests, and preconditioning parameters were subsequently optimized using numerical simulations. The optimized on-site construction was monitored using electromagnetic methods.Results: The study revealed a negative correlation between fracture radius and the number of clusters, gradually decreasing with an increase in cluster number. However, the fracture weakening area increased with the rise in the number of clusters. The fracture weakening area also increased with the injection rate. Additionally, the fracture radius initially increased and then decreased. Both fracture weakening area and radius increased with an increase in liquid volume. The optimized parameters were identified as four clusters, an injection rate of 4 m3/min, and a liquid volume of 500 m3.Discussion: Building upon these findings, on-site experiments were conducted and monitored using electromagnetic methods. The monitored results demonstrated that the optimized parameters effectively achieved hydraulic fracturing expansion, accomplishing the goal of weakening hard rock.

Effects of gas saturation and sparging on sonochemical oxidation activity under different liquid level and volume conditions in 300-kHz sonoreactors: Zeroth- and first-order reaction comparison using KI dosimetry and BPA degradation

The sonochemical oxidation activity was investigated for gas saturation and gas sparging under various liquid levels and volumes in 300 kHz sonoreactors. The liquid levels and volumes ranged from 5λ (25 mm, 0.47 L) to 50λ (250 mm, 4.30 L) and two gas mixtures, Ar:O2 (75:25) and N2:O2 (75:25), were used. Two types of reaction kinetics were observed to quantitatively analyze the sonochemical oxidation reactions: zero-order (KI dosimetry: C0 = 60.2 mM) and first-order (Bisphenol A (BPA) degradation: C0 = 0.043 mM). The masses of the sonochemical oxidation reactions were calculated and compared rather than the concentrations to more accurately compare the sonochemical oxidation activity under different liquid volume conditions. First, as the liquid level or volume increased for the zero-order reactions, the concentration of I3- ions representing the volume-averaged activity decreased substantially for gas saturation owing to the increase in liquid volume. However, gas sparging substantially enhanced sonochemical oxidation activity, and the mass of I3- ions representing the total activity remained constant as the liquid level increased from 20λ because of the improved liquid mixing and a shift in the sonochemical active zone. Second, as evidenced by the zero-order reactions, the concentration of BPA decreased considerably as the liquid level or volume increased in the first-order reactions. When gas sparging was used, higher reaction constants were obtained for both gas mixtures, ranging from 40λ to 50λ. However, a comparison of the sonochemical oxidation activity in terms of the degraded mass of BPA was inapplicable as the concentration of BPA decreased substantially and a lack of reactants occurred for the lower liquid level and volume conditions as the irradiation time elapsed. Instead, using the first-order reaction constant, a comparison of the required reaction times for a specific removal efficiency (30%, 60%, and 90%) was proposed. Gas sparging can substantially reduce the reaction time required for a liquid level of 40λ or higher.

Liquid Force and Rupture Distance between Two Particles

The study of liquid force has a special meaning to industrial manufacturing. By taking the liquid bridges between equal and unequal particles as objects, the liquid force‐displacement curves were measured and recorded by using a novel Nano UTM T150 tensile system. The influences of diameter, diameter ratio, liquid volume, and the surface tension on the liquid force‐distance curve, the maximum liquid force, and rupture distance were compared and sorted. The results show that the maximum liquid force and rupture distance both increase with the increase in liquid volume, particle diameter, diameter ratio, and surface tension. The diameter plays a decisive role in determining the value of the maximum liquid force compared with surface tension and liquid volume, which only influence the force value in a local range. The rupture distance shows a positive correlation with liquid volume and surface tension and a negative correlation with the diameter or diameter ratio. The maximum liquid force between unequal particles is about half of the sum of the force between the equal spheres of larger and smaller size in that system.

Simulation of Partially Filled Liquid in A Moving Tank

Numerical simulations have been carried out on a rectangular tank filled partially with liquid using volume of fluid technique. The tank has been given to and fro motion in one direction. Numerical simulation has been carried for a two dimensional case having laminar and unsteady flow. The changes in free surface displacement and dynamic pressure at different times has been observed using ANSYS software. The study was conducted for two sec. It was observed that free surface displacement of fluid increases with velocity. Also, with an increase in volume of liquid the sloshing effect decreases.

