Increase In Significant Wave Height Research Articles

Joint probability analysis and mapping of typhoon-induced wind, wave, and surge hazards along southeast China

The southeastern coastal region of China frequently faces typhoon attacks, posing significant threats to its ever-growing infrastructure. Quantifying multiple typhoon-induced hazards in terms of wind, wave, and surge would provide valuable data to support structural design, risk assessments, and disaster mitigation. This study simulated the evolution of wave and surge driven by typhoon wind fields using the SWAN + ADCIRC coupling model, generating extreme samples of wind speed, significant wave height, and surge height. Trivariate joint probability distributions were established at six typical coastal stations (Hong Kong, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Wenzhou, Zhoushan, and Shanghai) based on optimal copula functions. Using the environmental contour and conditional return period methods, appropriate combinations of design environmental loads were analyzed for a specific return period. The results revealed two reasonable combination types for the 100-year design period. One involves the combination of the 100-year dominant variable value computed using a univariate probability distribution, with two 20-year secondary variable values calculated using the second conditional return period. The second combination selects a variable group corresponding to the maximum value of the dominant variable on the environmental surface. These methods and findings were further extended to the entire computational area to develop hazard maps covering the Southeast Sea area of China. The hazard maps show that the design values of significant wave height increase with distance from the coast. In contrast, the spatial distribution of surge presents the opposite pattern. This study provides a novel perspective on structural design values subjected to multiple disasters and offers a reference for offshore engineering construction in the sea area of southeast China.

A comprehensive study on changes in coastal hydrodynamics associated with cyclonic activity

A Mediterranean cyclone is a weather phenomenon capable of producing extremely severe conditions, including heavy rainfall and strong winds. Between March 24 and 26, 2023, a cyclone passed along the western Egyptian Mediterranean coast, spanning three days. This paper aims to investigate the cyclone's impact on wave characteristics, focusing particularly on simulating changes in the energy transported from wind to waves during its passage, which constitutes the core objective of this study. The research methodology involved collecting meteorological and hydrodynamic data over five days from March 23 to 27, 2023, utilizing databases of the Bologna Limited Area Model (BOLAM) and the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO). This data, combined with field data for model calibration and validation, was analyzed using the Simulating the WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model packaged within the Delft 3D hydrodynamical model, integrated with other data manipulation tools. (SWAN) demonstrated the ability to simulate energy transport during extreme weather events along the coastal area with high resolution, up to 500 m. The results indicate a significant increase in significant wave height, reaching up to 2.5 m, and disturbances in wind direction, with velocities exceeding 10 m per second. These conditions pose risks to the infrastructure in some cities along the study area and have severe impacts on coastal communities. A notable finding from the simulations is the excess energy transport, which reached up to 12,000 watts per meter over the sea surface during the cyclone. Furthermore, calibration and validation results affirm the (SWAN) model's capability to accurately study wave characteristics.

Wave Modulation in a Strong Tidal Current and Its Impact on Extreme Waves

Abstract Accurate estimates of extreme waves are central for maritime activities, and stochastic wave models are the best option available for practical applications. However, the way currents influence the statistics of space–time extremes in spectral wave models has not been properly assessed. Here we demonstrate impacts of the wave modulation caused by one of the world’s strongest open ocean tidal currents, which reaches speeds of at least 3 m s−1. For a bimodal swell and wind sea state, we find that most intense interactions occur when the wind sea opposes the tidal current, with an increase in significant wave height and spectral steepness up to 45% and 167%, respectively. The steepness modulation strengthens the second-order Stokes contribution for the normalized extreme crests, which increases between 5% and 14% during opposing wind sea and current. The normalized extreme wave heights have a strong dependence on the narrow-bandedness parameter, which is sensitive to the variance distribution in the bimodal spectrum, and we find an increase up to 12% with currents opposing the wind sea. In another case of swell opposing a tidal jet, we find the spectral steepness to exceed the increase predicted by a simplified modulation model. We find support in single-point observations that using tidal currents as forcing in wave models improves the representation of the expected maximum waves, but that action must be taken to close the gap of measurements in strong currents. Significance Statement The purpose of this study is to investigate how a very strong tidal current affects the surface wave field, and how it changes the stochastic extreme waves formulated for a space–time domain. Our results suggest that the expected maximum waves become more realistic when tidal currents are added as forcing in wave models. Here, the expected extremes exceed traditional model estimates, i.e., without current forcing, by more than 10%. These differences have implications for maritime operations, both in terms of planning of marine structures and for navigational purposes. However, there is a significant lack of observations in environments with such strong currents, which are needed to further verify our results.

