Increase In Number Of Nodes Research Articles

Correlation between computed tomography and histological evaluation of nodal metastasis in dogs with mast cell tumours.

Early diagnosis of nodal metastasis has been shown to impact prognosis for dogs with mast cell tumours (MCT). The objective of this retrospective study was to determine the correlation between computed tomographic characteristics of lymph nodes and histologic nodal metastasis using the HN classification system, in dogs with cutaneous or subcutaneous MCT and regional lymph node(s) removal. Dogs that had removal of MCT and regional lymphadenectomy within 31 days of the initial staging computed tomography (CT) were enrolled. Subjective lymph node characteristics used included margination, loss of fat at hilus, shape of margin, perinodal fat pattern, increase in number of nodes, and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. Enhancement, heterogeneity, and short-long axis ratio were calculated. Seventy-one lymph nodes from 37 dogs were included. Generalised linear mixed model of assessment of lymph node was performed twice, with binary outcome [non-metastatic (HN0/1) versus metastatic (HN2/3)] and 4-point scales (HN0-HN3). After blind assessment of 7 characteristics described above, a final subjective interpretation of each lymph node as non-metastatic or metastatic was assigned. A significant correlation was found between final interpretation and prediction of metastasis. Higher HN classification was also significantly correlated with the increased number of nodes and pre- and post-contrast heterogeneity. No correlation was found in short-long axis ratio, calculated heterogeneity, or degree of enhancement. Sensitivity of CT was 35.7%, specificity was 96.6%, and accuracy was 60.5% for nodal metastasis. CT alone cannot be recommended for assessment of metastasis. The use of multiple computed tomographic characteristics may increase accuracy of nodal metastasis detection.

Integrated Energy Security Defense Monitoring Software Based on Cloud Computing

In order to solve the problem of outlier detection of integrated energy security defense monitoring software, an automatic detection algorithm of virtual machine power anomaly in a cloud computing environment is proposed. The method is implemented through three main steps: data preprocessing, pattern recognition, and prediction of virtual machine power anomaly detection model. It is found through experiments that with the increase of node number, the convergent iterations of the model are less and RMSE is lower, but the increase of node number of the hidden layer will lead to a longer model running time. When the number of nodes reaches 100, the test results of the validation set are significantly improved, and the loss function of the validation set is minimal when the number of nodes is less than 30 iterations. Finally, the hidden layer of the model consists of 100 LSTM units, followed by a dense output layer with 1 neuron, and 0.2 loss, retrospection, and foresight equal to 1. Adam optimizer was used to train LSTM and stop it in advance after 50 iteration steps. Its parameters remained default, with a learning rate of 0.001 and attenuation of 0.9. It can be seen that this model can well predict the virtual machine power consumption data and effectively solve the problem of outlier detection of integrated energy security defense monitoring software.

Research on the multi-channel operation of MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks

This paper briefly introduced Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) and the competitive Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol for assisting the multi-channel operation in WSN. Then, the avoidance operation of the traditional competitive MAC protocol was improved. The WSN that adopted two MAC protocols was simulated in the MATLAB software, and the performance of WSN under different node number was tested. The results showed that the WSN that adopted the traditional MAC protocol had decreased throughput and channel utilization and increased average time delay with the increase of node number in the WSN; the WSN that adopted the improved MAC protocol had decreased throughput and relatively stable average time delay and channel utilization with the increase of node number in the WSN; under the same number of nodes, the WSN that adopted the improved MAC protocol had higher throughput and channel utilization and lower average time delay.

A sorghum gigantea mutant attenuates florigen gene expression and delays flowering time.