Study on Temperature Distribution of Perforated Horizontal Wellbore

The temperature distribution in the wellbore under different conditions was studied by using a designed horizontal well simulation experimental device. The experimental results showed that the Joule-Thomson effect was significant in perforated wellbore. When the opening mode was the same, the larger the gas flow rate, the lower the temperature in the wellbore. Furthermore, with the increase of liquid volume, the temperature drop effect decreased gradually. The more uniform the perforation distribution, the smaller the temperature change in the wellbore. With the increase of liquid volume, the influence of gas flow rate on temperature distribution decreased. The temperature gradient caused by Joule-Thomson effect decreased with the increase of wellbore holdup. At the same time, the experimental results were compared with the theoretical values. It was found that the error of the model was within 4%, which showed the reliability of predictions of the model.

Simultaneous Detection and Repair of Wetting Defects in Superhydrophobic Coatings via Cassie–Wenzel Transitions of Liquid Marbles

AbstractSuperhydrophobic materials that prevent unwanted liquid adhesion can easily lose this property because of limited mechanical durability despite topological/chemical control and/or robust material selection. Here, long‐lasting superhydrophobic coatings with a system to effectively detect and repair damaged areas with “liquid marble,” a droplet covered with hydrophobic nanoparticles, are reported. The particles prevent direct contact between the droplet and the substrate (Cassie state). However, they can adhere to the non‐superhydrophobic damaged area in response to the substrate wettability via an external force or an increase in liquid volume via penetration of the outer nanoparticle layer (Wenzel state). This Cassie–Wenzel transition thus induces self‐assembly of the nanoparticles onto the non‐superhydrophobic area in response to the wettability, restoring superhydrophobicity.

Rheological Properties and Age-Related Changes of the Human Vitreous Humor.

The vitreous humor is a fragile, transparent hydrogel situated between the lens and the retina, occupying 80% of the eye's volume. Due to its viscoelastic behavior, the vitreous serves as a mechanical damper for the eye, absorbing impacts, and protecting the lens and retina. The vitreous liquefies with age, which compromises its function as a shock absorber and causes complications including retinal detachment, macular holes, and vitreous hemorrhage. Studies on the viscoelastic properties of the vitreous have been limited. Rheological testing of the vitreous has commonly been done on non-primate mammalian species. Human vitreous rheological properties have been previously reported; however, various measurement techniques were used, resulting in data that differed by orders of magnitude. Shear rheometry is commonly used to characterize soft tissues and hydrogels such as the vitreous humor. However, no human vitreous rheological data have been reported using this technique, preventing direct comparison to other published work. Additionally, no age-related changes in the mechanical properties of the human vitreous humor have been reported. Human vitreous samples (n = 39, aged 62 ± 15 years) were tested using a shear rheometer. Small amplitude oscillatory shear and creep experiments were performed. The linear viscoelastic region of the human vitreous was found to be below 1% strain. The solid phase of the old human vitreous was found to be stiffer than the young human vitreous and the porcine vitreous. The stiffness of the human vitreous gel also appeared to be positively correlated with age. Vitreous dehydration due to a decrease in hyaluronic acid concentration with age was proposed to cause the stiffening of the solid phase of the vitreous gel. Vitreous liquefaction, therefore, might be characterized as a simultaneous increase in liquid volume and localized stiffening of the vitreous gel. The phase separation of the vitreous humor with age has been hypothesized as the cause of many vitreous-related complications. This study provides viscoelastic properties and age-related changes of the human vitreous humor, which will aid in the design of biomimetic vitreous substitutes, enhancement in analyzing intravitreal transport of therapeutics, and understanding the pathological conditions of the vitreous humor.

A comparison of drum granulation of biochars

ABSTRACT Drum granulation can be used to form biochar granules that could reduce dust hazards during biochar application to soils. An investigation of the effect of operational parameters using three biochar feedstock was conducted to identify the effect of biochar feedstock on granule properties. Cornstalk, birchbark and miscanthus biochar powders were successfully granulated and found to have varying granulation mechanisms, attributed primarily to differences in hydrophobic behaviour. Cornstalk granulated similarly to hydrophilic powders while birchbark had delayed granule nuclei formation resulting in larger nuclei. Miscanthus did not penetrate into the biochar powder and granulated through layering. All three operational parameters affected granule size. An increase in liquid volume and rotational speed increased the granule size of all three biochars. Binder concentration had a negative effect on granule growth due to viscous forces that decreased granule deformation. Granule strength was high for all three types of biochar granules and was affected by rotational speed of the drum and the liquid binder concentration. Increased binder concentration increased granule strength by promoting consolidation. Rotational speed of the drum had varying effects on granule strength due to differences in the granulation mechanisms of the biochars. The results demonstrate that multiple biochar feedstock can be granulated using wet drum granulation, but granulation parameters must be adjusted to produce granules with specified characteristics.

