Increase In Serum Urea Concentrations Research Articles

Combine colorants of tartrazine and erythrosine induce kidney injury: involvement of TNF-α gene, caspase-9 and KIM-1 gene expression and kidney functions indices

Twenty-five male Wistar rats (140–170 g) were partitioned into 5 groups (n = 5). 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg of combine Tartrazine and Erythrosine (T+E; 50:50) were administered for 23 days. Serum urea and creatinine, gene expression and profiling of pro-inflammatory cytokine (Tumor Necrosis Factor- α gene), Caspase-9 and Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and histomorphological examination of the kidney were investigated. The fold change of relative gene expression of TNF-α gene showed significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulation in all the treated rats except for the 10 mg/kg T+E treated rats when compared to control rats. Casp-9 and KIM-1 genes were significantly (p < 0.05) up-regulated in low dose treatment (2.5 mg/kg T+E and 5 mg/kg T+E) and down-regulated in high dose treatment (10 mg/kg T+E and 20 mg/kg T+E). However, there was significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum urea concentration in the rats treated with 5 mg/kg T+E and 20 mg/kg T+E while the rats treated with 10 mg/kg T+E indicated a significant (p < 0.05) decrease. Conversely, serum creatinine concentration indicated significant (p < 0.05) increase in10mg/kg T+E and 20 mg/kg T+E treated rats versus the control. From the histomorphological examination of the kidney, there was hypertrophy of the glomeruli in relation to the size of Bowman’s capsule in the 10 mg/kg T+E and 20 mg/kg T+E treated rats. Kidney function was impaired as evident in up-regulation of TNF-α gene, KIM-1 gene, and serum urea and creatinine concentration with down-regulation of Casp-9 gene. The combined treatment also tampers with the architecture of the kidney.

Haematological and serum biochemical profiles of buffalo heifers as influenced by levamisole

Serum was separated from blood samples of six healthy buffalo heifers (1–1.5 years) on day 0 (control) and after 1, 7 and 14 days of levamisole (15 mg/kg body weight) administered orally. Significant differences were observed among monocytes, ESR (1 h) and of percentage PCV (Packed Cell Volume) after 1 and 7 days of levamisole administration. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were significantly different. Significant changes were observed among total serum protein, albumin and globulin concentrations after 1 and 7 days of levamisole administration. A significant increase in serum urea concentration was observed on day 14 of the experiment.

Effects of acepromazine on capture stress in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).

The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of a short-acting neuroleptic (acepromazine) on capture stress response in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Sixteen roe deer were captured by drive-nets in the winters of 1998, 1999, and 2001. Roe deer were divided into two groups: animals in the treatment group received an intramuscular injection of acepromazine (0.093 mg/kg +/- 0.003 SEM; n = 8) while animals in the control group (n = 8) did not receive tranquilizer. Heart rate and body temperature, as well as hematologic and biochemical indicators of stress, were used to evaluate effect of the neuroleptic over 3 hr. Heart rate decreased over time after capture in both groups (P < 0.05), but stabilized sooner in the treated roe deer (75 min after capture) than in the controls (105 min after capture). Body temperature decreased over 45 min and then stabilized in both groups (P < 0.05). Comparisons of blood parameters revealed significantly lower red blood cell count (RBC), lymphocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, packed cell volume (PCV), and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in tranquilized animals compared with controls (at least P < 0.05). A reduction in PCV, lymphocyte count, and serum cortisol concentrations (at least P < 0.05) and an increase in serum creatinine levels (P < 0.05) were recorded over time in control animals, while a reduction in RBC and hemoglobin concentration (at least P < 0.05) and an increase in serum urea concentrations (P < 0.05) over time were observed in the treated group. Finally, a decrease in serum lactate and potassium levels and an increase in CK, AST, ALT, and LDH activities were recorded over time in both groups. Results obtained showed the suitability of using acepromazine in capture operations in order to reduce stress response and prevent its adverse effects in roe deer. The beneficial effect was not only due to the sedative effect of acepromazine, but also to peripheral vasodilatation.

Effect of cisplatin on mitochondrial protein, glutathione, and succinate dehydrogenase in Dalton lymphoma-bearing mice.

