Increase In Traffic Intensity Research Articles

ASPHALT MIXTURES AND ASPHALT CONCRETE USING OIL RESIDUES AND BITUMEN MODIFIED WITH MALEIC ANHYDRIDE AND POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS

A number of problems arise during the production and use of petroleum road bitumen. One of them is unsatisfactory performance characteristics, mainly heat resistance, plasticity, elasticity, and adhesion between the binder and the surface of the mineral material. With the increase in traffic intensity, the growth of heavy traffic volumes, the weight of cars, along with the impact of weather and climatic factors on the structure, this leads to the destruction of the road surface. One of the most promising areas in improving the quality of binders to obtain pavements with improved performance characteristics is their modification with polymeric materials. However, the use of modifiers is limited due to their high cost. Therefore, it is important to find inexpensive substances that would improve the performance characteristics of bitumen. This work is devoted to a completely new binder for asphalt mixtures, including crushed stone mastic mixtures. As a binder, we used raw materials for the production of bitumen - tar, modified with maleic anhydride and polyethylene glycol. The design of crushed stone and mastic asphalt mixtures using the obtained binders was carried out, and samples of crushed stone and mastic asphalt concrete were formed from them and tested. It was found that when binders were obtained from tar by modifying it with maleic anhydride and polyethylene glycol, crushed stone mastic mixtures with lower strength values were obtained compared to binders obtained by modifying oxidized bitumen. Comparison of crushed stone and mastic mixtures obtained using SBS modified bitumen and the studied binders showed that the use of the studied binders (oxidized bitumen modified with maleic anhydride and maleinized oxidized bitumen modified with polyethylene glycol) is characterized by lower water saturation and strength compared to the use of oxidized bitumen modified with SBS.

ENSURING INCREASED DURABILITY OF PAVEMENT ON REINFORCED CONCRETE ROAD BRIDGES

The article contains the results of a study on increasing the durability of pavement on reinforced concrete road bridges by using rubber crumb. The pavement on reinforced concrete road bridges is one of the main structural elements of the structure, the technical condition of which affects the safety of the structures as a whole.
 Given the constant increase in traffic intensity and load on the road network, as well as insufficient funding for major repairs or reconstruction, it is necessary to use materials that ensure reliable operation of the roadway of bridge structures to increase the durability of the asphalt pavement.
 The asphalt concrete pavement of a roadway has a number of important factors that ensure the safety and comfort of vehicular traffic, namely: flatness, low noise and roughness, which provides the necessary grafting coefficient with the car tires while driving. However, it should be noted that during operation, such a coating is easily exposed to unfavorable factors, which leads to premature deformation in it.

Results of Laboratory Studies of Strengthening Subgrade Soil with Modifier

Current modern trends in road construction are the increase in traffic intensity and the carrying capacity of motor transport, as well as the expansion of the road network, including local roads. These trends put forward the task of not only increasing the durability of road structures, but also the use of local materials and soils in the construction of highways. Several methods have been developed to strengthen the soils of the road base. A variety of surfactants, modifiers and additives are also produced to strengthen the roadbed. Many of them have not shown their effectiveness in practice. Therefore, there is a need for plenty laboratory and field studies on this topic. Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the effect of the modifier on the roadbed soil. The type of soil and its maximum density were determined at optimal humidity. Based on this, cement and a modifier were introduced into the soil composition, density and compressive strength were determined. The results of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) were obtained to study the effect of the modifier on the roadbed soil. Laboratory studies and SEM-analysis have shown that the addition of a modifier to the soil leads to an increase in its maximum density, a significant increase in compressive strength and that the modifier serves to improve the binding properties by forming a crystalline bond with cement.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ МОДЕЛЕЙ ТРАНСПОРТНО-ПЕРЕСАДОЧНЫХ УЗЛОВ В СИСТЕМЕ ГОРОДСКОГО ПАССАЖИРСКОГО ТРАНСПОРТА НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ Г. БЕЛГОРОДА

