Increase In Terrorist Activities Research Articles

О необходимости внесения изменений в диспозицию статьи 205 УК РФ «Террористический акт»

Introduction. The article is devoted to the matters of updating the existing antiterrorist legislation. Given the increase in terrorist activity in recent decades, both in the world and in the Russian Federation, the effectiveness of the application of criminal law norms and their updating in accordance with new threats is one of the fundamental factors in countering terrorism. Methods. In the study various scientific methods were used: system analysis, critical analysis, formal-logical method, method of legal modeling. Results. The content of article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was analyzed, conflicts of this legal norm were revealed. The legislator simultaneously applies the concepts of «action» and «act», which leads to problems in the law enforcement practice. The methods of committing a terrorist act were analyzed and it was established that this crime can be committed in the form of both action and lack of action. Amendments to the disposition of Part 1 of Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are proposed such as replacing the words «other actions» with «other acts», and also replacing the words «in actions» with the words «in acts» in the note to Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In the course of the study thediscrepancy between the criminal-legal norm of Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, where the term «governmental bodies» is used, and the norms of the Federal Law «On the Fight against Terrorism», where the phrase «state bodies, local self-government bodies» is used,was revealed. The analysis of the use of the concept of «governmental bodies» was conducted and it was established that it does not have the legal definition. In order to unify the Russian anti-terrorist legislation and bring it into line with modern realities, it is proposed to specify the content of Article 205 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, replacing the phrase «governmental bodies» with words «state bodies, local self-government bodies».

Cambodia’s engagement on ASEAN regional security issues

This article examines Cambodia’s involvement in regional security issues within the Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN). The relevance of the topic of the study is due to the growing tension in the region of the South China Sea, consisting in the confrontation between the USA and the PRC, and the increase in terrorist activities in South-East Asia. The author examines in detail the history of the formation and development of the ASEAN, the evolution of the association’s regional security system. The author closely analyzes the problems of regional security of ASEAN, the role of the Kingdom of Cambodia in solving previously mentioned problems. The study focuses on ASEAN regional security issues in South-East Asia. The study focuses on the role of the Kingdom of Cambodia in addressing ASEAN regional security concerns. This scientific article is based on the theory of neoliberalism. The main conclusions of the research are related to the study of the history of the formation and development of the ASEAN, the evolution of the association’s regional security system, the identification of key problems of ensuring ASEAN regional security, among which we can highlight the growth of terrorist activities, the tension between the United States and the People’s Republic of China, the lack of a legal framework to resolve or respond to military conflicts, the definition of the role of Cambodia in the settlement of regional security problems in ASEAN, based on the rich experience in the implementation of counter-terrorism activities and on leveling the rivalry of the PRC and the USA in the Asia-Pacific, built on strong bilateral relations as with the United States; just like in China. The scientific novelty of the study is the content-analysis of key ASEAN documents and the structuring of the ASEAN regional security system.

The Impact of U.S. Policy on Political Change in the Middle East: Afghanistan Political Change in as a Model

The events witnessed in the Middle East and the study of U.S. foreign policy and its hostility towards various countries, particularly in the context of terrorism and how to address and implement it, can potentially lead to an increase in terrorist activities. The approach adopted by most U.S. presidents in the Middle East region revolves around ensuring access to oil and preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in these countries. The Americans have been present in Afghanistan for over 20 years and have spent substantial amounts of money, yet the intentions and objectives of the Taliban remain unclear to them and the international community.
 This prolonged presence has caused security, political, and economic instability in Afghanistan, leading to unpredictable consequences in the country and fears of a potential resurgence of terrorism in the future. The aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal could potentially result in significant and diverse changes, with the possibility of a civil war within Afghanistan, which poses future risks and threats for both the country and the international community.