Oral perception of liquid volume changes with age.

Bolus volume has been widely studied, and research has demonstrated a variety of physiological impacts on swallowing and swallowing disorders. Oral perception of bolus volume has not, to our knowledge, been investigated in association with normal ageing processes. Research suggests many sensory changes with age, some within the oral cavity, and changes in swallowing function with age have been defined. The role of perception in oropharyngeal deglutition with age requires further investigation. The purpose of this study was to establish the psychophysical relationship between liquid volume and oral perception and examine changes with age. Healthy young and older adults were prospectively assessed using a magnitude estimation task differentiating five volumes of water delivered randomly to the oral cavity. Results suggest a fourfold increase in liquid volume is required by older participants to perceive an approximate twofold increase in the perception of volume compared with younger healthy adults. Sensory receptors in the oral cavity provide a feedback loop that modulates the swallowing motor response so that it is optimal for the size and consistency of the bolus. Changes in perception of bolus volume with age are consistent with other perceptual changes and may provide valuable information regarding sensorineural rehabilitation strategies in the future.

CLIMATE INSTABILITY ON TIDALLY LOCKED EXOPLANETS

Feedbacks that can destabilize the climates of synchronously-rotating rocky planets may arise on planets with strong day-night surface temperature contrasts. Earth-like habitable-zone (HZ) planets maintain stable surface liquid water over geological time. This requires equilibrium between the temperature-dependent rate of greenhouse-gas consumption by weathering,and greenhouse-gas resupply by other processes. Detected small-radius exoplanets, and anticipated M-dwarf HZ rocky planets, are expected to be tidally locked. We investigate two feedbacks that can destabilize climate on tidally-locked planets. (1) If small changes in pressure alter the temperature distribution across a planet's surface such that the weathering rate increases when the pressure decreases, a positive feedback occurs involving increasing weathering rate near the substellar point, decreasing pressure, and increasing substellar surface temperature. (2) When decreases in pressure increase the surface area above the melting point (through reduced advective cooling of the substellar point), and the corresponding increase in volume of liquid causes net dissolution of the atmosphere, a further decrease in pressure occurs. We use an idealized energy balance model to map out the conditions under which these instabilities may occur. The weathering runaway can shrink the habitable zone, and cause geologically rapid 10^3-fold pressure shifts within the HZ. Mars may have undergone a weathering runaway in the past. Substellar dissolution is usually a negative feedback or weak positive feedback on changes in pressure. Both instabilities are suppressed if the atmosphere has a high radiative efficiency. Our results are most relevant for atmospheres that are thin and have low greenhouse-gas radiative efficiency. These results identify a new pathway by which HZ planets can undergo rapid climate shifts and become uninhabitable.

Influence of rumen protein degradability and supplementation frequency on steers consuming low-quality forage: II. Ruminal fermentation characteristics.

Seven ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers (264 +/- 8 kg BW) consuming low-quality forage (5% CP; 61% NDF; 31% ADF) were used to determine the influence of CP degradability and supplementation frequency (SF) on ruminal fermentation characteristics. Treatments included an unsupplemented control and degradable intake protein (DIP) or undegradable intake protein (UIP) provided daily, every 3 d, or every 6 d. The DIP treatments (18% UIP) were calculated to provide 100% of the DIP requirement, while the UIP treatments (60% UIP) were provided on an isonitrogenous basis compared with DIP. Ruminal NH3-N was increased on the day all supplements were provided with supplemental CP (P = 0.04) and for DIP compared with UIP (P < 0.01). Also, because ruminal NH3-N increased at a greater rate with DIP compared with UIP as SF decreased, a linear effect of SF x CP degradability interaction (P = 0.02) was observed. In addition, NH3-N was greater on the day only daily supplements were provided for supplemented treatments (P = 0.04), and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as SF decreased. Concentration of total VFA increased linearly (P = 0.02) as SF decreased on the day all supplements were provided, whereas on the day only daily supplements were provided, total VFA were greater for UIP compared with DIP (P = 0.01), and decreased linearly (P < 0.01) as SF decreased. An interaction concerning the linear effect of SF and CP degradability (P = 0.02) was observed for ruminal liquid volume on the day all supplements were provided. This was the result of an increase in liquid volume with DIP as SF decreased compared with a minimal effect with UIP. In contrast, there was no influence of supplementation on liquid volume the day only daily supplements were provided. Ruminal liquid dilution rate was greater (P = 0.02) with CP supplementation on the day all supplements were provided. We did observe a quadratic effect of SF x CP degradability interaction (P = 0.01) for dilution rate because of a quadratic response with DIP (greatest value with the every-third-day treatment) compared with a decrease as SF decreased for UIP. On the day only daily supplements were provided, ruminal liquid dilution rate decreased linearly (P = 0.02) as SF decreased. These results suggest that DIP and UIP elicit different effects on ruminal fermentation when supplemented infrequently to ruminants consuming low-quality forage while not adversely affecting nutrient intake and digestibility.