GIGANTEA (GI) is a conserved plant‐specific gene that modulates a range of environmental responses in multiple plant species, including playing a key role in photoperiodic regulation of flowering time. The C4 grass Sorghum bicolor is an important grain and subsistence crop, animal forage, and cellulosic biofuel feedstock that is tolerant of abiotic stresses and marginal soils. To understand sorghum flowering time regulatory networks, we characterized the sbgi‐ems1 nonsense mutant allele of the sorghum GIGANTEA (SbGI) gene from a sequenced M4 EMS‐mutagenized BTx623 population. sbgi‐ems1 plants flowered later than wild type siblings under both long‐day or short‐day photoperiods. Delayed flowering in sbgi‐ems1 plants accompanied an increase in node number, indicating an extended vegetative growth phase prior to flowering. sbgi‐ems1 plants had reduced expression of floral activator genes SbCO and SbEHD1 and downstream FT‐like florigen genes SbFT, SbCN8, and SbCN12. Therefore, SbGI plays a role in regulating SbCO and SbEHD1 expression that serves to accelerate flowering. SbGI protein physically interacts with the sorghum FLAVIN‐BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F‐BOX1‐like (SbFFL) protein, a conserved flowering‐associated blue light photoreceptor, and the SbGI‐SbFFL interaction is stimulated by blue light. This work demonstrates that SbGI is an activator of sorghum flowering time upstream of florigen genes under short‐ and long‐day photoperiods, likely in association with the activity of the blue light photoreceptor SbFFL.Significance StatementThis study elucidates molecular details of flowering time networks for the adaptable C4 cereal crop Sorghum bicolor, including demonstration of a role for blue light sensing in sorghum GIGANTEA activity. This work validates the utility of a large publicly available sequenced EMS‐mutagenized sorghum population to determine gene function.

A novel security algorithm ECC‐L for wireless sensor network

Wireless communication has poised to become one of the most predominant area of research in the field of communication engineering. Wireless Sensor Network also plays a significant role in shaping and linking IoT and communication era. The proposed work considers the two most influential parameters, the power consumption and security, for accessing the performance of Wireless Sensor Network. A novel security algorithm Rabin based Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem ‐ Linear (ECC‐L) has been designed, implemented and compared with existing ECC algorithm. The proposed algorithm uses double binding hash code technique. It supports sensor nodes with bio hash code for identification of authorization network to share the data. The impact of increase in number of nodes to the key performance metrics of WSN like, energy, packet loss, delay, throughput etc., is measured on ECC and proposed ECC‐L by performing simulations. Qualitatively, the metrics show peak performance and significant performance improvement compared to ECC algorithm in terms of reduction in the packet loss, obtaining maximum throughput, avoidance of retransmissions and enhancement of energy efficiency in wireless sensor network. Quantitatively, the simulation results show that the proposed Rabin ECC‐L algorithm perform enhanced better than the existing ECC algorithm for the impact of increase in number of nodes on reduction of control overheads by 21%, reduction in energy consumption by 27%, decrease in packet losses by 13%, increase in throughput by 32% and decrease in average delay by 32%.

NON-LINEAR AUTOENCODER BASED ALGORITHM FOR DIMENSIONALITY REDUCTION OF AIRBORNE HYPERSPECTRAL DATA

Abstract. Hyperspectral remote sensing is an advanced remote sensing technology that enhances the ability of accurate classification due to presence of narrow contiguous bands. The large number of continuous bands present in hyperspectral data introduces the problem of computational complexity due to presence of redundant information. There is a need for dimensionality reduction to enhance the ability of users for better characterization of features. Due to presence of high spectral correlation in the hyperspectral datasets, optimum de-correlation technique is required which transforms the hyperspectral data to lower dimensions without compromising with the desirable information present in the data. In this paper, focus has been to reduce the spectral dimensionality problem. So, this research aimed to develop computationally efficient non-linear autoencoder algorithm taking the advantage of non-linear properties of hyperspectral data. The proposed algorithm was applied on airborne hyperspectral image of Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer - Next Generation (AVIRIS-NG) over Anand region of Gujarat and the performance of the algorithm was evaluated. The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) increased from 22.78 dB to 48.48 dB with increase in number of nodes in bottleneck layer for reconstruction of image. Spectral distortion was also measured using Spectral Angle Mapper Algorithm (SAM), which reduced from 0.38 to 0.05 with increase in number of nodes in bottleneck layer up to 10. So, this algorithm was able to give good reconstruction of original image from the nodes present in the bottleneck layer.

