Increase In Permeation Rate Research Articles

Synergistic effect of gellan gum and guar gum on improving the foaming properties of soy protein isolate-based complexes: Interaction mechanism and interfacial behavior

Interactions among multi-component play a critical role in modulating the foaming properties of aerated foods. This study evaluated the mechanisms of synergistic improvement of gellan gum (GEG) and guar gum (GUG) on the foaming properties of soy protein isolate (SPI)-based complex. The results showed that the GEG/GUG ratio was closely related to the intermolecular interactions of SPI-based ternary complex and the dynamical changing of its foaming properties. The SPI/GEG/GUG ternary complex with a GEG/GUG ratio of 2/3 exhibited the highest foamability (195 %) and comparable foam stability (99.17 %), which were 32.95 % and 2.99 % higher than that of SPI/GEG binary complex. At this ratio, GUG promoted the interactions between SPI and GEG, and bound to complex's surface through hydrogen bonding, resulting in the increase of particle size and surface charge, and the decrease of surface hydrophobicity. Although this reduced the diffusion of complex onto the air/water interface, it increased permeation rate and molecular rearrangement behavior, which were the potential mechanisms to improve the foaming properties. Additionally, the synergistic effect of GEG and GUG also enhanced the elastic strength and solid characteristics of foam systems. This study provided a theoretical guidance for the targeted modulation of foaming properties of multi-component aerated foods.

Formulation and Evaluation of Diclofenac Sodium as a Topical Preparation

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the in vitro and in vivo transdermal potential ofw/o microemulsion (M) and gel (G) bases for diclofenac sodium (DS). The effect of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) as a penetration enhancer was also examined when it was added to the Mformulation. To study the in vitro potential of these formulations, permeation studies wereperformed with Franz diffusion cells using excised dorsal rat skin. To investigate their in vivoperfoniranc e, a car-rageenan - induced rat paw edema model was used. The commercial formulationof DS (C) was used as a reference formulation. The results of the in vitro permeation studies andthe paw edema tests were analyzed by repeated - measures analysis of variance. The in vitropermeation studies found that M was superior to G and C and that adding DMSO to M increasedpermeation rate. The permeability coefficient (Kp) of DS from M and M + DMSO were higher(Kp :4.9 X 10 -3 +3.6 X l0 -4 cm lhand 5.3 X 10 -3 + l.2X 10 -3 cm / h, respectively) than the($p) of nS from C (Kp: 2.7 xl0-3 +7.3 X 10 -4 cm /h) and G (Kp:4.5 X i0 -3 x+.s X 10 -scm / h). In the paw edema test, M showed the best permeation and effectiveness, and M + DMSOhad nearly the same effect as M. The in vitro and in vivo studies showed that M could be a new,altemative dosage form for effective therapy.

Luteolin-Loaded Elastic Liposomes for Transdermal Delivery to Control Breast Cancer: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluations.

The study aimed to prepare and optimize luteolin (LUT)-loaded transdermal elastic liposomes (LEL1-LEL12), followed by in vitro and ex vivo evaluations of their ability to control breast cancer. Various surfactants (Span 60, Span 80, and Brij 35), and phosphatidyl choline (PC) as a lipid, were used to tailor various formulation as dictated by “Design Expert® software (DOE). These were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential. The optimized formulation (OLEL1) was selected for comparative investigations (in vitro and ex vivo) against lipo (conventional liposomes) and drug suspension (DS). Moreover, the in vitro anticancer activity of OLEL1 was compared against a control using MCF-7 cell lines. Preliminary selection of the suitable PC: surfactant ratio for formulations F1–F9 showed relative advantages of Span 80. DOE suggested two block factorial designs with four center points to identify the design space and significant factors. OLEL1 was the most robust with high functional desirability (0.95), minimum size (202 nm), relatively high drug release, increased drug entrapment (92%), and improved permeation rate (~3270 µg/cm2) as compared with liposomes (~1536 µg/cm2) over 24 h. OLEL1 exhibited a 6.2- to 2.9-fold increase in permeation rate as compared with DS (drug solution). The permeation flux values of OLEL1, and lipo were found to be 136.3, 64 and 24.3 µg/h/cm2, respectively. The drug disposition values were 670 µg, 473 µg and 148 µg, for OLEL1, lipo and DS, respectively. Thus, ex vivo parameters were significantly better for OLEL1 compared with lipo and DS which is attributed to the flexibility and deformability of the optimized formulation. Furthermore, OLEL1 was evaluated for anticancer activity and showed maximized inhibition as compared with DS. Thus, elastic liposomes may be a promising approach for improved transdermal delivery of luteolin, as well as enhancing its therapeutic efficacy in controlling breast cancer.