A high-resolution wave energy assessment of south-east Australia based on a 40-year hindcast

In this study, a third-generation ocean wave model (WAVEWATCH III; WW3) implemented on a high-resolution unstructured grid was developed to investigate wave energy in the south-east of Australia over the 40-year period from 1981 to 2020. The simulated wave power shows good agreement with values estimated from multiplatform satellite data. Thus, the modeled data were used to study statistics (mean conditions, seasonality, extremes, and long-term trends) of wave power in the domain, which show impacts of Southern Ocean swell and protection provided by the land mass of Tasmania. The results indicate increasing wave power trends, with the largest values in the southeastern part of the domain over the 40-year period. These positive trends are mainly a result of an increase in significant wave height rather than peak wave period. By utilizing the simulated wave properties, we estimated regional annual electric power at 14 coastal locations using 9 typical wave energy converters (WECs). To do so, we conducted a comprehensive analysis (seasonal variations, wave power roses, probability distributions, and bivariate probability distributions) at these locations. The results demonstrate that the western and southwestern coasts of the domain are promising generation sites but with large seasonal variability. The central and eastern coasts are protected by Tasmania, and exhibit more stable conditions but are far less energetic for electricity production. This study has critical implications for the region, which provides a benchmark for coastal WEC deployment.

Resolving regions known for intense wave–current interaction using spectral wave models: A case study in the energetic flow fields of Northern Norway

Oceanic current forcing in spectral wave models have recently been demonstrated to have a large impact on wave heights at scales between one and up to several hundred kilometers. Here we investigate the impact of such forcing on open-ocean wave heights in Northern Norway using a high-resolution spectral wave model with currents from an ocean circulation model of similar resolution. We find that the wave model, to a large extent, resolves regions identified in the Norwegian Pilot Guide for maritime navigation as having dangerous sea states due to wave–current interaction. This is in contrast to a wave model forced with surface wind fields only. We present a novel diagnostic method to map the spatio-temporal scales associated with the wave height modulation between the two wave model predictions. The method is employed to map areas where significant wave–current interaction can be expected. In many cases, we are also able to confirm the physical mechanisms reported in the Pilot Guide, which are leading to an increase in wave energy due to currents. The largest wave height differences between the two models occur when waves and currents are opposing each other. In such situations, refraction and wave blocking are the dominating effects for the swell and wind sea parts of the spectrum, respectively. Furthermore, including current forcing significantly improves the agreement with in situ observations in strong tidal currents. Here, we see an increase in significant wave height of up to 50%. Even larger relative differences, exceeding 100%, are found in sheltered areas, with one specific region showing a reduction in model errors of 18% due to refraction and advection of wave action.

Consolidating ICESat-2 Ocean Wave Characteristics with CryoSat-2 during the CRYO2ICE Campaign

Using the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite 2 (ICESat-2) global high-resolution elevation measurements, it is possible to distinguish individual surface ocean waves. With the vast majority of ocean surveying missions using radar satellites, ICESat-2 observations are an important addition to ocean surveys. ICESat-2 can also provide additional observations not possible with radar. In this paper, we consolidate the ICESat-2 ocean observations by comparing the significant wave height (SWH) with coincident CryoSat-2 radar observations during the CRYO2ICE campaign from August 2020 to August 2021. We use 136 orbit segments, constrained to the Pacific and Atlantic oceans as well as the Bering Sea, to compare observations to show the level of agreement between these systems. Three models based on ICESat-2 are used in the comparison: the standard ocean data output (ATL12), a method of modeling the individual surface waves using the geolocated photons and, functioning as a baseline, an approach using the standard deviation of the ocean surface. We find the following correlations between the SWHs from the models and the SWHs from CryoSat-2: 0.97 for ATL12, 0.95 for the observed waves model, and 0.97 for the standard deviation model. In the same comparison, we find mean differences relative to the observed SWHs for each model, as well as errors, which increase as the SWH increases. The SWH observed from ICESat-2 is found to agree with observations from CryoSat-2, with limitations due to changes in the sea state between the satellite observations. Observing the individual surface waves from ICESat-2 can therefore provide additional observed properties of the sea state that can be used alongside other global observations.