Some complexity measures in confined isotropic harmonic oscillator

Various well-known statistical measures like Lopez-Ruiz, Mancini, Calbet (LMC) and Fisher–Shannon complexity have been explored for confined isotropic harmonic oscillator (CHO) in composite position (r) and momentum (p) spaces. To get a deeper insight about CHO, a more generalized form of these quantities with Renyi entropy (R) is invoked here. The importance of scaling parameter in the exponential part is also investigated. R is estimated considering order of entropic moments $$\alpha , \beta $$ as $$(\frac{2}{3},3)$$ in r and p spaces respectively. Explicit results of these measures with respect to variation of confinement radius $$r_c$$ is provided systematically for first eight energy states, namely, 1s, 1p, 1d, 2s, 1f, 2p, 1g and 2d. This investigation advocates that (i) CHO may be treated as a missing-link between PISB and IHO (ii) an increase in number of nodes takes the system towards order. A detailed analysis of these complexity measures reveals several other hitherto unreported interesting features.

Application of carbon dioxide as working fluid in geothermal development considering a complex fractured system

The advantages of using supercritical carbon dioxide as working fluid in geothermal development (potential carbon dioxide geological storage and relatively high mobility) have attracted considerable interest in the simulation of a carbon dioxide-based enhanced geothermal system. This study proposed a numerical model based on the three-dimensional unified pipe-network method to simulate the two-phase flow and thermal-hydraulic coupled process in a carbon dioxide-based enhanced geothermal system considering complex fracture networks. The van Genuchten capillary model and relative permeability model are adopted to characterize the displacement process in both the fractures and the rock matrix. A pipe equivalent technique is employed to discretize the governing equations for the two-phase flow and the heat transmission with the local thermal non-equilibrium concept. Two-phase fluid transfer at material interfaces is solved based on a pipe superposition principle in a pipe-network system. Discretized forms are solved by a sequential implicit time scheme alleviating the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition in fracture networks. The proposed model is verified against analytical results for the Buckley-Leverett problem. Saturation evolution curves at different time steps converge to the analytical solutions as the node number increases. Sensitivity analyses using a doublet system horizontally embedded with one large fracture indicate that the capillary contrast between the rock matrix and the fractures and the injection flow rate pose impacts on the produced carbon dioxide saturation and the outlet fluid temperature drawdown. The simulation of circulating processes considering randomly generated fracture networks demonstrates that the more promising potential of heat extraction can be achieved using the pure carbon dioxide as the working fluid instead of cooled water. Analyzing the effects of the initial reservoir carbon dioxide saturation shows that increasing the reservoir carbon dioxide saturation before heat excavation can improve the heat production. Both increase the matrix permeability and the fracture aperture enhances the performance of the heat extraction and the carbon dioxide sequestration.

Safety and outcomes of an oncologic robotic whipple program.

393 Background: Robotic-assisted surgery is a new technology being used more commonly in surgical oncology. We evaluated the outcomes of robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy over time from a single U.S. cancer center. Methods: The Moffitt Cancer Center Tumor Registry was queried for robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy cases performed by two surgeons from 2012-2017 after IRB approval. Descriptive statistics and analyses with t-test and chi-square test were performed. Results: 61 case were analyzed; the first cohort comprised 31 cases and the second cohort comprised the next 30 cases. The most common pre-operative diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. For the entire cohort, the estimated blood loss was 498mL, ASA class was 2.5, and OR duration 546 minutes. The first cohort had 14 conversions to open Whipple and the second cohort had 11. There were no anesthesia or surgical complications. There was one 30-day mortality and one R1 resection. There was no significant difference in EBL, OR transfusions, or post-op transfusions. There was a significant decrease in the operative time between the two cohorts. Additionally, there was a significant increase in total number of nodes examined in the second cohort, though no difference in the number of positive nodes. Conclusions: In selected patients, robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy is a safe alternative to open pancreaticoduodenectomy. Published data suggest a learning curve of approximately 60-80 cases. In our cohort we observed a significant decrease in OR time and an increase in lymph node retrieval after 31 cases, suggesting an earlier inflection point. Further studies are needed to examine additional follow-up and outcome variables. [Table: see text]