The Global Terrorist Threat in the Sahel and the Origins of Terrorism in Burkina Faso

The article examines the reasons for the increasing terrorist activity in Burkina Faso after the revolution in 2014. For decades, the Sahel has been one of the most unstable regions in Africa and the Afrasian zone of instability. However, in the 2010s the Sahel has experienced a dramatic increase in terrorist activity: by 2015, the number of terrorist attacks there increased more than seven times compared to 2010. At the same time, the dynamics of terrorist activity in Burkina Faso had its specific characteristics compared to the rest of the Sahel. The growth of terrorism in this country was largely a consequence of the overthrow of the B. Compaoré regime. The new authorities were unable to maintain security at the same level. This can be explained, on the one hand, by the stable agreements that had been settled between Compaoré and terrorist structures. His resignation destroyed all the informal ties and agreements that the regime had established with regional jihadist organizations, freeing their hands to infiltrate Burkina Faso quickly and easily. On the other hand, the dissolution of the Regiment of Presidential Security (precisely the structure largely responsible for the fight against terrorism) after the failed military coup attempt of September 2015 played an important role. The new leadership stripped the country of the protection they had against jihadist organizations poised to infiltrate across the border into Burkina Faso. As a result, after 2015, a very safe country in terms of terrorism faced an unprecedented increase in terrorist activity.

Strengthening South Africa’s response to the threat of international terrorism

ABSTRACT Over the last two decades, South Africa has experienced isolated terrorist attacks and at times served as a hub for international terrorist activity, particularly as a conduit for illicit financial transactions and a place of transit and hiding. However, since 2015, the country has seen an increase in terrorist activity locally. Moreover, the escalating insurgency in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique, led by Islamist organisation Ahlu-Sunnah Wa-Jama (ASWJ) with increasing links to Islamic State Central Africa Province (ISCAP), further raises the threat of terrorism in South Africa by potentially inciting terrorist activity locally and increasing the regional flow of militant actors. To ensure these security challenges can be met, it is important that policymakers understand the changing nature of international terrorism, how it manifests in South Africa, the current counter-terrorism capacity of the state, and what regional strategies must be strengthened or developed to address the transnational nature of terrorist networks today.

A survey on the present state-of-the-art of explosives, detection methods and automatic explosive detection using wireless sensor network

Every year there is more and more evidence of an increase in terrorist activity that has spread around the world. In the light of modern technologies and a variety of threats, it is necessary to detect and prevent this with reliable methods. In this regard, the detection of explosives is an active area of research. For this purpose, many detection systems have appeared. Government agencies in various countries are equipped with devices that can detect explosives. However, they are often large in nature, and roads are also publicly visible. Therefore, it is not advisable to use them in the current conditions in public places, such as railway stations, airports, bus stations, and so on. Manual contact is another problem in traditional systems. Therefore, there is an urgent need for the detection of explosives to be integrated into a mobile network, such as the Wireless Sensor Network (BSS). Since the BSS nodes can be hidden from prying eyes, such a network is an ideal method for automatic detection of explosives in real time. The implementation of such networks can pave the way for the installation of BSSs in public places to protect the lives and property of citizens. To this end, we will review the literature on the current state of explosives, their characteristics, and detection methods, including the use of wireless sensor networks (BSS) for automatic detection of explosives in real time. This article provides an insight into the various concepts of explosives and detection methods that can help in further research on creating a defense system for detecting explosives.

Islamic Terrorism in the Middle East and its Impact on Global Security

This paper examines the impact of the increase in terrorist activity in the Middle East after the Arab Spring on the terrorist threat in other parts of the world. The aim of the work is to clarify, using quantitative methods, the factors, mechanisms and scale of the spread of Islamist terrorism from the Middle East. A qualitative study of time series with partial formalization is used to identify time lags between the rise of Islamist terrorism in the Middle East and its intensification in other parts of the world. It has been demonstrated that the rapid growth in the number of terrorist attacks recorded in the world after 2010 was primarily due to the explosive growth of Islamist terrorist activity in the Afrasian zone of instability in general and in the Middle East in particular. There is considerable evidence to suggest that this spurred terrorist activity after 2013 in the U.S., Western Europe, Turkey and Russia. The analysis shows that the Islamic State (ISIS) and its affiliates (prohibited in Russian Federation) have acted as the main export agent of terrorism to these countries and regions in an attempt to retaliate military strikes carried out by foreign powers in the Middle East. Among these foreign countries, Turkey was particularly hard hit by the increase in terrorist activities - the level of terrorist activity in Turkey between 2013 and 2014 grew 14 times. In the United States and Western Europe, the onslaught of Islamist terrorism has been accompanied by a threefold increase in the number of terrorist attacks recorded. A similar scale of the Middle East terrorist echo was observed in the Russian Federation. The ISIS efforts to expand and develop terrorist networks in Russia also resulted in the tripling of a number of terrorist attacks in this country. However, it would be wrong to exaggerate the scale of the Middle East terrorist echo in Russia. The previous waves of the terrorist threat between 2002 and 2004, as well as the second half of the 2000s (an echo effect of the Chechen wars) were much larger.

