Increase In Reducing Activity Research Articles

Antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral effects of the combination of ginger and garlic extracts.

Garlic and ginger are well known as safe alternatives to traditional therapies. Limited information exists regarding antioxidant, antibacterial and antiviral capabilities of the combination of ginger and garlic. Standard methodologies were employed to determine the phytochemical compositions. Antioxidant activities were evaluated through DPPH and FRAP assays. Notably, in DPPH assay, combination of ginger and garlic extracts displayed significantly higher (85.44%, p < 0.005) antioxidant activity even at lower concentrations (6 mg/ml) compared to ginger and garlic extracts alone. Similar findings were observed for FRAP assay. At low concentration of extracts (25 µg/ml), combination of ginger and garlic exhibited significant (p < 0.005) increase in reducing activity (51%) compared to ginger or garlic extracts alone. Significant antibacterial and antiviral activities were exhibited by the combination of both ginger and garlic extracts as compared to ginger and garlic extracts alone. The combined effect of garlic and ginger exhibited a synergistic effect in bacterial and viral growth inhibition. These findings suggest that the diverse phytochemical compositions of the ginger and garlic varieties contribute to their strong antioxidant properties, potentially positioning them as valuable therapeutics for bacterial and viral infections. Further analysis will be required for their widespread utilization and pharmaceutical applications.

INTERACTION OF THIOUREA DIOXIDE WITH n-BUTYLAMINE

The influence of n-butylamine on the stability and reducing activity of thiourea dioxide (TDO, aminoiminomethanesulfinic acid, formamidinesulfinic acid) in the reaction with azo dye Orange II has been studied. The addition of an excess of n-butylamine leads to the increase in reducing activity of thiourea dioxide in the reaction with the azo dye Orange II in strongly alkaline solutions, whereas the stability of thiourea dioxide decreases under these conditions. It has been shown that with an excess of n-butylamine, N,N'-di-n-butylthiourea dioxide is formed. N-n-butylthiourea dioxide was synthesized and isolated in the solid state as a product of the reaction of thiourea dioxide with n-butylamine in an acidic medium (pH 5) at a molar ratio of reagents 1:1. This compound was characterized by IR, 1Н and 13С NMR spectroscopy. N-n-butylthiourea dioxide has a higher solubility in water than the thiourea dioxide, but lower reducing activity in the reaction with azo dye Orange II in the range of pH 6.9–11.8. The formation of active reducing agent sulfoxylate in course of TDO decomposition leads to its high reducing activity in alkaline aqueous solutions. It has been shown that the rates of decomposition of the studied compounds increase with increasing pH. It has been established that N-n-butylthiourea dioxide is more stable in alkaline media than thiourea dioxide. Based on the previous data and data obtained in this work the following sequence of reducing activity of thioureas dioxides in strongly alkaline media was proposed: N,N'-dialkylthiourea dioxides &gt; thiourea dioxide &gt; N-alkylthiourea dioxides. The stability of thiourea dioxides in strongly alkaline aqueous solutions increases in reverse order.

INFLUENCE OF L-CYSTEINE AND N-ACETYL-L-CYSTEINE ON REDUCING ACTIVITY OF THIOUREA DIOXIDE IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The influence of L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine on the stability and reducing activity of thiourea dioxide (NH2)2CSO2 (TDO) in the reaction with azo dye Orange II has been studied. The addition of L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine leads to the increase in reducing activity of TDO in weakly acidic, neutral and weakly alkaline solutions, but does not influence its reducing activity in strongly alkaline solutions. In alkaline solutions, the rate of reduction of Orange II is increasing, but the influence of additives of thiol acids is decreasing. The activating effect of N-ace-tyl-L-cysteine is weaker than the effect of L-cysteine, that can be explained by the differences of pKa of these acids. Indeed, the reducing activity of thiols depends on the concentration of thiolate-ions in solutions. Since pKa of cysteine (8.30) is significantly less than pKa of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (9.52), concentration of thiolate-ions in cysteine solutions is higher. Therefore, reducing activity of L-cysteine is higher. The influence of L-cysteine and N-acetyl-L-cysteine on the reaction of TDO with Orange II is different from the influence of aminoacid glycine: in neutral solutions glycine decreases the rate of reaction. The interaction of TDO with L-cysteine in weakly acidic, neutral and weakly alkaline solutions is accompanied by the oxidation of L-cysteine to cysteinesulfenic acid and reduction of TDO to thiourea monoxide (NH2)2CSO. Then cysteinesulfenic acid reacts with L-cysteine with formation of cystine. The reaction studied here is the first example of reduction of TDO by sulfur-containing compounds.

Effect of Lactobacillus casei 114001 Probiotic on Bioactivity of Rutin

Male Wistar rats were maintained for 2 weeks on a semisynthetic ration with 0.4% rutin or on the same ration with 0.4% rutin and Lactobacillus casei 11,4001 suspension in physiological saline in a dose of 2 x 10⁹ CFU per rat. Addition of Lactobacillus casei 114001 potentiated biological activity of rutin. Its antioxidant efficiency increased due to more pronounced increase in antioxidant capacity of the plasma, decrease in plasma content of LPO products, and more pronounced increase in reducing activity and antioxidant capacity of the cytosol of the liver and intestinal mucosa. The probiotic sharply increased the capacity of rutin to suppress pro carcinogenic activity of bacterial β-glucuronidase.

Electron-transfer at alumina surfaces: 4. Reduction of iodine

The reduction of iodine to iodide ion occurs readily on the surface of partially dehydrated catalytic aluminas and silica-aluminas. An increase in the alumina content of the latter results in an increase in reducing activity. Replacement of the hydroxyl ion on the alumina surface by the fluoride ion decreases the reducing power. Two different surface sites are responsible for the reducing properties. For alumina samples dehydrated at low temperatures (<400 °C) the reducing site appears to be the hydroxyl ion, whereas at higher activation temperatures a defect site involving oxide ions probably acts as the electron donor. These findings concur with those reported from an earlier study of the reduction of tetracyanoethylene on the alumina surface.