Jojoba oil-based microemulsion for transdermal drug delivery.

Background and purpose:Microemulsions are gaining an increased interest in transdermal drug delivery. Microemulsions are stable, easy to prepare, and provide high solubilizing capacity for various drugs. The aim of this work was to prepare microemulsions from jojoba oil for transdermal delivery of ketorolac and lidocaine HCl with improved permeation.Experimental approach:Microemulsions based on jojoba oil as the oil phase were formulated for transdermal delivery of lidocaine HCl and ketorolac. Brij 97 was selected as surfactant and hexanol as cosurfactant. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed. Selected microemulsion formulations were characterized for their physical properties and in vitro drug permeation.Findings/Results:Water-in-oil microemulsions were obtained with droplet sizes not more than 220 nm. The viscosity of the microemulsions was linked to the viscosity of the surfactant used. Improved drug permeation rates were observed for both model drugs. The significant increase in permeation rate in presence of hexanol was due to its impact on skin integrity as indicated by the histopathological study. Drug permeation enhancements were caused by the surfactant, the cosurfactant used, jojoba oil itself, and the microemulsion formulation. Higher surfactant content showed lower lag times and better flux.Conclusion and implications:Jojoba oil microemulsions are considered promising vehicles for transdermal delivery of ketorolac and lidocaine HCl with improved drug permeation. Jojoba oil-based microemulsion would present a safe and effective means for delivering drugs through the skin.

Electrodialysis based direct air dehumidification: A molecular dynamics study on moisture diffusion and separation through graphene oxide membrane

To compromise shortages of traditional dehumidification methods, an electrodialysis based direct air dehumidification with higher efficiency and respondency was proposed. This technique could be accomplished via directional migration of charged water molecules and subsequent separation from air composition by the membrane. Notably, the water molecules diffusion and separation through the membrane are challenging and fundamental tasks to support the proposed novel dehumidification strategy. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the dynamic diffusion behavior of water molecules across the double-layered nanoporous graphene oxide (2NPGO) membrane under the external electric field. Thence, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of atmospheric gas, including water and nitrogen, were conducted. Once the electric field was applied, the self-diffusion coefficient of water increased from 2.421 × 10-9 m2·s−1 to 7.566 × 10-8 m2·s−1. In the presence of nitrogen, an electric field strength of 10-6 V/ Å would contribute to the increased permeation rate of 2.83 × 103 mol·m-2s−1 for water and a selectivity of 4.918 over nitrogen. Further study in hydrogen bond evolution and interaction energy variation versus electric field strength illustrated the mechanism of enhanced diffusion of water molecules.

Controlling molten carbonate distribution in dual-phase molten salt-ceramic membranes to increase carbon dioxide permeation rates

Dual-phase molten salt-ceramic membranes show high permselectivity for CO2 when molten carbonate is supported in a porous oxygen-ion and/or electron conductor. In this arrangement, the support likely contributes to permeation. Thus, if one is to understand and ultimately design membranes, it is also important to perform experiments with an inert support where permeation relies upon the molten carbonate properties alone. Here, a nominally inert material (Al2O3) was used in order to restrict permeation to molten carbonate. Model Al2O3 dual-phase membranes were fabricated using laser drilling to provide an order of magnitude difference in molten salt-gas interfacial area between feed and permeate sides. Molten carbonate thickness in the model membranes was also varied, independent of the molten salt-gas interfacial area. For all thicknesses studied, CO2 permeation rates showed a significant temperature dependence from 500 to 750 °C, suggesting an activated process was rate-limiting, likely a permeate-side molten salt-gas interfacial process, i.e. desorption of CO2. We applied these findings in asymmetric hollow-fibre supports, a geometry with inherent modularity and scalability, by developing a new carbonate infiltration method to control molten carbonate distribution within the hollow fibre. Compared to a conventionally prepared dual-phase hollow-fibre membrane with an uncontrolled distribution of carbonates, permeation rates were increased by up to 4 times when the molten salt was confined to the packed-pore network, i.e. without infiltrating the hollow-fibre micro-channels. X-ray micro-CT investigations supported the idea that the resulting increase in interfacial area for desorption of CO2 was the key structural difference contributing to increased permeation rates. For CO2 separation, where large volumes of gas must be processed, such increases in permeation rates will reduce the demand for membrane materials, although one must note the higher permeation rates achievable with oxygen-ion and/or electron conducting supports.