GÜVENLİK KONUSU OLARAK ULUSLARARASI GÖÇMENLER: AÇIK KAPI POLİTİKASI VE TÜRKİYE'DE Kİ SURİYELİLER

International migration, an issue as old as the history itself, needs to be tabled. The Syrian conflict which happened due to the Arab Spring led millions of Syrians to leave their country. The wave of uncontrolled immigration, starting from the neighbouring ones and spreading to various countries, became an important tool for terrorists to infiltrate into target countries and caused a serious security problem for migrant-hosting states. Additionally, this human flow has led to changes in the demographic structures of the hosting countries, and these changes have brought many social and economic costs that threaten the internal security. In this context; in Turkey, who applied open door policy for the people fleeing from the humanitarian crisis in Syria from the very first days, issues caused by Syrians in time are quite attention grabbing. An in-depth analysis of these events reveals the relationship between illegal and irregular migration and considerable increase in terrorist activities, social, political and economic costs and demographic changes.

Effects of terrorist attacks on access to maternal healthcare services: a national longitudinal study in Burkina Faso

IntroductionMost of the literature on terrorist attacks’ health impacts has focused on direct victims rather than on distal consequences in the overall population. There is limited knowledge on how terrorist...

Economic Growth, Education, and Terrorism: A Re-Analysis

ABSTRACT The performed cross-national tests with negative binomial regression models support the presence of a curvilinear relationship between the quantitative expansion of education (measured with mean years of schooling) and terrorist attack intensity. Growth of schooling in the least educationally developed countries is associated with a significant tendency towards the growth of terrorist attack intensity. This tendency remains significant when controlled for income level, type of political regime, unemployment, inequality, and urbanization; wherein the peak of the terrorist attack intensity is observed for a relatively low, but not zero level of the quantitative expansion of formal education (approximately three to six years of schooling). Further growth of schooling in more developed countries is associated with a significant trend toward the decrease of terrorist attack intensity. This tendency remains significant after being controlled for income level, political regime, unemployment, inequality, and urbanization. The most radical decrease is observed for the interval between seven and eight mean years of schooling. In addition, this quantitative analysis indicates the presence of a similar curvilinear relationship between GDP per capita and terrorist attack intensity with a wide peak from $4000 to $14,000. The explanation of a curvilinear relationship between GDP per capita and terrorist activity through mean years of schooling intermediary can only be partial. The regression analysis suggests that the growth of mean years of schooling with economic development of middle and high income countries may really be one of the factors accounting for the decrease of terrorist attacks in countries with GDP per capita growth. However, this regression analysis indicates that a partial role in the explanation of negative correlation between GDP per capita and terrorist attack intensity for middle and high income countries is also played by a lower level of unemployment rate in the high income countries, as well as by a very high share of consolidated democracies and an extremely low share of factional democracies among the high income states. It is especially worth noting that after the introduction of all controls, the coefficient sign for per capita GDP changes from negative to positive, i.e., GDP growth in middle and high income countries after the introduction of controls for inequality, education, unemployment, type of regime, etc. turns out to be a factor of increase rather than decline of the intensity of terrorist activity. On the one hand, this suggests that the negative correlation between per capita GDP and the level of terrorist activity in these countries is actually explained to an extremely high degree by the fact that per capita GDP growth here tends to be accompanied by an increase in the educational level of the population, a decrease in unemployment, a reduction in inequality, a decrease in the number of factional democracies, and an increase in the number of consolidated democracies. On the other hand, the positive sign (with a statistically significant correlation) indicates here that if in the middle and high countries economic growth is not accompanied by an increase in economic equality and education of the population, a decrease in unemployment, a decrease in the number of unstable factional democracies, and an increase in the number of consolidated democracies (that is, if in fact all the fruits of economic growth are captured by the elites, and almost nothing gets from this growth to the commoner population), then such economic growth would tend to lead to an increase in terrorist activity (and not to its reduction).