Anti-Roll Characteristics of Marine Gyrostabilizer Based on Adaptive Control and Hydrodynamic Simulation

The gyrostabilizer produces the anti-roll effect through the precession output moment generated by a high-speed rotating flywheel. As a floating-base multi-body system composed of ship and gyrostabilizer, the recent research that has only focused on the control strategies or multi-body dynamics is obviously not comprehensive. This study presents an adaptive controller based on the variable gain control strategy for a marine gyrostabilizer installed on a port salvage tug. The variable gain control strategy controlled the flywheel precession output moment of the gyrostabilizer and thereby of the precession process, to reduce the ship roll motion effectively. Furthermore, a full-system hydrodynamic model of a gyrostabilizer-ship-wave based on three-dimensional numerical wave flume technology was innovatively established to evaluate its anti-roll performance under irregular wave conditions. The simulation results show that, for the sea state considered, the increase of spin rate of gyrostabilizer flywheel improved the anti-roll effect significantly. The average anti-roll rate of the gyrostabilizer decreased with the increase of significant wave height, wave period and wave encounter angle.

Response of extreme significant wave height to climate change in the South China Sea and northern Indian Ocean

Abstract The frequency of extreme wave events is increasing with climate change. The temporal and spatial variations of extreme wave height affect both human livelihood and the usage of ocean resources. The South China Sea and northern Indian Ocean both support coastal communities of high population density, with varied terrain structures and extreme wind and wave systems. This study focuses on the temporal and spatial variations of the extreme significant wave height in the South China Sea and northern Indian Ocean. Using nonstationary generalized extreme value analysis, trends for a 100-year return period of significant wave height were obtained for both. The most rapid increase in the 100-year return was found to be 0.015 m yr-1 in the northern South China Sea and in the Arabian Sea; however, the 100-year return significant wave height fell in the mouth of the Bay of Bengal. After analyzing the possible causes and influence factors, we found that the increase in significant wave height in the northern South China Sea was dominated by local wind-waves and similarly, the Arabian Sea was affected by swell. The NINO3.4 index shows good correlation with the significant wave height in the northern South China Sea because typhoons are related to NINO3.4 in this area. The trends of the extreme wave height in the Arabian Sea and southern Bay of Bengal have good correlations with the South Asian summer monsoon index.

Study of the influence of cempaka tropical cyclone on the height of sea waves in the South Java sea using the Delft 3D application

Tropical cyclone Cempaka entered South Java sea from 25th November 2017 until 27th November 2017 and caused strong winds and high waves. Delft 3D Modeling Simulation was used to investigate the effect of tropical cyclone Cempaka development on sea level rise in coastal areas and high waves in the South Java sea. The FNL wind data with a resolution of 0.25° × 0.25 ° and GEBCO bathymetry data with a grid resolution of 30 seconds was used as input to the Delft 3D model. The results of the study showed that there was an increase of significant wave height during the tropical cyclone Cempaka period with significant wave values from 1 to 3.5 meters on 27th November 2017. While for the value of sea level height in the coastal area showed results there was an increase during cyclone Cempaka period with anomalies values to 0.4. However, at the center of the cyclone had a low anomaly value that reached -0.2. From the results of the correlation test and RMSE test on sea level Delft 3D output obtained a correlation value of 0.85 and error 0.43 in the Sadeng, Yogyakarta. while the correlation test and RMSE test for the significant wave height parameter obtained a correlation value -0.198 and error value 0.168.

Analysis and Prediction of Significant Wave Height in the Beibu Gulf, South China Sea

AbstractA series of 40‐year significant wave height (SWH) data were extracted from the ERA‐Interim data set of the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), for the Beibu Gulf and its adjacent waters in the South China Sea from 1979 to 2018. After that, data were first aggregated to annual and monthly average data. Through the analysis, the annual SWH had grown since 1984, reached a significant level in 1995, and reached a maximum 1.068 m in 2011. The monthly SWH values between April and September were lower than those of other months. Additionally, the corresponding analysis on wind speed data demonstrated that variation in wind speed was consistent with SWH from 1979 to 2018, but the overall trend of SWH increased while wind speed decreased. The decrease of wind speed could be attributed to the weakening of the East Asian monsoon, and the westward swell induced by the gales that occurred in the northeast of the South China Sea resulted in the increase of SWH in the study area. Finally, a multiple sine function decomposition neural network (MSFDNN) was employed to forecast monthly SWH over the next 10 years. The predicted results revealed that the MSFDNN was well‐performing for forecasting monthly SWH.