Reaction process and densification process of mixed [formula omitted] ceramics

The sintering behavior of mixed α′ β′ - sialon ceramics, fabricated from α-Si 3N 4, AlN and Ln 2O 3 (Y 2O 3, Er 2O 3 and Yb 2O 3), was examined by high-temperature dilatometry, and the densification process was discussed through the consideration of chemical reactions to form α′- and β′-sialon and kinetical analysis of shrinkage. The formation of α′-sialon and melilite caused temporary retardation of the densification rate, while during the formation of β′-sialon the densification proceeded remarkably. The densification accompanied by precipitation of β′-sialon is ascribed to dissolution of residual α-Si 3N 4, α′-sialon with low solid solubility and melilite into a liquid, which may result in an increase of liquid volume and in a decrease of liquid viscosity. These phenomena are considered to induce the solution-precipitation process, particle disintegration process and cooperative flow process of the particle-liquid mixture, yielding to rapid shrinkage. The densification at the initial and middle stages and the reactions from α′-sialon and α-Si 3N 4 to β′-sialon accelerated in the order of Y 2O 3 > Er 2O 3 > Yb 2O 3 addition, because the liquidus temperature and viscosity of liquid formed decreased in the order of Y 2O 3 < Er 2O 3 < Yb 2O 3 addition.

Mass transfer in supercritical fluid extraction of a binary aromatic mixture, naphthalene and phenanthrene, from porous rods

Supercritical extraction of naphthalene—phenanthrene mixtures from porous rods has been studied at temperatures above and below their melting points. Despite the different solubilities of both components in the solvent (carbon dioxide), the selectivity of the process is very low. This is due to the eutectic phase behaviour of the aromatic mixture which effects a phase separation within the pores. The more volatile component, naphthalene, becomes impoverished in an outer zone and retreats, leaving a porous layer of crystallized phenanthrene behind. The formation of this layer increases the diffusional resistance of the naphthalene. A model has been proposed which is based on the assumption that the dissolution of both components takes place at different extraction fronts. Solubilities of mixtures and their diffusion coefficients in carbon dioxide were measured for mass transfer calculations. The diffusional resistance of the outer boundary layer and the resistance of the pores were determined. If the mixture dissolves near the surface of the cylinder, the mass transfer coefficient is strongly enhanced by free convection within the annular gap which is formed by the cylinder and the extraction vessel. This was observed when liquefied mixtures were extracted. During a first extraction period, liquefied mixtures dissolved from the surface of the cylinder because of the capillary transport of liquid and an increase in liquid volume by dissolved gas.

中耳貯留液の鼓膜振動に及ぼす影響について ホログラフィ干渉法による実験的研究

The influence of middle ear liquid on the tympanic membrane (TM) vibration was studied using the holographic interferometry. The physiological saline solution was injected into the middle ear cavity of the canine temporal bone. The liquid volume in the middle ear cavity was changed into 3 grades in order to observe the difference of the vibration pattern between them. The vibratory patterns of a normal canine TM remained unchanged in their first mode up to a frequency of approximately 2 kHz. In this mode, there were peak displacement regions in the posterior and anterior quadrants. The TM vibrations showed sectional patterns, above 3 kHz in the posterior and above 4 kHz in the anterior. After liquid retention, the following were observed. 1. The frequency at which sectional patterns occurred shifted to a lower frequency in the immerged portion, but showed no definite tendency in the unimmerged portion. 2. Maximum amplitudes of the anterior and posterior quadrants of the TM and the mallar tip shifted to somewhat higher frequencies for the liquid volume below the level of the tip portion, but contrary, shifted to lower frequencies for the liquid volume there above. 3. The ossicular chain tended not to make normal function for the TM vibration with an increase of liquid volume.