Today, the suburbs are growing and urbanizing, the level of motorization of the population is increasing, which entails an increase in traffic intensity and load on the city's road network. The organization of an intermodal transport system contributes to an increase in the level of comfort of the urban environment, reliability and safety in the integrated use of suburban and surface urban transport. The optimally chosen place for the formation of the transfer hub will improve the standard of living of the population of a large city and its suburbs. In this paper, intermodal transport hubs are considered. Depending on the category of transport hub, commuter rail and route transport, land-based urban passenger and individual transport, as well as passenger services with social infrastructure facilities located in the immediate vicinity of the transport hub interact. The analysis of normative, domestic and foreign scientific and technical literature on the features of the formation and functioning of TPU was carried out. The possibility of an integrated approach in organizing activities for the formation and development of transport hubs within the framework of the existing urban development has been studied. Methods for the design of transport interchange nodes and their models are considered. The existing TPU models are adapted to the context and resource potential of the territories of Belgorod with the highest intensity of labor and social migration of the population.It is proposed to form four transport hubs: 1) category 2 from the south direction (Dubovoe village) at the intersection of Shchorsa streets - Vatutina avenue; 2) TPU of the 1st category based on the railway and bus stop "Salyut Market"; 3) TPU of the 2nd category from the northern direction (Severny village) along the Belgorod bypass road; 4) TPU of the 1st category on the street. Vokzalnaya (station square).

IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF ASPHALT CONCRETE BY REINFORCING ASPHALT CONCRETE MIXTURES SYNTHETIC FIBERS

This article shows that one of the reasons for the deterioration of the condition of highways is largely the mismatch of the operational characteristics of road construction materials with increased traffic loads. The rapid increase in the number of heavy trucks on the roads, the increase in traffic intensity and, as a result, the increase in axial loads on the road surface, contributes to the development of deformations of asphalt concrete roads created on the basis of ordinary bitumen. All over the world, regulatory requirements for their physical and mechanical properties are constantly revised and work is being done to create new modern road materials and technologies. All this is aimed at increasing the durability of road surfaces in modern conditions of their operation. It has been established that the most effective measure for maintaining the transport and operational performance of road surfaces at a sufficient level is the use of geosynthetic materials as reinforcing layers. The reinforcing material, which is used in the construction, reconstruction and repair of roads, perceives and redistributes tensile forces and prevents excessive horizontal deformation of the elongation near the sole of the layer during its bending, which occurs during multiple short-term effects of wheel loads from motor vehicles. It must also perceive and redistribute tensile stresses and prevent excessive deformation that occurs in some cross-sections from prolonged temperature exposure. The article presents the results of research on the use of geosynthetic materials to increase the strength, shear resistance and crack resistance of asphalt concrete coatings in road construction. A broad classification and main functions of geogrids are presented. Different variants of their location in the construction of road clothing are considered. The relevance of the use of geosynthetic materials is outlined, given their effectiveness, diversity, multifunctionality and wide scope of application.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE TRAFFIC LIGHT COORDINATION PLAN ON NAUKI AVENUE IN KHARKIV

The paper presents the results of evaluating the performance measures of the newly developed and implemented in practice plan for coordinating the work of six local traffic lights on a 1.8 km long fragment of Nauki Avenue in Kharkiv. The analysis of existing methods of coordinated traffic light management has shown that at present they do not provide high performance and are roughly equal in effect to adaptive traffic light management methods. The main instrument of evaluation was the comparison of the results of the application of new parameters of traffic lights operation on the fragment of the street and road network, surrounding the coordinated section, with the traffic situation existing before its implementation. For this purpose, a study of travel time and the number of vehicle stops at intersections was conducted using the "floating car" method, and the speed of vehicles was calculated using TomTom service data. Each of these methods has its own advantages and disadvantages, and therefore they complemented each other in assessing the direct impact of the coordination plan on the state of traffic management on the studied fragment of the road network. The dual evaluation of the performance measures proved to be very appropriate in light of the operating conditions of the coordinated fragment of Nauki Avenue and the road network around it, which recorded a significant increase in traffic intensity during 2021 and after the implementation of the coordination plan in early 2022. The evaluation of its effectiveness in both ways convincingly showed the high efficiency of this measure, in terms of the number of stops and travel time, and the TomTom service data showed that even with an increase in traffic volume by almost one and a half times, the speed of cars in general increased by more than 14%. Taking into account the minimal costs for the implementation of the coordination plan, this testifies in favor of the means of arterial coordination in the Ukraine cities, as a priority direction for the development of local traffic lights systems in comparison with the creation of adaptive traffic light control systems. Keywords: coordination of traffic lights, urban arterial, travel time, vehicle speed.