Wave Energy Assessment in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea Based on a 40-Year Hindcast

A wave hindcast, covering the period of 1979–2018, was preformed to assess wave energy potential in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. The hindcase was carried out using the third generation wave model TOMAWAC with high spatio-temporal resolution (about 1 km and on an hourly basis). Results show that the mean values of significant wave height increase from north to south, and the maximum values are located at the south part of the Yellow Sea with amplitude within 1.6 m. The magnitudes of significant wave height values vary significantly within seasons; they are at a maximum in winter. The wave energy potential was represented by distributions of the wave power flux. The largest values appear in the southeast part of the numerical domain with wave power flux values of 8 kW/m. The wave power flux values are less than 2 kW/m in the Bohai Sea and nearshore areas of the Yellow Sea. The seasonal mean wave power flux was found up to 8 kW/m in the winter and autumn. To investigate the exploitable wave energy, a wave energy event was defined based on the significant wave height (Hs) threshold values of 0.5 m. The wave energy in south part of the Yellow Sea is more steady and intensive than in the other areas. Wave energy in winter is more suitable for harvesting wave energy. Long-term trends of wave power availability suggest that the values of wave power slightly decreased in the 1990s, whereas they have been increasing since 2006.

Air‐Sea Heat and Momentum Fluxes in the Southern Ocean

AbstractThe Clouds, Aerosols, Precipitation, Radiation, and atmospherIc Composition Over the southeRn oceaN (CAPRICORN) experiment was carried out in March–April 2016 onboard R/V Investigator studying momentum (τ), sensible heat (Hs), and latent heat (Hl) fluxes over the Australian sector of the Southern Ocean including over one cyclonic cold‐core and one anticyclonic warm‐core mesoscale oceanic eddy. The turbulence‐based flux measurements obtained with the NOAA PSD flux system employing eddy covariance (EC) and inertial dissipation (ID) methods are compared with those obtained by the Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) 3.5 bulk model, and the neutral transfer coefficients are studied. The relative uncertainty between the turbulence‐based and COARE 3.5 estimates of τ, Hs, and Hl are 22%, 70%, and 26%, respectively, at 1‐hr time scale over the Southern Ocean. Further, the variability in bulk fluxes is investigated with respect to oceanic eddies, precipitation events, atmospheric stability, and extratropical cyclones encountered during the voyage. The main observed variability is an increase in significant wave height or γw (∼33%), τ (∼89%), Hs (∼187%), and Hl (∼79%) over the warm eddy as compared to average voyage values. During the passage of six extratropical cyclones, an increase in τ (∼62% average) and a decrease in Hs (∼235%) and Hl (∼79%) is noted in the warm sector, compared to prestorm conditions, but the pattern reverses behind the cold front.

INCREASE OF WAVE HEIGHT DUE TO TRANSITION IN WIND DIRECTION – EXAMPLE: RIJEKA BAY

Surface wind wave dynamics were analyzed during wind transition from the third to the fourth quadrant, with the transition from Sirocco to Libeccio used as an example. This research is focused on the deepwater area in front of the Rijeka port. The analyses utilized a numerical model for wave generation, covering the entire Adriatic basin. Numerical simulations were conducted for relevant situations during the period 1998-2001. The numerical model was forced by the wind field obtained from the Aladin-HR atmospheric model. Numerical simulations were conducted in two steps, initially using hypothetical scenarios with homogenous and stationary wind fields, followed by simulations based on nonstationary wind fields from the Aladin-HR atmospheric model. The first step was used to confirm the hypothesis that significant wave heights rise during the transition of wind direction in the analyzed area. Model simulations in step two verified the assumption that the observed phenomenon can also occur in real atmospheric conditions.The results of the model simulations indicate the onset of a significant wave height increase during the transition of wind direction from the SSE to SW in a wider area that includes Kvarner and Rijeka bay. The increase in wind velocity results in a more noticeable significant wave height maximum.

