Increase In Number Of Adults Research Articles

Field Evaluation of In2Care Mosquito Traps to Control Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Hawai'i Island.

Aedes aegypti Linnaeus and Aedes albopictus Skuse are vectors of dengue virus and responsible for multiple autochthonous dengue outbreaks in Big Island, Hawai'i. Control of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus has been achieved in In2Care trap trials, which motivated us to investigate this potential control approach in the Big Island. Our In2Care trial was performed in the coastal settlement of Miloli'i in the southwest of Big Island where both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus are found. This trial starting in the second week of July and ending in the last week of October 2019 fell within the traditional wet season in Miloli'i. No significant reduction in egg or adult counts in our treatment areas following 12 wk of two In2Care trap placements per participating household were observed. In fact, an increase in numbers of adults during the trial reached levels that required the local mosquito abatement program to stop the In2Care trap trial and institute a thorough source reduction and treatment campaign. The source reduction campaign revealed a large variety and quantity of water sources competed with the oviposition cups we had placed, which likely lowered the chances of our oviposition cups being visited by pyriproxyfen-contaminated Aedes adults exiting the In2Care traps.

Two methods for rearing the striped flea beetle Phyllotreta striolata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) under laboratory conditions

AbstractThe striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is a major pest of canola (Brassica Linnaeus, Brassicaceae) on the Canadian prairies. The previously published methods to rear striped flea beetles under laboratory conditions are not sufficient to maintain laboratory colonies over a sustained period of time. Here, we describe two methods to rear striped flea beetles in the laboratory. The first method produces both immature stages and adult flea beetles using Napa cabbage (Brassica napa subsp. pekinensis (Loureiro) Hanelt) and canola as food sources. Beetles reared using this method produced an average of 9.7 ± 4.5 eggs, had a juvenile development period of between 26 and 33 days, and had an adult longevity between 17 and 55 days. Between 62% and 90% of the colony-reared eggs resulted in the successful development to an adult beetle. The second method uses canola as the only host, and facilitates easy access to high quantities of adult beetles. This method resulted in a six-fold to nine-fold increase in adult numbers per generation. Developmental time from adult to adult ranged from 25 to 30 days. Our two methods facilitated rearing striped flea beetles for several generations in the laboratory with or without hibernation.

Orthodontic anterior teeth space closure in an adult with posterior long standing fixed partial denture

This is a case report of a 40-year-old female patient with chief complaint of spacing in front teeth. Patient exhibited convex profile, incompetent lips, spacing in anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth. She had maxillary posterior long span fixed partial denture and generalised periodontitis. She was diagnosed as Class I malocclusion with proclined and spaced anterior teeth. Treatment objective include space closure, maintaining class I molar and canine relation, achieving ideal overjet and overbite and functional occlusion. Thorough oral prophylaxis was done prior to start of fixed mechanotherapy. The case was bonded (upper canine to canine and full lower arch) with 022 MBT bracket system. Aligning and levelling was done sequentially with 012,016,17x25 Niti wires. One bracket each side was bonded on the maxillary FPD abutment teeth for anchorage. Space closure was achieved using low forces with elastomeric chain on 19x25 SS wire. Total treatment time was 12 months. Ideal overjet and overbite achieved with functional occlusion. Periodontal condition improved and stable results were achieved. Patient is given fixed retention and removable hawleys retainer with tongue crib in upper arch. In the recent years, there has been an increase in number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment and orthodontists quiite often face patients with periodontal disease. Adult patients should follow regular oral hygiene measure in order to maintain periodontal health during and after active orthodontic therapy.

Effects of soil moisture, vegetation and food on adult activity, oviposition and larval development in the tiger beetle, Cicindela albissima Rumpp