Optimizing the Number of Fog Nodes for Cloud-Fog-Thing Networks

Fog networking has recently received considerable attention from a theoretical perspective, but in order for such networks to be practical several open areas need to be addressed. This paper determines the optimum number of nodes that should be upgraded to fog nodes with additional computing capabilities in order to maximize the average data rate and minimize the transmission delay. The optimization is performed for a given set of wireless channel conditions and a fixed total number of network nodes. It will be shown that, having more or less fog nodes than the optimum degrades the data rate. The numerical results indicate that the average data rate can increase nearly an order of magnitude for an optimized number of fog nodes in case of shadowing and fading. It is further shown that the optimum number of fog nodes does not increase in direct proportion to the increase in the total number of nodes. Furthermore, the optimum number of fog nodes decreases when channels have high path loss exponents. These findings suggest that the fog nodes must be selected among those that have the highest computation capability for densely deployed networks and high path loss exponent channels.

S47 Changes in voltage gated channels in regenerated axons distal and proximal to a nerve lesion

Objectives We compare function of regenerated motor axons and changes in the parent axons of young and aged mice after a sciatic nerve lesion with focus on voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC). Methods Excitability was measured in motor fibers up to 4 months after crushing or sectioning and suture of the sciatic nerve in 10-week and more than 20-month old healthy C57Bl mice. Recovery of multiple measures of motor axon excitability by “threshold-tracking” was studied at the tibial nerve distally and at the sciatic notch proximally to the nerve lesion. Results Regeneration at 4 months after section and suture was impaired in aged mice. Recovery of CMAP was nearly complete after crushing whereas excitability remained abnormal in both age groups. In contrast, only aged nerves acquired depolarizing features at the tibial and sciatic stimulation sites which were attenuated by the selective NaV1.8 blocker (Compound 31, AbbVie Inc.). Discussion Regenerated human and mouse myelinated motor axons show similar persistent abnormalities in membrane excitability resulting from alterations in both cable and voltage-dependent properties. In regenerated nerve the increased Na+ influx was attributed to an increase in number of nodes in regenerated axons. Recently we found that motor nerve fibers in healthy aged mice show depolarizing features due to an ectopic expression of the “sensory neuron specific” NaV1.8 VGSC. Conclusions and significance Our data suggest that regeneration aggravates the ectopic NaV1.8 VGSC expression on aged motor axons, which could impair the functional recovery of nerve fibers after a nerve lesion with advancing age.

Nonlinear self-adapting wave patterns

We propose a new type of traveling wave pattern, one that can adapt to the size of physical system in which it is embedded. Such a system arises when the initial state has an instability for a range of wavevectors, k, that extends down to k = 0, connecting at that point to two symmetry modes of the underlying dynamical system. The Min system of proteins in E. coli is such a system with the symmetry emerging from the global conservation of two proteins, MinD and MinE. For this and related systems, traveling waves can adiabatically deform as the system is increased in size without the increase in node number that would be expected for an oscillatory version of a Turing instability containing an allowed wavenumber band with a finite minimum.

CsAP3: A Cucumber Homolog to Arabidopsis APETALA3 with Novel Characteristics.