Informative eco-geochemical assessment of soil layer pollution in Chisinau during the peak period of industrial activity

We have carried out a retro-assessment of the data on metal pollution of soils in the city of Chisinau dated by the peak of industrial activity in the late 80s of the twentieth century. The proximity of geochemical spectra in soils of industrial areas and in children's institutions was observed. Statistical analysis of the main components indicated a high specialization of metal pollution in the industrial areas. Soil pollution in areas of children's institutions had a clear residential-transport character. The elimination of a multisectoral industrial production, the redevelopment of industrial areas and an increase in traffic intensity in the city over the past 30 years should have led to a significant change in the spatial structure and spectrum of pollution in the city of Chisinau.

ANALYSIS OF METHODS FOR DETERMINING DRIVER FATIGUE AND A WAYS OF THEIR IMPROVEMENT

The safety of road transport is the main component of the security system for each state. The low level of road safety has a significant impact on the safety of the community. Studies have been carried out on the etiology of road traffic accidents. They showed that as a result of the increase in traffic intensity and the increase in the number of drivers, there is an increase in the number of traffic jams which in turn leads to additional driver fatigue and, in some cases, to sleep.There is a need to take some measures to prevent traffic accidents due to fatigue and sleep. When studying such modern systems, it becomes clear that they work by analyzing the actions of the driver and the course of the car. The aim of the work is to conduct a comparative analysis of methods for determining driver fatigue and developing a new additional method. The paper shows that the main disadvantages of the systems under study are: complex design; adaptation to the driver; fatigue settling time and high system cost. It is proposed to introduce a pulse fatigue detection system (PFDS), which, by analyzing the number of pulse beats, will predict human fatigue and possible sleep, which will lead to a simpler design in systems with control of physiological parameters, that is-to reduce the price.

Mathematical modeling of improving the characteristics of bitumen for asphalt concrete by modifying

A significant increase in traffic intensity and increased axle loads of vehicles on the roads led to the fact that asphalt concrete is not able to provide the required durability of road surfaces. The durability of asphalt concrete pavements is directly related to the quality of the materials used, primarily bitumen. Bitumen is most susceptible to changes under the influence of traffic loads and weather conditions. At the same time, bitumen largely determines the condition of the road surface. The behavior of bitumen can be changed by modifying it with additives. The novelty of bitumen modification lies in the fact that the addition of polymer to bitumen makes it possible to obtain a road surface that is resistant to cracking at low temperatures and to provide fatigue strength at high temperatures. Rutting resistance is also achieved. An important role in the choice of the modifier is played by economic issues related to the rise in the cost of coating, as well as the need to use additional equipment, the stability of the modified binder during storage and transportation, etc. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as a modifier for asphalt concrete mixtures. During the experiment, a significant improvement in the main indicators of asphalt concrete mixtures was revealed, as well as the maximum permissible deviations for the amount of binder in the asphalt concrete mixture and for the main indicators were observed. Moreover, the most important thing that has been achieved is a significant increase in rutting resistance by rolling a loaded wheel.