Predatory arthropods are one of the most successful groups in sand dune ecosystems despite the severe limiting factors in this environment. Important adaptive traits are nocturnal activity, low metabolism, generalist feeding habits, and ability to burrow or find refuge during unfavorable conditions. Tiger beetles are especially well adapted to and dominant invertebrate predators in western North American sand dunes. Many species are endemic and rare, including Cicindela albissima Rumpp which is restricted to a small area of the Coral Pink Sand Dunes in southwestern Utah. Previous work suggests that rainfall may be the main factor controlling their population size. This study used field and laboratory experiments to test how soil moisture and food affects adult and larval stages of this species. Laboratory tests found that adult females laid more eggs in chambers that were watered more frequently and development through the three larval instars was significantly faster at higher food levels. The field test of supplementary watering and vegetation removal found watered plots attracted more adults that produced greater numbers of first instars. Larvae had higher survival and developed more rapidly in the watered plots than in unwatered and vegetation removal plots. These results suggest that higher amounts of rainfall and associated soil moisture will result in an increase in adult numbers. If projections of increased droughts in the southwest from climate change materialize, supplementing moisture on a larger scale should be considered as a management strategy for improving beetle habitat and reducing their risk of extinction.

Adult ADHD Medications and Their Cardiovascular Implications.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic neurobiological disorder exhibited by difficulty maintaining attention, as well as hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. Central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are the first line of treatment for ADHD. With the increase in number of adults on CNS stimulants, the question that arises is how well do we understand the long-term cardiovascular effects of these drugs. There has been increasing concern that adults with ADHD are at greater risk for developing adverse cardiovascular events such as sudden death, myocardial infarction, and stroke as compared to pediatric population. Cardiovascular response attributed to ADHD medication has mainly been observed in heart rate and blood pressure elevations, while less is known about the etiology of rare cardiovascular events like acute myocardial infarction (AMI), arrhythmia, and cardiomyopathy and its long-term sequelae. We present a unique case of AMI in an adult taking Adderall (mixed amphetamine salts) and briefly discuss the literature relevant to the cardiovascular safety of CNS stimulants for adult ADHD.

PRE-DIABETES: A REVIEW

Recent reports suggested increased prevalence of diabetes in India (40.9 million) and other countries like China (38.9 million), US (19.2 million), Russia (9.6 million), and Germany (7.4 million). Currently, India is the diabetes capital of the world. Between 2010 and 2030, there might be a 69% increase in numbers of adults with diabetes in developing countries and a 20% increase in developed countries. Pre-diabetes is a metabolic disorder in which there will be slight increase in the blood glucose levels from the normal levels but they are not said to be diabetic. If this pre-diabetes is left untreated, it will lead to type II diabetes with complications like Heart disease, Stroke, Kidney disease and Blindness. There is no treatment for pre-diabetes, but by following some preventive measures, like decreasing obesity, BMI, taking healthy diet etc., we can help to prevent or delay diabetes and its complications. So by early detection of this pre-diabetes can help to avoid its complications. Pre-diabetes is more likely to occur in the patients who are obese, at the age group over 45, people who are physically inactive, having family history of diabetes, patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, history of gestational pre-diabetes, giving birth to baby with weight of 4kg and  hypertension patients. So the pre-diabetic people should regularly monitor their blood glucose levels. Further understanding of pre-diabetes, its symptoms, diagnostic tests have to be evaluated. Indian epidemiological studies should be conducted in different age groups, in different geographical locations.

Simulation model of the red flour beetle in flour mills.

Simulation model of the red flour beetle in flour mills.

The Impact of Reclassifying Moderate CKD as a Coronary Heart Disease Risk Equivalent on the Number of US Adults Recommended Lipid-Lowering Treatment

The Third National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel (ATP-III) guidelines recommend consideration of lipid-lowering therapy at lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (>or=100 mg/dL [>or=2.59 mmol/L]) for adults with coronary heart disease risk equivalents. Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased coronary heart disease risk but is not included as a risk equivalent in these guidelines. The impact of including moderate chronic kidney disease (estimated glomerular filtration rate, 30 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m(2) [0.50 to 0.98 mL/s]) as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent on the percentage and number of US adults with chronic kidney disease recommended lipid-lowering therapy was estimated by using data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Of adults with moderate chronic kidney disease, 53.0% had a history of coronary heart disease or a risk equivalent, 24.7% reported a history of myocardial infarction or stroke, 17.7% had diabetes, 9.6% had angina, and 26.9% had a 10-year coronary heart disease risk greater than 20%. Using current ATP-III guidelines, lipid-lowering therapy is recommended for 61.4% of adults with moderate chronic kidney disease. If moderate chronic kidney disease was reclassified as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, this percentage would increase to 87.7%, representing an increase in number of adults with moderate chronic kidney disease recommended lipid-lowering treatment from 4.5 to 6.5 million adults. This analysis shows that a majority of adults with moderate chronic kidney disease have coronary heart disease or risk equivalents. Nonetheless, a substantially greater proportion of US adults with moderate chronic kidney disease would be recommended lipid-lowering therapy through its reclassification as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent.