Removal of metal ions and humic acids through polyetherimide membrane with grafted bentonite clay

Functional surfaces and polymers with branched structures have a major impact on physicochemical properties and performance of membrane materials. With the aim of greener approach for enhancement of permeation, fouling resistance and detrimental heavy metal ion rejection capacity of polyetherimide membrane, novel grafting of poly (4-styrenesulfonate) brushes on low cost, natural bentonite was carried out via distillation-precipitation polymerisation method and employed as a performance modifier. It has been demonstrated that, modified bentonite clay exhibited significant improvement in the hydrophilicity, porosity, and water uptake capacity with 3 wt. % of additive dosage. SEM and AFM analysis showed the increase in macrovoides and surface roughness with increased additive concentration. Moreover, the inclusion of modified bentonite displayed an increase in permeation rate and high anti-irreversible fouling properties with reversible fouling ratio of 75.6%. The humic acid rejection study revealed that, PEM-3 membrane having rejection efficiency up to 87.6% and foulants can be easily removed by simple hydraulic cleaning. Further, nanocomposite membranes can be significantly employed for the removal of hazardous heavy metal ions with a rejection rate of 80% and its tentative mechanism was discussed. Conspicuously, bentonite clay-bearing poly (4-styrenesulfonate) brushes are having a synergistic effect on physicochemical properties of nanocomposite membrane to enhance the performance in real field applications.

Requirements and testing methods for surfaces of metallic bipolar plates for low-temperature PEM fuel cells

To reduce emissions and to substitute combustion engines automotive manufacturers, legislature and first users aspire hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. Up to now the focus of research was set on ensuring functionality and increasing durability of fuel cell components. Therefore, expensive materials were used. Contemporary research and development try to substitute these substances by more cost-effective material combinations. The bipolar plate is a key component with the greatest influence on volume and mass of a fuel cell stack and they have to meet complex requirements. They support bending sensitive components of stack, spread reactants over active cell area and form the electrical contact to another cell. Furthermore, bipolar plates dissipate heat of reaction and separate one cell gastight from the other. Consequently, they need a low interfacial contact resistance (ICR) to the gas diffusion layer, high flexural strength, good thermal conductivity and a high durability. To reduce costs stainless steel is a favoured material for bipolar plates in automotive applications. Steel is characterized by good electrical and thermal conductivity but the acid environment requires a high chemical durability against corrosion as well. On the one hand formation of a passivating oxide layer increasing ICR should be inhibited. On the other hand pitting corrosion leading to increased permeation rate may not occur. Therefore, a suitable substrate lamination combination is wanted. In this study material testing methods for bipolar plates are considered.

The Effect of Supporting Electrolyte on Ion Permeability Through Red Blood Cell Membrane

This study was aimed at providing information on how Na sulphate, K sulphate, Ca sulphate and Mg sulphate supporting electrolytes affect the permeation of hypotonic Na chloride, K chloride, Ca chloride and Mg chloride ions through Red Blood Cell (RBC) membrane while the RBCs haemolyse using a UV/Vis spectrophotometer. The effects of the supporting electrolytes were deduced from the changes in their respective rates of permeation through RBC membranes during haemolysis. Na₂SO₄ added to NaCl and MgSO₄ to MgCl₂ resulted in a decrease in permeation rate of the resultant solutions while the addition of K₂SO₄ to KCl and the addition of CaSO₄ to CaCl₂ resulted in an increase in permeation rate. In this research there was no regular pattern of permeation and since NaSO₄ and MgSO₄ decreased NaCl and MgCl₂ permeability respectively, then the increase in the permeability of KCl and CaCl₂ may not be as a result of the increase of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentration in K₂SO₄+KCl solution and CaCl₂⁺CaSO₄ solution respectively.