Assessment of Dredging/Dumping Scenarios for Figueira da Foz Coastal Region (W Portugal)

Fernandez-Fernandez, S.; Silva, P.A.; Ferreira, C.; Ribeiro, A.S.; Abreu, T.; Romao, S.; Baptista, P.; Fontan-Bouzas, A.; Dias, J.M..; Coelho, C., and Bernardes, C. 2018. Assessment of Dredging/Dumping Scenarios for Figueira da Foz Coastal Region (W Portugal). In: Shim, J.-S.; Chun, I., and Lim, H.S. (eds.), Proceedings from the International Coastal Symposium (ICS) 2018 (Busan, Republic of Korea). Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 85, pp. 1266–1270. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Figueira da Foz coastal region (W Portugal), that comprises sandy beaches and the Mondego estuary-inlet, is exposed to the high energetic wave climate of the North Atlantic Ocean, which induces important local morphological changes. These changes entail shoaling problems as the formation of a submerse sandbar at the inlet which can block navigation towards local harbor. Therefore, coastal dredging is a non-structural temporal solution for this problem. Nevertheless, dredging activities have an impact on local hydrodynamic processes that should be known beforehand. The aim of this study is to clarify this issue using modeling tools dedicated to help stakeholders in decision making process. For that purpose, Delft3D-WAVE module propagates the most representative regional wave conditions under four dredging scenarios including the respective dump areas. Additionally, Delft3D-FLOW module simulates tidal flows along spring and neap tides. The hydrodynamic parameters, significant wave height, orbital velocity, wave-induced currents, tidal current velocity and total sediment transport are analyzed in comparison with numerical solutions obtained in reference scenario (no dredging and no dumping). The results highlight changes in these hydrodynamic parameters in dredging and dumping areas as well as in surrounded areas. Different scenarios draw a similar change pattern for different parameters, namely a reduction of flow velocity intensity within dredged areas and their increase in adjacent areas. Furthermore, hydrodynamic alterations intensify in response to the increase in significant wave height and wave direction considered. These findings are the basis for understanding the influence of dredging and dumping operations on the hydrodynamic of this coast.

Wave spectral shapes in the coastal waters based on measured data off Karwar on the western coast of India

Abstract. An understanding of the wave spectral shapes is of primary importance for the design of marine facilities. In this paper, the wave spectra collected from January 2011 to December 2015 in the coastal waters of the eastern Arabian Sea using the moored directional waverider buoy are examined to determine the temporal variations in the wave spectral shape. Over an annual cycle for 31.15 % of the time, the peak frequency is between 0.08 and 0.10 Hz; the significant wave height is also relatively high (∼ 1.55 m) for waves in this class. The slope of the high-frequency tail of the monthly average wave spectra is high during the Indian summer monsoon period (June–September) compared to other months, and it increases with an increase in significant wave height. There is not much interannual variation in the slope for swell-dominated spectra during the monsoon, while in the non-monsoon period when wind-seas have a high level of influence, the slope varies significantly. Since the exponent of the high-frequency part of the wave spectrum is within the range of −4 to −3 during the monsoon period, the Donelan spectrum shows a better fit for the high-frequency part of the wave spectra in monsoon months compared to other months.

Superimposed wind-waves in the Red Sea

The waves in the Red Sea are associated with the prevailing wind systems, frequently in combination with regional and local wind conditions. Measured waves from a buoy located in the central Red Sea show the presence of multi-directional waves; those propagated from distant areas in the northern Red Sea as well as those generated locally within the central Red Sea. On a diurnal cycle, superimposition occurs that leads to an increase in significant wave height and decrease in mean wave period. Monthly features of superimposed waves have been analysed based on a correlation analysis. The analysis has been further extended to the entire Red Sea by implementing a third generation spectral wave model, WAVEWATCH III. Monthly and spatial variability of the superimposed and non-superimposed have been discussed. The waves at 58% area of the Red Sea are dominated by unidirectional waves, while the 28% area is dominated by superimposed waves and 14% area has nearly the same contribution of two wave systems.