Bird ringing in Britain and Ireland in 2005

This is the 69th annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme, covering work carried out, and data received, in 2005. Important research on Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus in North Wales showed that survival of adults, recruitment of juveniles and mass of both adults and juveniles were lower during winters when there was mechanised dredging for shellfish. A study of weight changes of House Sparrows Passer domesticus in autumn and winter found that they spread their weight gain through the day, thus potentially decreasing their risk of predation, but increasing their risk of starvation. Data gathered as part of the Constant Effort Sites (CES) Scheme showed an annual increase in adult numbers for five species (one migrant and four residents) and an annual decrease for five species (four migrants and one resident). Productivity was variable with 11 species having above‐average productivity and 13 below‐average. Work began to develop methods to produce annual survival trends by integrating CES data from the 350 sites that have taken part in CES over the last 21 years. Data for 110 Retrapping Adults for Survival (RAS) studies were submitted. Over 13,000 Swallows were ringed as part of the Swallow Roost Project, which ran until 2006. The total number of birds ringed (873,581) was exceeded only in 2004 and was a 12% increase on the mean of the previous five years (2000–04). The recovery total (12,658) was the second highest in the last decade, being exceeded only in 2004, and was 9% higher than the mean of the previous five years. A total of 236 selected recoveries are presented in the report. They include unexpected movements and others that confirm suspected or known migration patterns.

Unique presentations and chronic complications in adult cystic fibrosis: do they teach us anything about CFTR?

The increase in numbers of adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) has allowed us to identify previously unrecognized chronic complications of CF, as well as appreciate unique presentations of cystic fibrosis-related diseases. Do these chronic complications and unique presentations provide us with new insight into cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) function? Current data suggest that the 'chronic complications' reveal mainly the effect of a long-term absence of previously recognized CFTR functions. In contrast, the 'unique presentations' provide new insight into the role of CFTR in different tissues.

Long-term conservation tillage studies: impact of no-till on seedcorn maggot (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

A long-term study (12 years) was conducted to determine the feasibility of growing soybean in rotation with corn on the hill land of southeastern Ohio, USA, using conservation tillage practices that included investigating the effect of tillage on populations of seedcorn maggot, Delia platura Meigen. Corn and soybean were grown using various management and conservation tillage practices including no-till, paraplow, and chisel plow, multiple diskings, and conventional tillage. Adult seedcorn maggots were sampled over a 12-year period to assess the impact of tillage practice on population density. No-till and paraplow, where there was little soil disturbance, generally had fewest adults. Chisel plowing caused a slight increase in numbers of adults, although densities were never as high as plowing and/or disking treatments. The largest number of adults were collected from areas where soil was disturbed, either by plowing and disking or by multiple diskings. This study presents evidence that no-till systems do not enhance seedcorn maggot populations and indicates that population increases are associated with tillage systems involving substantial soil disturbance.

Seasonal Phenology and Biology of Calocoris norvegicus (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Pistachios and Associated Host Plants

The biology and seasonal phenology of Caloeoris norvegieus (Gmelin) were studied in pistachios, Pistaeia vera L., and associated host plants in the laboratory and four orchards in the Sacramento Valley. Nymphs were found in weeds in the orchards from late March; adults were found in early April and disappeared by late May. In beating-tray samples, adults were observed on pistachio clusters from 12 April until 25 May. Increases in numbers of adults in the beating-tray samples corresponded to high levels of epicarp lesion, ranging from 11 to 34%. Dispersal to pistachios coincided with the development of adults and was correlated with the drying of orchard weeds or cutting of alfalfa. C. norvegicus nymphs and adults were recorded on various host plants, which included several species of legumes, mustards, and orchard grasses. In late March, first instars hatched from diapausing eggs laid in the dried stems of wild radish, Raphanus sativus L., and wheat, Triticum aestivum L. Neither eggs nor first instars were found on pistachio limbs. In the laboratory, survival to adulthood was 92-98% on winter vetch, View villosa Roth, curly dock, Rumex erispus L., and wild radish, and 25% in wild oats, Avena fatua L. Oviposition was observed within all herbaceous hosts except wild oats.