Development of surface stabilized candesartan cilexetil nanocrystals with enhanced dissolution rate, permeation rate across CaCo-2, and oral bioavailability.

Candesartan cilexetil (CC), an ester prodrug of candesartan, is BCS class II drug with extremely low aqueous solubility limiting its oral bioavailability. The present research aimed to develop a nanocrystalline formulation of CC with improved saturation solubility in gastrointestinal fluids and thereby, exhibiting enhanced oral bioavailability. CC nanocrystals were prepared using a low energy antisolvent precipitation methodology. A combination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and Pluronic® F 127 (50:50 w/w) was found to be optimum for the preparation of CC nanocrystals. The particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential of optimized formulation was found to be 159 ± 8.1nm, 0.177 ± 0.043, and -23.7 ± 1.02mV, respectively. Optimized formulation was found to possess irregular, plate-like morphology as evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and crystalline as evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD). A significant increase in saturation solubility and dissolution rate of the optimized nanosuspension was observed at all the tested pH conditions. Optimized CC nanocrystals exhibited a storage stability of more than 3months when stored under cold and room temperature conditions. In vitro Caco-2 permeability further revealed that CC nanocrystals exhibited nearly 4-fold increase in permeation rate compared to the free CC. In vivo oral bioavailability studies of optimized CC nanocrystals in murine model revealed 3.8-fold increase in the oral bioavailability and twice the C max as compared with the free CC when administered orally. In conclusion, this study has established a crystalline nanosuspension formulation of CC with improved oral bioavailability in murine model. Graphical Abstract Antisolvent precipitation methodology for the preparation of Candesartan Cilexetil nanocrystals for enhanced solubility and oral bioavailability.

Mechanics and Pervaporation Performance of Ionic Liquid Modified CNT Based SBR Membranes - A Case Study for the Separation of Toluene/Heptane Mixtures

SBR/ionic liquid modified CNT Nanocomposites were prepared using different concentration of CNT. Nano scale dispersion of CNT affected the properties of SBR. The results have been compared with the unfilled SBR films. Cure characteristics and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, abrasion resistance and hardness were measured for different composites. Morphological behaviour and structural characteristics of the composites were investigated by AFM, TEM, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. Microstructural development in presence of filler and interfacial interaction between modified CNT and polymer matrix led to enhanced properties. The pervaporation performances of membranes were analysed using a toluene/heptane mixture. Membranes displayed high selectivity towards heptane. The influence of feed composition on pervaporation was also analysed. The 5 phr CNT loaded membrane showed enhanced membrane permeance and selectivity value, an improvement of 18% over the neat polymer. A drop in selectivity and an increase in permeation rate were observed at higher CNT loadings.

What Is the Mechanism Behind Increased Permeation Rate of a Poorly Soluble Drug from Aqueous Dispersions of an Amorphous Solid Dispersion?

Our aim was to explore the influence of micelles and microparticles emerging in aqueous dispersions of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) on molecular/apparent solubility and Caco-2 permeation. The ASD, prepared by hot-melt extrusion, contained the poorly soluble model drug ABT-102, a hydrophilic polymer, and three surfactants. Aqueous dispersions of the ASD were investigated at two concentrations, one above and one close to the critical micelle concentration of the surfactants blend in the extrudate. Micelles were detected at the higher concentration and no micelles at the lower concentration. Apparent solubility of ABT-102 was 20-fold higher in concentrated than in diluted dispersions, because of micelles. In contrast, Caco-2 permeation of ABT-102 was independent of the ASD concentration, but three times faster than that of crystalline suspensions. Molecular solubility of ABT-102 (equilibrium dialysis) was also independent of the ASD concentration, but by a factor 2 higher than crystalline ABT-102. The total amount of ABT-102 accumulated in the acceptor during Caco-2 experiments exceeded the initial amount of molecularly dissolved drug in the donor. This may indicate that dissolution of amorphous microparticles present in aqueous dispersions induces lasting supersaturation maintaining enhanced permeation. The hypothesis is supported by a slower drug permeation when the microparticles were removed.