Assessment of wave and solar energy potential along Western coast of India

Renewable energy is the need of the day to address energy crisis in the world. Renewable energy share in India is nearly 14% of the total installed capacity. Ocean energy does not contribute to this share at all. With a long coast line ocean energy has enormous potential of electricity generation in India especially for remote coastal areas which are still deprived of electricity. Although India is blessed with large amount of solar power, but during south west monsoon months, western coast of India experiences rainy season for around three to four months i.e. from June to September. Wave energy potential increases during monsoon months, which is evident from considerable increase in significant wave height and mean wave period. A hybrid arrangement with wave energy and solar energy generation using stand alone micro-grids can solve the problem of energy deficit and can also supply households of remote coastal areas of India that have no electricity.

An investigation on low frequency fatigue damage of mooring lines applied in a semi-submersible platform

Assessing the fatigue life of mooring systems is important for deep water structures. In this paper, a comprehensive fatigue analysis is conducted on the mooring lines applied in a semi-submersible platform with special focus on the low frequency (LF) fatigue damage. Several influential factors, including water depth, wave spectral parameters, and riser system, are considered. Numerical simulation of a semi-submersible platform with the mooring/riser system is executed under different conditions, and the fatigue damage of mooring lines is assessed by using the time domain analysis method as a benchmark. The effects of these factors on the mooring line tension and the fatigue damage are investigated and discussed in detail. Research results indicate that the LF fatigue damage only accounts for a very small portion of the total damage, although the LF components dominate the global motion response and the mooring line tension of the semi-submersible platform. However, it is demonstrated that the LF fatigue damage is clearly affected by the influential factors. The increase in water depth and spectral peak periods, and the existence of risers can weaken the contribution of the LF components to the mooring line fatigue damage, while the fatigue damage due to the LF components increases with the increase of significant wave height.

The seasonal variations in the significant wave height and sea surface wind speed of the China’s seas

Long-term variations in a sea surface wind speed (WS) and a significant wave height (SWH) are associated with the global climate change, the prevention and mitigation of natural disasters, and an ocean resource exploitation, and other activities. The seasonal characteristics of the long-term trends in China’s seas WS and SWH are determined based on 24 a (1988–2011) cross-calibrated, multi-platform (CCMP) wind data and 24 a hindcast wave data obtained with the WAVEWATCH-III (WW3) wave model forced by CCMP wind data. The results show the following. (1) For the past 24 a, the China’s WS and SWH exhibit a significant increasing trend as a whole, of 3.38 cm/(s·a) in the WS, 1.3 cm/a in the SWH. (2) As a whole, the increasing trend of the China’s seas WS and SWH is strongest in March-April-May (MAM) and December-January-February (DJF), followed by June-July-August (JJA), and smallest in September-October-November (SON). (3) The areal extent of significant increases in the WS was largest in MAM, while the area decreased in JJA and DJF; the smallest area was apparent in SON. In contrast to the WS, almost all of China’s seas exhibited a significant increase in SWH in MAM and DJF; the range was slightly smaller in JJA and SON. The WS and SWH in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, East China Sea, the Tsushima Strait, the Taiwan Strait, the northern South China Sea, the Beibu Gulf, and the Gulf of Thailand exhibited a significant increase in all seasons. (4) The variations in China’s seas SWH and WS depended on the season. The areas with a strong increase usually appeared in DJF.

동해 외해역 해양 기상 특성 및 풍랑특보와 부이 관측 자료 비교 (2006-2013년)

Marine meterological characteristics off the coast in the East Sea between 2006 and 2013 were investigated by comparing the high wind-wave alert and moored-measured significant wave high. Monthly and yearly variations of the high wind-wave alert duration off the coast in the central part of the East Sea are correlated with those of the significant wave height measurement with their minima in June and 2008 and maxima in December and 2012. Both the high wind-wave alert duration and significant wave height increase remarkably during 2010-2013 when compared with during 2006-2009. The remarkable increase, occurring dominantly in December, seems to be related with Arctic oscillation variability. However, the comparisons reveal that only about a half of high wind-wave alerts satisfy the criteria for issuing the high wind-wave alert. To issue the high wind-wave alert, the wind speed at the sea should exceed 14 m/s or the significant wave height should be higher than 3 m. The high wind-wave alerts unsatisfying the significant wave height criteria are issued mainly during spring and summer. These results imply that additional surface buoy moorings in the open basin of the East Sea are necessary for more accurate issue of the high wind-wave alert.