Progressive collapse analysis of a typical RC high-rise tower

The world has recently witnessed tremendous increase in terrorist activities. This led to the requirement of blast resistant design of structures. The progressive collapse of structures, being the most severe consequence of blast generated waves, has been the subject of several studies. Although structural engineers are developing methodologies for the mitigation of progressive collapse, there is a lack of adequate tools that can be employed for simulating and predicting the progressive collapse response of structures with acceptable confidence. An attempt has been made in this paper to develop a practical and acceptable procedure for the progressive collapse analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures. The adequacy of the procedure has been demonstrated by studying the progressive collapse behavior of a typical RC framed high-rise building in Riyadh when exposed to blast generated waves.

Kill, Capture, or Defend? The Effectiveness of Specific and General Counterterrorism Tactics Against the Global Threats of the Post-9/11 Era

ABSTRACTThis article examines the effectiveness of contemporary counterterrorism strategy in the global fight against terrorism from 2001 to 2011. We seek to maximize the comparative approach more than most existing studies by examining three tactics (killing, capturing, and defending) applied at three scopes (leader, operational, and broad) on three levels (global, movement [jihadi], and organizational [al-Qaeda and Taliban]), while also measuring effectiveness along several quantitative, qualitative, and spatial dimensions. Drawing from resource theory (and its derived analytical approaches) and empirical terrorism studies, we formulate competing hypotheses that are quantitatively tested using a dataset with several original aspects. We find that both killing and capturing can have large effects but these effects vary based on both states' and terrorists' targeting strategies. The most interesting specific findings are that drone strikes seem counterproductive for counterterrorism while renditions seem effective. However, these effects were dwarfed by those of increased defenses, which reduce attacks in the West while redirecting them to other areas in the world. While we find the theory mostly sound, though in need of refocus, we believe current policy trends foretell an increase in terrorist activity in the coming years.

Terrorism and Rape in Nigeria : A Cry for Justice

Unarguably, rape has been used as a weapon of war many times in the past century. Although rape has been defined within the international community as a crime against humanity and an integral component of genocide if it is part of a widespread or systematic practice, terrorists continue to use rape as a weapon of war. With an increase in terrorist activity motivated by religion, some terrorists believe that God not only approves of their action, but that God demands their action. One of these terror-groups is Boko Haram. A terror movement whose name translates into “western education is forbidden” in local Hausa dialect, Boko Haram has become a metaphor for insecurity in Nigeria since 2009. Even a casual observer who does not live in Nigeria has likely heard of Boko Haram’s abduction of over 200 school girls from Government Secondary School Chibok in Borno State, north-eastern Nigeria on 14 th April, 2014. Therefore, this paper using a qualitative method of data collection and analysis (relying on academic works and media reports); revealed that Boko Haram has abducted many women and girls in north-eastern Nigeria and has perpetrated numerous physical and psychological abuses against them in captivity. Despite inadequate government response to prevent attacks and protect victims, there have been few investigations and no prosecutions. And apart from the Chibok girls that escaped from Boko Haram camps, none of the other victims of abduction or other violations had received any government-supported mental health or medical care. Therefore the paper recommended adequate criminal justice, as well as government-supported medical, psychological and social initiatives to all the victims of rape in Nigeria.