Molecular dynamics simulations of polymeric structure and alcohol-membrane surface affinity of aromatic polyamide membranes

A molecular dynamics (MD) technique was adopted to investigate the free volume, operational temperature effects, feed solution–membrane surface affinity, and water/alcohol diffusion mechanism of aromatic polyamide (PA) membranes for pervaporation (PV) applications. An isothermal–isobaric ensemble (i.e. NPT ensemble) was adopted to analyze the fractional free volume, the fractional accessible volume, and the cavity size distribution of PA membranes at different operational temperatures. The free volume and cavity size analyses indicated that bulkier side groups enhanced the formation of larger free volumes, which increased permeation rates. Increased temperature induced chain mobility and enlarged the cavity size of the membrane. During feed solution–membrane affinity analysis, the alcohols showed a higher interaction with the membrane surface as compared to the water molecules. The diffusion mechanism of water/methanol in the membrane matrix suggested that methanol had a shorter displacement distance relative to the water due to its larger size and stronger interaction with the membrane. Results from the MD simulation agreed well with those from experimental studies reported in the literatures, which demonstrated that this theoretical method is a promising tool for characterizing membrane structures and analyzing feed solution transport at a molecular scale during PV processes.

Effect of polymer cation content on certain film properties.

Mixing of two acrylate-methacrylate copolymers designated A and B and differing only in cation (quaternary ammonium) content in the ratio 2:1 (A:B) provided a means of varying polymer cation content in resulting films. Film permeability to the permeant urea, increased with increase in cation content; a two phase change characterized by a slow increase at a low cation content level followed by about 13 times more rapid increase at high cation content level. The point of transition from the slow to the rapid phase was 53 moles cation per mole polymer chain. On average a fold increase in cation content resulted in a 500 fold increase in permeation rate. Increases in film swelling and pore size also accompanied the increase in cation content, but the change in permeability was more positively correlated with the corresponding change in film pore size. Mutual repulsion by charged groups during film formation is suggested as a factor promoting the formation of large pores in the film at high cation content.

Influence of Clay Content and Amount of Organic Modifiers on Morphology and Pervaporation Performance of EVA/Clay Nanocomposites

Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/organically modified clay nanocomposites were prepared using different clay loadings and by varying the amount of organic modifier. The morphology of the nanocomposites was investigated using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). SAXS results displayed intercalation of polymeric chains between the silicate layers in all the cases. The interlayer distance varies slightly between the series. TEM images showed a better dispersion of the clay platelets at lower loading for both series of samples. The pervaporation performances of membranes were analyzed using a chloroform/acetone mixture. Membranes displayed high selectivity. The influence of feed composition on pervaporation was analyzed. The nanoclay content and the influence of free volume on pervaporation performance were also investigated in detail. A drop in selectivity and an increase in permeation rate were observed at higher clay loadings.

Solid dispersions in the form of electrospun core-sheath nanofibers

BackgroundThe objective of this investigation was to develop a new type of solid dispersion in the form of core-sheath nanofibers using coaxial electrospinning for poorly water-soluble drugs. Different functional ingredients can be placed in various parts of core-sheath nanofibers to improve synergistically the dissolution and permeation properties of encapsulated drugs and to enable drugs to exert their actions.MethodsUsing acyclovir as a model drug, polyvinylpyrrolidone as the hydrophilic filament-forming polymer matrix, sodium dodecyl sulfate as a transmembrane enhancer, and sucralose as a sweetener, core-sheath nanofibers were successfully prepared, with the sheath part consisting of polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sucralose, and the core part composed of polyvinylpyrrolidone and acyclovir.ResultsThe core-sheath nanofibers had an average diameter of 410 ± 94 nm with a uniform structure and smooth surface. Differential scanning calorimetry and x-ray diffraction results demonstrated that acyclovir, sodium dodecyl sulfate, and sucralose were well distributed in the polyvinylpyrrolidone matrix in an amorphous state due to favoring of second-order interactions. In vitro dissolution and permeation studies showed that the core-sheath nanofiber solid dispersions could rapidly release acyclovir within one minute, with an over six-fold increased permeation rate across the sublingual mucosa compared with that of crude acyclovir particles.ConclusionThe study reported here provides an example of the systematic design, preparation, characterization, and application of a novel type of solid dispersion consisting of multiple components and structural characteristics.