Relationships between ergodic indicators of dispersal intensity, IUCN Red List values, and selected environmental variables in connection with European birds whose foraging and flying behavior is associated to roads and highways

Displaying an appropriate dispersal intensity (DI) in response to environmental fluctuations may determine if a given species goes extinct or not. Thus, developing indicators of the DI necessary to harness a given ecological niche breadth is urgent due to the changing latitudinal boundaries between the Earth’s great climate belts because of global warming. So, a better assessment of extinction risk should require DI as a complementary indicator. However, the IUCN Red List, indirectly linked to niche assessments, does not take into account DI, and its values are expressed on an ordinal scale. In contrast, there is a theoretical consensus about the link between DI and extinction risk, as well as about the continuous nature of species extinction, which therefore should be measured on a ratio scale. This paper proposes solutions to the above-mentioned issues. Assuming the trait of ergodicity, successfully applied in several publications in ecology so far, measurements of the average values of recent indicators of DI of birds at the species level as well as at the plot level were performed starting from 52 samplings of roadkill events, in eight European countries. DI values were correlated with the respective values of extinction risk reported by the IUCN Red List. Collaterally, a comparative study between DI and two key environmental variables (traffic intensity, and average temperature over land areas) was performed. Inverse and significant correlations between DI and the ordinal scale of IUCN Red List values were obtained, indicating that higher DI values seem to reduce extinction probability. Our results also show that birds seem able to display rapid adaptive behaviors to the increase of traffic intensity. It was found that DI peaks of European birds are associated with deviations of only half a degree Celsius above the general background of temperature over land areas. This set of results, based on a new theoretical framework (Organic Biophysics of Ecosystems –OBEC–; see references and explanatory notes in the main text), is in favor of the appropriateness to rescue the classical foundations of ecosystem ecology based on interdisciplinary links between ecology and physics to promote a better management of the Anthropocene challenges, all of them typified by interdisciplinary traits that require holistic approaches.

Strengthening the roadbed of highways using soil stabilizers

Modern trends in road construction (an increase in traffic intensity and carrying capacity of road transport, expansion of the network of roads, including local ones) put forward the problem of the need not only to increase the durability of road structures but also to use local materials and soils in road construction. Considering that many regions of Uzbekistan experience a shortage of materials for the construction of foundations, and their delivery is associated with additional transport costs, the relevance of using local soils in the bases of road pavements becomes obvious. Recently, there has been an increased interest in methods of physical and mechanical stabilization of soils using stabilizers. Dependence is proposed that allows one to determine the strength and deformation characteristics of stabilized saline soils.

Optimization of freight traffic in cities using the forecast transport model of freight traffic

A sharp increase in traffic intensity has a negative impact on the quality characteristics of the traffic flow. Existing road capacity cannot cope with an ever-increasing number of vehicles, resulting in traffic jams

Development of universal transport shceme for road traffic optimization in urban conditions.

Introduction. This article addresses the issue of optimizing the movement of road users in an urban environment. The need to resolve this issue arose due to the suboptimal design of the city’s street-road network, consisting in an increase in traffic intensity to limit values and the inability of traffic lights to solve the problems of global demand for vehicle movement. It is also important to address the issue of the movement of ever-increasing pedestrian flows.Optimization of traffic conditions is assumed by the device of integrated transport schemes. The main disadvantage of solving this issue is the limited regulatory documentation that would be applicable in urban environments.Materials and methods. In the article, the authors used, as a fundamental method of analogy, a comparison of the categories of streets and urban roads with suburban highways. Also, the advantages of individual road junctions and their systems and the level of convenience of the streets of Tiumen were analyzed.Results. The results are variants of complex traffic intersections that satisfy the requirements defined in advance regarding various types of intersections with the following indicators: distance between minor streets, number of lanes on the streets, radii of circular curves.Conclusion. Based on the results of this article, it is advisable to consider the third variant of the complex intersection, which is the most promising in terms of the considered parameters.

Evaluation of the effectiveness of traffic control algorithms based on a simulation model in the AnyLogic

The increase in the number of vehicles every year covers an growing number of countries, as a result of which the vehicle fleet of large cities and megalopolises is constantly increasing, as well as the number of people involved in traffic. The growth in traffic leads to the increase in traffic intensity, which in the conditions of cities with historically developed buildings leads to a transport problem. It is particularly acute in the nodal points of the road network. The problems are caused by the increase in transport delays, queuing and congestion, which in turn causes the decrease in the speed of communication, unnecessary consumption of fuel and increased wear of components and assemblies of vehicles. Effective traffic management involves the use of both network and local adaptive control algorithms. City-wide automated system should be based on the principles of maximum management efficiency and reliability of the system.

