Increase In Plasma Lactate Dehydrogenase Research Articles

Barium chloride dose-dependently induced heart and lung injury in Wistar rats.

Barium (Ba) is one of the environmental pollutant metals that incite deleterious effects on human health. The present study investigated the effects of exposure to different doses of barium chloride (BaCl2 ) on heart and lung of Wistar rats. Rats were exposed to BaCl2 at 150, 300, and 600 mg/L for seven consecutive days. Results indicated that exposure to Ba caused heart and lung damage evidenced by significant increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase activities, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, while high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level decreased when compared with control. Moreover, BaCl2 significantly decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and acetylcholinesterase activities as well as glutathione level in heart and lung of the treated rats. Furthermore, the dose-dependent increase in cardiac and lung lipid peroxidation, advanced oxidative protein product and nitric oxide levels were accompanied by marked increase in metallothionein in the BaCl2 -treated rats. Administration of BaCl2 altered hematological parameters and significantly increased concentrations of interleukin-6 in the treated rats. Histology analysis showed significant alteration in the heart and lung tissues of Ba-treated rats. In conclusion, BaCl2 -induced heart and lung damages via disruption of antioxidant defense systems, and activation of inflammatory mediators and alteration in hematological parameters in rats.

Cardiotoxicity and myocardial infarction-associated DNA damage induced by thiamethoxam in vitro and in vivo: Protective role of Trigonella foenum-graecum seed-derived polysaccharide.

The risk of pesticides on the human health and environment has drawn increasing attention. Today, new tools are developed to reduce pesticide adverse effects. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicity induced by, thiamethoxam (TMX), and the cytoprotective effect of a novel polysaccharide, named fenugreek seed water polysaccharide (FWEP) in vitro using H9c2 cardiomyoblastes and in vivo using Wistar rat model. Animals were assigned into four groups per eight rats each: group 1 served as a control group, group 2 received TMX, group 3, and group 4 received both FWEP and TMX tested at two doses (100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively). Regarding the in vitro study, our results demonstrated that TMX induced a decrease in H9c2 cell viability up to 70% with the highest concentration. In vivo, TMX injection induced marked heart damage noted by a significant increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase, troponin-T, aspartate amino transferase activities, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels. Concomitant alterations in cardiac antioxidant defense system revealed depletion in the levels of glutathione and non-protein thiol and an increase in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Similarly, a significant increase in heart lipid, malondialdehyde, advanced oxidation protein product and in protein carbonyls levels was also noted. In addition, heart tissues histo-architecture displayed major presence of apoptosis and necrosis as confirmed by DNA degradation. However, supplementation with FWEP alleviated heart oxidative damage and genotoxicity. In this manner, ABTS radical-scavenging activity, linoleic acid oxidation tests and heart genomic and DNA nicking assay had proved FWEP strong antioxidant potential. In conclusion, FWEP provided significant protection against TMX-induced heart injury, and could be a useful and efficient agent against cardiotoxicity and atherosclerosis.

Cardiovascular Responses to Bothrops alternatus (Urutu) Snake Venom in Anesthetized Dogs

The cardiovascular responses to Bothrops alternatus snake venom in anesthetized dogs were investigated. Venom (0.3mg/kg, i.v.) markedly decreased arterial blood pressure, coronary perfusion pressure, and cardiac output (CO) after 5min, with progressive recovery of the first two parameters to pre-venom levels after 3h; CO showed little recovery. There was an abrupt, sustained decrease in left and right ventricular systolic work and stroke volume but no significant changes in heart rate, electrocardiogram, and pulmonary hemodynamics; systemic vascular resistance increased from 1h onwards. A venom dose of 1mg/kg produced more pronounced cardiovascular alterations, with a progressive decrease to death. There were no significant changes in blood gas (pO(2), pCO(2), HCO(3), SBC, and SBE) and metabolic (pH, lactate, glucose, creatine kinase activity, Na(+), and K(+)) parameters, although there was a transitory increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase 2min after the lower venom dose. There were no cardiac histological alterations, but microaneurysms and epithelial desquamation were seen in renal tubules. Circulating venom concentrations (determined by ELISA) decreased rapidly after administration, but venom was still detectable after 4h. These results show that in dogs, B. alternatus venom produces marked hypotension and a direct cardiac action, with few metabolic alterations.

Sulforaphane treatment protects skeletal muscle against damage induced by exhaustive exercise in rats

Sulforaphane (SF), one of the most important isothiocyanates in the human diet, present in cruciferous vegetables, is known to have chemopreventive activities in different tissues. No data are available on its effects in the prevention of skeletal muscle damage. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effects of SF treatment on muscle damage and oxidative stress induced by an acute bout of exhaustive exercise in rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with SF (25 mg/kg body wt ip) for 3 days before undergoing an acute exhaustive exercise protocol in a treadmill (+7% slope and 24 m/min). Acute exercise resulted in a significant increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activities. It also resulted in a significant increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, in a significant decrease in tissue total antioxidant capacity, and in a significant decrease in NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) expression and activity in vastus lateralis muscle. SF treatment significantly increased muscle NQO1, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione reductase expression and activity, with no effect on glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase. The observed SF-induced upregulation of phase II enzymes was accompanied by a significant increase in nuclear erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 expression and correlated with a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity and a decrease in plasma LDH and CPK activities. Our data demonstrate that SF acts as an indirect antioxidant in skeletal muscle and could play a critical role in the modulation of the muscle redox environment, leading to the prevention of exhaustive exercise-induced muscle damage.