The Importance of Recruitment to the Dynamics of a Coral Reef Fish Population

An experiment on a coral reef fish is described that assesses the effects of recruitment success on adult abundance over a 3—yr period. The damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis was examined on natural patch reefs of °8 m2 in the lagoon of One Tree Reef. Recruitment levels were adjusted to 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 recruits m—2°yr—1 by transplanting juveniles among reefs at the end of four successive recruitment seasons (with four replicates per treatment). Natural recruitment success was monitored on 16 undisturbed reefs, and adult numbers were monitored at irregular intervals on both experimental and undisturbed reefs. The adult population density at the end of the experiment increased significantly with recruitment within the 0—1 recruit/m2 range. However, doubling recruitment from 1 to 2 recruits/m2 did not lead to any further increase in adult density. The recruitment treatments did not affect adult density until a 2—yr period had elapsed (corresponding to average maturation time). At this time, treatments receiving 1 and 2 recruits/m2 showed a dramatic increase in adult numbers, whereas in the low—recruitment treatments, adult densities declined. The experiment indicated that a recruitment success of between 0.5 and 1 recruit/m2 was necessary to maintain adult numbers at pre—experimental levels. Natural recruitment success was highly variable among years, but adult densities remained relatively constant over time at °0.8 adult/m2. Differences in the final adult densities among reefs were correlated with average recruitment levels, but above 0.8—1.0 recruit/m2, adult densities did not increase with increasing recruitment success. The results from experimental and undisturbed reefs suggest that natural variation in recruitment success affects the importance of post—recruitment processes. In good recruitment years, adult densities on a substantial number of reefs may be limited by density—dependent processes, which may affect the majority of individuals in a region. Density—dependent juvenile growth may buffer adult populations on these reefs against the effects of poor recruitment years, since input may come from a number of immature age classes. Where recruitment success is always below a certain level, the dynamics of adult populations will reflect variation in recruitment success.

Orthodontic Considerations in Prosthetic and Restorative Dentistry

Orthodontic treatment no longer is limited to adolescents. The past 20 years have shown an enormous increase in number of adults treated. Many orthodontists now report that 35 to 40 per cent of their patients are adults. Indeed, there are orthodontists who limit their practices exclusively to adult orthodontics. Prosthodontists and restorative dentists rely on orthodontics as a means of providing more comprehensive care to a wide variety of patients. These patients present with diverse problems and a collaborative effort between orthodontist and restorative dentist often is necessary to achieve an optimal treatment result. An overview of restorative problems that can be ameliorated by orthodontic treatment has been shown. Common problems addressed, were, for example: anterior crowding, insufficient pontic space, lack of abutment parallelism, crossbites, diastemas, and premature contact relationships. Less common, but even more demanding of orthodontic-prosthetic cooperation, are problems involving orthognathic surgical procedures and the rehabilitation of patients with congenital abnormalities. A rationale for the collaboration of orthodontists and restorative dentists was demonstrated. As technology burgeons, it becomes more and more necessary for one discipline to rely on the expertise of another. Our colleagues, in their various specialties, have made such enormous advances in sophistication that it has become virtually impossible to absorb all that is new in all areas. Collaboration not only is desirable, but has become mandatory, if we are to provide the highest level of care for our patients.

Field estimates of population growth rates of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae and Bostrychidae) in bulk wheat

Infestations of Tribolium castaneum and Rhyzopertha dominica were sampled in wheat in two horizontal bulk storages in sub-tropical Australia. Exponential weekly rates of increase in adult numbers between sampling periods were 0.58 for T. castaneum and 0.41 for R. dominica in one storage during summer with initial conditions of 32°–35°C and about 11% grain moisture. The observed rate of increase throughout the bulk was within the range of published estimates of r m and r c for T. castaneum, and was slightly less than the estimate of r m for R. dominica. The density of T. castaneum decreased from the central apex of the grain bulk towards the floor and edges, and the rates of increase were higher at the surface than deeper in the bulk. R. dominica, which may have been affected by insecticide residues on the grain, occurred mainly in localized patches throughout the bulk and rates of increase were relatively uniform. In the other storage an infestation of T. castaneum developed in the surface layers following a fumigation. At temperatures of 20°–27°C, the observed rates of increase of adults of 0.30 in spring and 0.41 in early summer exceeded published estimates of r m , probably because of departure from the assumed stable age distribution.