EFFECT OF TRAFFIC INTENSITIES OF A DIRECTIONAL FELLER AND SKIDDER ON THE COMPACTION OF A BRUNO NITISOL

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the compaction of a Bruno Nitisol caused by traffic intensities by a directional feller and skidder used to wood harvesting in a Pinus taeda stand. Data were collected at a forest company located in Parana State, Brazil. Samples were performed using an installation of four blocks (30 × 15 m) with subdivided plots and the treatments included a combination of five traffic simulations of directional feller and skidder machines, with the simulations performed in the plots at four soil depths, referred to as subplots. Compaction was evaluated by soil density, total porosity, microporosity, and macroporosity. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared with the Tukey test at a 5% level of significance. Linear regression equations were also adjusted to represent the relation between traffic intensity, depth, and the variable of interest. The results showed that machine traffic caused higher compaction of the superficial soil layers, resulting in a 14.6% increase in soil density compared to the soil subjected to no machine traffic. The increase in traffic intensity of the skidder tractor reduced macroporosity by 62.5% and 53.8% at depths of 0-10 and 10-20 cm, respectively. Dragging of the logs by the skidder tractor increased soil compaction due to the several trips by the machine in a single line.

FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEW CITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF AZERBAIJAN

The article deals with the growth of the population of new cities and in this regard the peculiarities of their territorial development.The analysis of changes of architectural and planning structure of the new cities in Azerbaijan due to growth and change of their territories is given in the article. Population growth in cities is studied in detail every decade on an average and is shown in exact figures based on statistics. Construction of cities in the post-war period. The population growth in these cities is studied during the periods of construction of large hydro-technical facilities and industrial enterprises. The necessity of the developing of new projects and the solution of the issues arising from this need have been investigated taking into account the expansion of the city is territory, Issues of formation of new urban centers in Sumgayit, Shirvan and Mingachevir. Due to the growth of the cities in question, the increase in traffic intensity and consequently overloading issues of the streets and avenues are the subject of extensive research. New districts are created in different directions from the first core of the city and these districts gradually form a new compact city. Such development is typical for the city of Mingachevir in Azerbaijan. More difficulties in urban development, problems arising during the development of construction and industrial zones in the opposite direction and ways of solving these problems are widely investigated. The division of city development into three types according to the structural ratio, and the pros and cons of each type are analysed separately. The article analyzes changes occurring in architectural planning structure according to the growth and change of new cities in Azerbaijan.

ON THE ISSUE OF THE USE OF ROLLER-COMPACTED CEMENT-CONCRETE MIXTURES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD PAVEMENTS

Problem. At present, on the existing roads of Ukraine the construction of road pavement does not meet the requirements for durability and load-carrying capacity, because of constant increase in traffic intensity, the emergence of new types of vehicles with increased axle loads and uncontrolled transport overload. The widespread use of roller-compacted cement mixes (RCC mixes) in the construction of road pavements for highways will solve these problems. Goal. The aim of the work is to study the effect of the components of a rigid cement-concrete mixture on the physical and mechanical properties of concrete, as well as the industrial introduction of the technology of RCC in Kharkiv. Methods. The methods for assessing RCC characteristics allow to carry out all necessary research on the basis of existing regulations in Ukraine. Results. As a result of the studies carried out, compositions of RCC mixtures on local materials with compressive strengths of 60 MPa were obtained, with a bending strength of more than 4.5 MPa, density of 2420 kg/m 3 and frost resistance of F200. Novelty . The scientific novelty of the construction works is in the selection of the compositions of RCC mixes by applying high-quality cement, fine sand, two (or three) fractions of rubble, mineral additives, complex additives and nonmetallic fibers, which leads to an increase in the density and strength of the RCC, and also increases the durability of the cement concrete coatings compacted. Practical value. Laboratory research and selection of cement-concrete mixes for production of RCC used in the construction of road pavements were carried out to prove the aims of the work, as well as industrial introduction of the technology of RCC mortar has been carried out by laying the road section on the territory of the enterprise in Kharkiv city