Туристический брендинг в условиях кризисных явлений процесса глобализациии становления ЕАЭС

The article is devoted to a new economic and political entity — the Eurasian economic Union (EEU), becoming part of the "internal" tourism, in the context of the crisis of globalization and global tourism, associated with the increase in terrorist activity, chaos and instability in the world, including at popular tourist destinations. This process is one of the major challenges that has systemic consequences for the Russian tourism market in general. The article presents a topical subject and the strategic direction of the Eurasian tourism branding, the problems of formation within new political and economic conditions internal and Eurasian tourism market and its channels of communication to preserve and develop consumer standards set by the global tourism. As a condition of the tourist branding in the space of the EEU the mechanisms of sovereign ratings and brand protectionism are described. The considered processes have a direct impact on the Russian tourism market in the sphere of branding and marketing and require the scientific reflection and discussion.

International Food Regulations: Susceptibility to Deliberate Contamination

The perceived threat of biological weapons and biological warfare is growing. The increase in terrorist activity, coupled with the ease of development of biological weapons, is one of the main driving factors of this shift. Several factors support that idea that a deliberate contamination could potentially produce far more devastation than a natural outbreak. This paper analyzes part of the current structure of international food regulation to determine its susceptibility to a deliberate contamination. The analysis focuses on the affects food regulation organizations have on the ability of members to create and implement a security measure to address the threat of deliberate contamination. I have focused on two organizations: the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the World Trade Organization, specifically the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures. Sections 2 and 3 of this paper provide an overview of the Codex Alimentarius Commission and the Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures under the World Trade Organization. Section 4 lays out the hypothetical scenario in which we will analyze the issues throughout the paper. Sections 5 and 6 are the analysis of the issues that affect susceptibility to a deliberate contamination.

A Review on the Use of Polymeric Coatings for Retrofitting of Structural Elements against Blast Effects

An increase in terrorist activities, accidental explosions and the proliferation of weapons in recent years has made infrastructures across the globe more vulnerable to extreme impulsive loadings. Both in research and in practice, strengthening by the use of composite laminates such as fibre reinforced polymers (FRP) has been the most popular technique for strengthening structures facing the risk of blast loads. Alternatively, in recent years, researchers have been working towards the possibility of using elastomeric polymer coatings for structural retrofitting applications since they show the potential in enhancing blast and impact resistance of structural elements. However, the knowledge on this technique is still at its infancy considering that the related information on its application is very limited and tends to be scattered. This paper attempts to address the gap by providing a review on the current state of this novel technique in retrofitting structural elements against the explosive effects of blast. The discussions provided are mainly focussed on the application of this technique on masonry, steel and composite structures and systems, as well as on reinforced concrete (RC) panels. The areas in which more in-depth research is required, and where there exist a critical lack of knowledge, have also been highlighted.