Chemoprotective effect of diallyl trisulfide from garlic against carbon tetrachloride‐induced acute liver injury of rats

Diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) are principal constituents of garlic oil. We studied the effect of these sulfides on the phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes, and on the rat model of acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). A highly purified form of each sulfide (more than 99% purity) was administered i.p. to rats at a concentration of 10 or 100 micromol/kg body weight for 14 consecutive days. DATS (10 micromol/kg) and DADS at a 10-fold higher dose (100 micromol/kg) significantly increased the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and quinone reductase (QR); whereas DAS did not. In the CCl4-induced acute liver injury model of rats, DATS (10 micromol/kg) significantly suppressed the increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities. In conclusion, hepatic phase II enzymes were induced strongly by the trisulfide and weakly by the disulfide, but not by DAS. DATS significantly reduced the liver injury caused by CCl4. DATS may be one of the important factors in garlic oil that protects our body against the injury caused by radical molecules.

Effect of Cremophor EL on the pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity and toxicity of doxorubicin in mice.

Cremophor EL (CR) is a solubilizing agent and a modulator of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated anticancer multidrug resistance. The present study was undertaken to evaluate whether doxorubicin (Dox) pharmacokinetics, therapeutic activity and cardiotoxicity in Swiss albino mice is modified when combined with CR treatment. CR (2.5 ml/kg, i.p) given simultaneously with Dox (20 mg/kg, i.p.) increased Dox levels in plasma, heart, liver and kidneys of healthy mice. Using an Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC)-bearing mice experimental model, CR (2.5 ml/kg) improved the survival and antitumor activity of Dox. The enhanced antitumor activity of Dox was related to a significant increase in EAC tumor cellular Dox content by CR. Furthermore, CR (1 microg/ml) potentiated the in vitro cytotoxicity of Dox in cultured EAC cells. In healthy mice, Dox-induced mortality was markedly reduced by simultaneous treatment with CR. CR enhanced DOX-induced increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and CPK-MB isozyme activities, as well as the cardiac malondialdehyde level. CR also increased Dox-induced focal necrotic myocardial lesions. These findings suggest that CR increased DOX antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity as a result of enhancing its bioavailability, and decreased Dox-induced mortality in mice by a mechanism not yet defined.

Changes in plasma enzyme activities in professional racing cyclists.

To reports changes in plasma levels in professional racing cyclists. Plasma levels of the intracellular enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, lactate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were measured resting and after exercise in professional cyclists participating in two road races: Vuelta Ciclista a Valencia (800 km, beginning of the cyclist season), and the top rank race Vuelta a España (2700 km, at the end of cyclist season). A significant increase in plasma aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase was observed at the end of the race over the corresponding paired start values (P < 0.05). The increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase after the race was only statistically significant (P < 0.05) in the Vuelta a España. The longer the duration of the cycle tour race, the greater were the increases in aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels. The high levels returned to their start values during the overnight resting period. The presence of these enzymes in the blood is probably due to mechanically damaged muscle cells leaking their contents into the interstitial fluid.

Differing transport maxima values for taurine-conjugated bile salts in rats and hamsters

It was recently suggested that the apparent biliary transport maximum (Tm, secretory maximum) for bile salts is primarily determined by their degree of cytotoxicity (the cytotoxicity hypothesis), based on experiments on male rats [Hardison, W. G., D. E. Hatoff, K. Miyai, and R. G. Weiner. Am. J. Physiol. 241 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 4): G337-G343, 1981]. To confirm this hypothesis, we determined the Tm of three different bile salts, taurocholate (TC), taurochenodeoxycholate (TCDC), and tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC) in female rats and hamsters. The order of Tm values in female rats was the same as that reported for male rats (TUDC greater than TC greater than TCDC), whereas in female hamsters it was TC greater than TCDC greater than TUDC. On the other hand, in hamsters, the order of cytotoxicity, evaluated in vivo by the biliary excretion of hepatocyte enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline-phosphatase and an increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase levels under a fixed rate infusion (0.6 and 1.2 mumol X min-1 X 100 g body wt-1) of bile salts, was inverse to the order of Tm values (TCDC greater than TC greater than TUDC) in rats, but in hamsters, too, TCDC was most cytotoxic. The order of Tm value in hamsters thus does not correspond to the order of cytotoxicity of these bile salts, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of bile salts may not be the sole determinant of bile salt Tm.

Sources of normal variation of plasma lactate dehydrogenase in range cattle

1. 1. Plasma levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LD) were estimated in Hereford cattle of 1 month to 12 yr of age kept under range conditions. 2. 2. Plasma levels of LD were estimated in a group of confined cows and their calves fed a constant diet and kept in individual pens in the same geographic area as the range Herefords. 3. 3. Large seasonal changes in mean plasma LD were observed in the range cattle but not in the confined, constant diet group. The seasonal changes corresponded with the appearance of new growth on the range. 4. 4. Changes in plasma LD were observed at weaning time in the range cattle but not in the confined group. 5. 5. Sex had no effect upon plasma LD levels in the juvenile animals of either group. No comparison of adult animals could be made. 6. 6. Mean plasma LD levels did not change with age but the seasonal effect decreased in magnitude as the animals matured. 7. 7. An increase in plasma LD was observed around the first ovulation in the confined animals. 8. 8. A decrease in plasma LD was observed during parturition in the confined group.

SYNERGISM BETWEEN A LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE-ELEVATING VIRUS AND EPERYTHROZOON COCCOIDES.

An interaction occurs when a lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus and Eperythrozoon coccoides are present together in the mouse host. The synergism is expressed by a substantial increase in plasma lactate dehydrogenase, spleen enlargement, host anemia, and quantitative alteration of several blood elements.