Cisplatin treatment of tumor-bearing mice resulted a significant decrease of protein in the tissues studied (liver, kidney, and Dalton lymphoma) and also in their mitochondrial fractions. As compared to respective tissues, the protein decrease was noted to be more conspicuous in their mitochondrial fractions. Similarly, mitochondrial glutathione also decreased significantly in the tissues. However, succinate dehydrogenase activity was selectively decreased in the kidney and Dalton lymphoma cells, whereas in liver it remained almost unchanged. An increase in serum urea concentration and kidney mitochondrial lipid peroxidation was also observed after cisplatin treatment. It is suggested that the cisplatin-induced biochemical changes in mitochondria involving mitochondrial protein, glutathione, and succinate dehydrogenase could be the important potent cellular sites contributing to toxicity/cytotoxicity after cisplatin treatment.

Effect of Chronic Therapy with Proteolytic Enzymes on Hypertension-Induced Renal Injury in the Rat Model of Goldblatt Hypertension

This study investigated the possible beneficial effect of intraperitoneal proteolytic enzyme administration on the development of hypertension-induced renal injury in the rat model of 2-kidney 1-clip (2K1C) Goldblatt hypertension. Male Wistar rats (120–150 g) underwent either sham surgery (control, n = 5) or clipping of the left renal artery. From day one 2K1C rats were randomized into 2 groups, placebo treatment (n = 7), and proteolytic enzyme treatment (n = 9). To the verum group a fixed mixture of trypsin (2.42 mg), bromelain (4.54 mg), and rutin (5.04 mg) dissolved in 2 ml of sterile 0.9% NaCl was administered intraperitoneally daily, while the placebo group received only vehicle. Rats were pair-fed. The duration of the study was 7 weeks. All 2K1C rats developed hypertension and the mean values of systolic blood pressure (SBP) did not differ significantly between the groups at any time recorded (SBP at sacrifice: controls 122.0 ± 8.5 mm Hg; placebo 191.4 ± 7.6 mm Hg; enzyme 180.5 ± 6.5 mm Hg). Enzyme treatment prevented the rise in proteinuria (controls 12.4 ± 2.6 mg/24 h; placebo 19.7 ± 3.9 mg/24 h; enzyme 12.2 ± 1.3 mg/24 h; p < 0.05) and ameliorated the increase in serum urea concentrations. Histomorphologically, signs of malignant nephrosclerosis were not found in control rats, while they were present in 4/7 (57%) of placebo-treated rats, but only in 1/9 (11%) of the enzyme-treated group. The volume fraction of renocortical interstitium was increased in both 2K1C groups in comparison with controls; however, enzyme treatment decreased the accumulation of interstitial tissue significantly (–22%) compared to placebo treatment. Cellular infiltration with mononuclear cells was also lower in the protease-treated group. To summarize, in the rat model of 2K1C hypertension, systemic treatment with proteases ameliorates the severity of nephrosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the non-clipped kidney, as well as proteinuria, without affecting high blood pressure.

The effect of thyroxine or carbimazole treatment on gentamicin nephrotoxicity in rats.

1. This study examines the effect of treating rats with gentamicin (80 mg kg-1 day-1 intramuscularly (i.m.), for 6 days) alone or with either L-thyroxine or the anti-thyroid drug carbimazole. 2. Gentamicin produced significant increases in serum creatinine and urea concentrations, and significantly reduced the activity of Na+,K+ATPase in renal cortex. The concentration of serum triiodothyronine (T3) was unaffected by graded doses (20, 40 and 80 mg kg-1) of the antibiotic. Histopathologically, gentamicin produced necrosis of proximal tubules in the renal cortical tissues of treated rats. 3. Treatment of rats with either L-thyroxine or carbimazole alone did not significantly affect any of the biochemical variables investigated. Carbimazole alone produced only mild tubular necrosis. 4. Treatment of rats with either L-thyroxine (100 micrograms kg-1 day-1, subcutaneously) for 10 days, and gentamicin (80 mg kg-1, i.m. daily during the last 6 days of treatment significantly reduced the gentamicin-induced increases in serum creatinine and urea concentrations, and increased the activity of cortical N+,K+ATPase to control levels. Histopathologically, the severity of gentamicin-induced tubular necrosis was reduced by L-thyroxine treatment. 5. Carbimazole (12 mg ml-1 in drinking water for 21 days) and gentamicin (80 mg kg-1 i.m.) daily during the last 6 days of treatment, stimulated the increase in serum urea concentration produced by gentamicin, but did not significantly affect the gentamicin-induced changes in serum creatinine or cortical N+,K+ATPase.