Civil Liberties: The Line Dividing Environmental Protest and Ecoterrorists

Civil Liberties: The Line Dividing Environmental Protest and Ecoterrorists DeMond Shondell Miller, Jason David Rivera, and Joel C. Yelin With worldwide environmental degradation, environmental groups around the globe are seeking to exercise freely their right to protest and redress national and regional governments as well as multinational corporations. However, given the recent increase in terrorist activities, many countries are now seeking to create specific policies in an attempt to combat terrorism. For these policies to be effective, a transnational working definition of terrorism is needed to ensure which acts are clearly defined as terrorism and which are not. However, problems arise because many countries have become wary of any political opposition to the government, even a peaceful protest. Moreover, the definitions of terrorism are ambiguous and often do not accurately reflect the many different components of terrorism. This ambiguity has led to various interpretations of terrorism, which subsequently has led to a strain on civil liberties, most notably the ability to address one's government without being labeled a terrorist. This same ambiguity in definition has caused many environmental groups to be labeled as hostile by authorities and even by the terrorists themselves. Competing socially constructed definitions of the concept of terrorism can render it useless or charge it with multiple social and political meanings. The current literature on environmental terrorism and eco-terrorism defines these terms through a variety of perspectives. These include legal definitions interpreted by international governments and those defined within a historical context.1 Attempts to discern what does or does not constitute environmental terrorism by assigning acts to a distinct category have been undertaken. D. M. [End Page 109] Schwartz seeks to do this by devising a scheme that distinguishes which types of environmental damage can be labeled "terrorism" and which "environmental terrorism."2 In Schwartz's scheme, the main concerns are whether or not the destruction breaches national or international interests during times of war or peace, the specific type of destruction, and the definition of terrorism by the group acted upon.3 This type of classification system allows the person or group making such a determination to categorize specific activities by general type, such as deliberate or accidental in times of war and peace, but it ultimately recognizes that any labeling will depend on the definition of terrorism.4 In the absense of universal definitions, countries adopted their own in a rush after 9/11, resulting in a blurring of the line between acts of terrorism and acts of protest. Since no official policy exists, an opportunity arises to develop an effective international counterterrorism policy that does not sacrifice individual civil liberties. Although the term "environmental terrorism" focuses on risk to natural resources—that is, valuable resource areas such as bodies of water, agricultural areas, forest sites, mineral and petroleum resources, and ecologically diverse areas—the concept of environmental security has been overused to the point of dilution.5 Defining the Terms When introduced during the French Revolution, "terrorism" had a positive connotation in common usage. In fact, some argued that terror was good and served a functional purpose for the state.6 Maximilien Robespierre stated that "terror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue."7 However, world leaders of the twenty-first century do not view terror as a virtue, but rather a collective assault against the state, which it (the state) must summon all of its resources to defeat. It has been suggested that Colin Powell's declaration that America is "at war" against terrorism, a struggle which by its nature should involve patient secrecy and covert intelligence, positions terrorists in a win-win situation if they succeed in provoking an armed response while positioning the United States in the unenviable role of "trying to eradicate cancer cells with a blowtorch."8 Terrorism, as with other concepts of perception, is defined by individuals and governments with differing points of view; the rhetoric of war (as noted in the above quote) only adds to the confusion and limits the options available for [End...

Scaling issues related to modeling of railroad car damage I—Derailment, plastic deformation, rupture, and impact

The awareness and reaction to the vulnerability of transportation systems have stepped up significantly since the increase in terrorist activity over the last several years. Larger conveyance vehicles are especially susceptible to attack and have the potential for doing the most damage to people and surroundings in an accident of any type. Trains are the largest and most dangerous in this respect. This paper is the first of two having to do with issues connected with scaled-model testing of railroad cars in serious accidents. The present paper analyzes mechanical issues due to (1) the derailment itself, (2) plastic deformation of the railway cars, (3) rupture of the cars, and (4) initial impact. The premise of this paper is the fact that full-scale test of railroad cars are for the most part prohibitively expensive and the corresponding data are limited. Small-scale models of trains are preferable, but the dimensions cannot be resized without having many other physical parameters scaled as well. Sometimes the problems can be reduced easily; often they cannot. In this paper, insight to the four damage mechanisms listed above, and ways to scale them, are analyzed using the mathematical technique of dimensional analysis. Also identified are physical phenomena that do not lend themselves to easy rescaling.

Preliminary Thoughts Towards an International Convention on Terrorism

The first concerted efforts at international control of terrorism were engendered by the increase in terrorist activity following World War I. An early manifestation of this concern was series of meetings held under the auspices of the International Conference for the Unification of Penal Law in the late twenties and early thirties. These meetings, attended by delegations representing states and both intergovernmental and private international organizations, served to focus attention on the subject. As in earlier years, some extradition treaties were revised to exclude certain terrorist acts from the category of offenses, thereby making them extraditable.' The assassination at Marseilles on October 9, 1934, of King Alexander of Yugoslavia and Mr. Louis Barthou, Foreign Minister of the French Republic, led to request to the Council of the League of Nations for an enquiry into the circumstances.2 The Council passed resolution stating that the rules of international law concerning the repression of terrorist activity are not at present sufficiently precise to guarantee efficiently international co-operation in this matter, and decided to establish a Committee of experts to study this question with view to drawing up preliminary draft of an international convention to assure the repression of conspiracies or crimes committed with political and terrorist purpose. 3