Oxygen exchange-limited transport and surface activation of Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ capillary membranes

Analysis of oxygen permeation fluxes through Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ (BSCF) capillary membranes, fabricated via a phase-inversion spinning technique using polysulfone as binder, showed a significant limiting role of the surface-oxygen exchange kinetics. Within the studied temperature and oxygen partial pressure ranges, the activation of core and shell sides of the BSCF capillary with praseodymium oxide (PrOx) resulted in an increase in permeation rate of about 300%. At 1123–1223K the activated BSCF membranes demonstrate almost 3-times lower activation energies for the overall oxygen transport (∼35kJ/mol) than the non-activated capillaries, indicating that the mechanism of oxygen transport through the activated capillaries becomes significantly controlled by bulk diffusion limitations, allowing further improvement of the overall performance by decreasing the wall thickness. XRD, EDS and EPMA studies revealed the formation of (Pr,Ba,Sr)(Co,Fe)O3−δ perovskite-type oxides on the surface of the PrOx-modified membranes, which may be responsible for the drastic increase in oxygen exchange rate. At T>1123K both non-activated and activated Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3−δ membranes demonstrate stable performance with time, while at 1073K only a small initial decrease in permeation was observed.

Nasal administration of ondansetron using a novel microspheres delivery system Part II: Ex vivo and in vivo studies

Gellan gum-based mucoadhesive microspheres of ondansetron hydrochloride for intranasal systemic delivery were prepared to avoid first pass effect, an alternative route of administration to injection and to enhance systemic bioavailability of ondansetron hydrochloride. The microspheres were prepared using spray method. The evaluation results of microspheres were reported in our previous study. The aim of this work was to study the in vivo performance of mucoadhesive microspheres in comparison with oral and intravenous preparations of ondansetron hydrochloride. The nasal delivery system gave increased AUC0-240 and Cmax as compared to those of oral delivery. In conclusion, the gellan gum-based microsphere formulation of ondansetron hydrochloride with mucoadhesive properties with increased permeation rate is promising for prolonging nasal residence time and thereby nasal absorption.

In-Situ Gelling System based on Thiolated Gellan Gum as New Carrier for Nasal Administration of Dimenhydrinate

The purpose of the present study was to develop intranasal delivery system of dimenhydrinate using thiolated gellan gum and formulations were modulated so as to have gelation at physiological ion content after intranasal administration. Gelation was determined by physical appearance. The mucoadhesive force in terms of detachment stress, determined using sheep nasal mucosa, increased with increasing concentration of thiolated polymer. The results of in vitro drug permeation studies across sheep nasal mucosa indicate that effective permeation could be significantly increased by using in situ gelling formulation with thiolated polymer concentration. Finally, histopathological examination did not detect any changes during in vitro permeation studies. In conclusion the gel formulation of dimenhydrinate with in situ gelling and mucoadhesive properties with increased permeation rate is promising for prolonging nasal residence time and thereby nasal absorption.

Nasal administration of metoclopramide from different dosage forms: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation

Nasal drug delivery is an interesting route of administration for metoclopramide hydrochloride (MTC) in preventing different kind of emesis. Currently, the routes of administration of antiemetics are oral or intravenous, although patient compliance is often impaired by the difficulties associated with acute emesis or invasiveness of parenteral administration. In this perspective, nasal dosage forms (solution, gel, and lyophilized powder) of MTC were prepared by using a mucoadhesive polymer sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC). In vitro and ex vivo drug release studies were performed in a modified horizontal diffusion chamber with cellulose membrane and excised cattle nasal mucosa as diffusion barriers. The tolerance of nasal mucosa to the formulation and its components were investigated using light microscopy. In vivo studies were carried out for the optimized formulations in sheep and the pharmacokinetics parameters were compared with oral solution and IV dosage form. The release of MTC from solution and powder formulations was found to be higher than gel formulation (p < 0.05). Histopathological examination did not detect any severe damage. Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) used in powder formulations was found to be effective for enhancing the release and absorption of MTC. In contrast to in vitro and ex vivo experiments nasal bioavailability of gel is higher than those of solution and powder (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the NaCMC gel formulation of MTC with mucoadhesive properties with increased permeation rate is promising for prolonging nasal residence time and thereby nasal absorption.