Developing Effective Service Policies for Multiclass Queues with Abandonment: Asymptotic Optimality and Approximate Policy Improvement

We study a single server queuing model with multiple classes and impatient customers. The goal is to determine a service policy to maximize the long-run reward rate earned from serving customers net of holding costs and penalties respectively due to customers waiting for and leaving before receiving service. We first show that it is without loss of generality to study a pure-reward model. Since standard methods can usually only compute the optimal policy for problems with up to three customer classes, our focus is to develop a suite of heuristic approaches, with a preference for operationally simple policies with good reward characteristics. One such heuristic is the Rμθ rule—a priority policy that ranks all customer classes based on the product of reward R, service rate μ, and abandonment rate θ. We show that the Rμθ rule is asymptotically optimal as customer abandonment rates approach zero and often performs well in cases where the simpler Rμ rule performs poorly. The paper also develops an approximate policy improvement method that uses simulation and interpolation to estimate the bias function for use in a dynamic programming recursion. For systems with two or three customer classes, our numerical study indicates that the best of our simple priority policies is near optimal in most cases; when it is not, the approximate policy improvement method invariably tightens up the gap substantially. For systems with five customer classes, our heuristics typically achieve within 4% of an upper bound for the optimal value, which is computed via a linear program that relies on a relaxation of the original system. The computational requirement of the approximate policy improvement method grows rapidly when the number of customer classes or the traffic intensity increases.

Hormesis and Paradoxical Effects of Drooping Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Parameters Under Motor Traffic Pollution.

Various plant indexes are used or recommended for bioindication. However, the nonmonotonic dose–response dependences (hormesis and paradoxical effects) of these indexes are insufficiently explored upon exposure to pollution. We studied the dependences of these Betula pendula indexes on the intensity of motor traffic pollution. Regression analysis did not reveal any dependence of chlorophyll and carotenoid content on traffic intensity (in 2008 and 2010-2013). Lipid peroxidation rate had different versions of paradoxical effects in 2008 and 2010 to 2012 and increased in comparison with control under an increase in pollution level in 2013. In 2010 to 2012, all dose–response dependences for total protein and thiol group content were biphasic and multiphasic paradoxical effects. In 2013, an increase in traffic intensity induced a linear reduction in protein content and an increase in thiol group level in comparison with the control. In most cases, the studied phenological indexes and seed production decreased monotonically in comparison with the control following an increase in traffic intensity. Only in 2010 and 2013, share of fallen leaves had hormesis and paradoxical effect accordingly. Fluctuating asymmetry had a paradoxical effect and hormesis in 2008 and 2012, accordingly, and increased in comparison with the control under an increase in the level of pollution in 2010 to 2011.

Dependence of Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Wigg.) Seed Reproduction Indices on Intensity of Motor Traffic Pollution.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Wigg.) seed reproduction indices such as the total number of seeds, the number of normally developed seeds and underdeveloped seeds per anthodium, and seed weight are suggested to assess the level of environmental pollution (bioindication). However, the non-monotonic dose-response dependences (hormesis and paradoxical effects) of these indices are insufficiently explored upon exposure to pollution. We studied the dependence of some T. officinale seed reproduction indices on intensity of motor traffic pollution in wide range of values over 2 years of observation. In 2010, the increase in traffic intensity induced a monotonic increase in the total seed number and the number of normally developed seeds. Besides, motor traffic pollution decreased the number of undeveloped seeds and seed weight in comparison with the control. In 2011, for all studied T. officinale indices except seed weight, complicated non-monotonic dependences on traffic intensity were found that could be attributed to paradoxical effects. It is hypothesised that the significant differences in the studied dependencies in 2010-2011 were caused by changes in weather conditions because traffic intensity did not differ significantly between the two observation years.