Comparison of a Tolerant and a Susceptible Maize Inbred Under Artificial Infestations of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera 1 : Yield and Adult Emergence

Uniform artificial infestations with eggs of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte produced the same root damage ratings with both a rootworm-tolerant inbred (SD 10) and a rootworm-susceptible inbred (A 632). Yields of SD 10, however, generally remained the same under the different levels of rootworm infestation, whereas Yields of A 632 were significantly reduced at every level beyond 100 eggs/30.5 cm of row. Clearly, under rootworm infestation, the tolerant inbred had a yield advantage over the susceptible inbred. The same number of adults emerged from the inbred with the smaller root system (A 632) as from the inbred with the larger root system (SD 10). These results indicate that under rootworm infestation, tolerant maizes with large root systems would have yield advantages over maizes with small root systems. Moreover, the use of tolerant maizes would probably not lead to an increase in adult numbers.

SEASONAL CHANGES IN STOMACH WORMS (Obeliscoides cuniculi) IN SNOWSHOE HARES IN MAINE

The stomachs of 141 (96.5%) of 146 snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) collected in the area of East Corinth, Maine between the months of February, 1972 and February, 1973 were infected with Obeliscoides cuniculi. Nematodes were counted in 140 infected adult hares. The greatest intensity of infection occurred during the period from spring into summer (March to July) and at this time the populations of nematodes were mainly adults. During this period, female hares harbored significantly greater numbers of nematodes than males. Lowest numbers of nematodes were seen in late fall and early winter (October to December). The proportions of immature (fourth stage) nematodes in the populations increased appreciably from late summer on into winter and by December these constituted some 60% of the total population. A marked decline in immature nematode numbers was observed after February, with a concurrent increase in numbers of adults. A well-defined cyclical population fluctuation in natural infections of O. cuniculi was evident.

Codling Moth and Pear Psylla: Evaluation of Insecticides for Control on Pears in California12

Pesticides were evaluated for control of Laspeyresia pomonclla (L.) and Psylla pyricola Foerster on pears at San Jose, Calif, during 1971. Leptophos (16 oz AI/100 gal) was significantly more effective against L. pomonclla than were phosalone (8 oz), Imidan® (O, O-dimethyl S-phthalimidomethyl phosphorodithioate) (4 oz), Imidan + Volck Supreme oil, and azinphosmethyl (2 oz) + Volck Supreme oil. Pirimiphos-methyl® (2-diethylamino-6-methylpyrimidin+yl dimethyl phosphorothionate) (8 oz) was only moderately effective while Dithane M-45® (coordination product of zinc ion and manganese ethylene bisdithiocarbamate) (16 oz.) was ineffective, Suppression of P. pyricola was greatest in treatments with oil included, however Imidan and phosalone were relatively effective when used alone, Dithane M-45 was not very effective and Pirimiphosmethyl was ineffective, Leptophos appeared to be nontoxic to P. pyricola and, in addition, was very disruptive to the natural population regulation of this insect, resulting in a ten-fold increase in numbers of adults during the summer.

Development of the bait principle for boll-weevil control: II. Field-cage tests with a feeding stimulant and the protozoan Mattesia grandis

A formulation containing spores of the protozoan Mattesia grandis and a feeding stimulant made from cottonseed oil and a water extract of contton squares plus carrier materials and a marking dye was tested against a population of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, on cotton in 1 16 - acre field cages. Effectiveness of the formulation was judged by the percentage of marked weevils and the incidence of disease among adults collected at the end of the test. Twenty to 30% of the treated population was marked during the main fruiting period, which is also the period of rapid development of the boll-weevil population, and 50% to 60% during the latter part of the test when the plants were maturing and fewer weevils were developing because of cooler temperatures. At the end of the test, 55% of the weevils were diseased. The diseased population producd about half as many adults as the check population. The treated adult population remained stabilized; the check had sharply defined, eruptive increases in number of adults as each generation emerged from squares or bolls. A feeding stimulant with spores or other effective agents might be effective in reducing populations in large open fields.