In our previous efforts to understand the regulatory mechanisms of cucumber unisexual flower development, we observed a stamen-specific down-regulation of the ethylene receptor CsETR1 in stage 6 female flowers of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). This down-regulation is correlated with the primordial anther-specific DNA damage that characterizes inappropriate stamen development in cucumber female flowers. To understand how CsETR1 is down regulated in the stamen, we characterized a cucumber MADS box gene homologous to Arabidopsis AP3, CsAP3. We demonstrated that CsAP3 is functionally equivalent to the Arabidopsis B-class MADS gene AP3. However, three novel characteristics of CsAP3 were found. These include firstly, binding and activating CsETR1 promoter in vitro and in vivo; secondly, containing a GV repeat in its C-terminus, which is conserved in cucurbits and required for the transcription activation; and thirdly, decreased expression as the node number increases, which is similar to that found for CsETR1. These findings revealed not only the conserved function of CsAP3 as a B-class floral identity gene, but also its unique functions in regulation of female flower development in cucumber.

Persistent alterations in active and passive electrical membrane properties of regenerated nerve fibers of man and mice.

Excitability of regenerated fibers remains impaired due to changes in both passive cable properties and alterations in the voltage-dependent membrane function. These abnormalities were studied by mathematical modeling in human regenerated nerves and experimental studies in mice. In three adult male patients with surgically repaired complete injuries of peripheral nerves of the arm 22 months-26 years prior to investigation, deviation of excitability measures was explained by a hyperpolarizing shift in the resting membrane potential and an increase in the passive 'Barrett and Barrett' conductance (GBB) bridging the nodal and internodal compartments. These changes were associated with an increase in the 'fast' K(+) conductance and the inward rectifier conductance (GH). Similar changes were found in regenerated mouse tibial motor axons at 1 month after a sciatic crush lesion. During the first 5 months of regeneration, GH showed partial recovery, which paralleled that in GBB. The internodal length remained one-third of normal. Excitability abnormalities could be reversed by the energy-dependent Na(+)/K(+) pump blocker ouabain resulting in membrane depolarization. Stressing the Na(+) pumping system during a strenuous activity protocol triggered partial Wallerian degeneration in regenerated nerves but not in control nerves from age-matched mice. The current data suggest that the nodal voltage-gated ion channel machinery is restored in regenerated axons, although the electrical separation from the internodal compartment remains compromised. Due to the persistent increase in number of nodes, the increased activity-dependent Na(+) influx could lead to hyperactivity of the Na(+)/K(+) pump resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and neurotoxic energy insufficiency during strenuous activity.

Extremal rotating black holes in Einstein–Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory: Radially excited solutions and nonuniqueness

We study five-dimensional black holes in Einstein–Maxwell–Chern–Simons theory with free Chern–Simons (CS) coupling parameter. We consider an event horizon with spherical topology, and both angular momenta of equal magnitude. In particular, we study extremal black holes, which can be used to obtain the boundary of the domain of existence. Above a critical value of the CS coupling constant we find nonstatic extremal solutions with vanishing angular momentum. These solutions form a sequence which can be labeled by the node number of the magnetic U(1) potential or the inertial dragging. As the node number increases, their mass converges to the mass of the extremal Reissner–Nordström solution. The near-horizon geometry of the solutions of this sequence is the same. In general not all near-horizon solutions are found as global solutions, and we show nonuniqueness between extremal solutions and nonextremal ones.

MAC Throughput Improvement Using Adaptive Contention Window

HomePlug AV (HPAV) is a standard developed by HomePlug Powerline Alliance (HPA) for power line communication. In HomePlug AV, it uses a technology named Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) to reduce collision happened in network. However, when network nodes increase, the contention window number may not be wide enough. It will cause collision probability to increase. In this paper, we introduce a new idea of adaptive contention window which will produce suitable contention window under actual network environment. Our method only requires the information of CSMA/CA parameters. It means that one doesn’t need to correct the original CSMA/CA procedure but substitutes old parameters by the new ones. Simulation experiments conducted in the network simulator NS3 show that compared with HomePlug AV, our method promotes throughput significantly when the node number increases.

Emergency surgery for colorectal cancer does not result in nodal understaging compared with elective surgery.

It has been suggested that inadequate lymph node harvest may result in pathologically understaged or indeterminate staging of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). We compared the adequacy of nodal staging in patients undergoing emergency surgery compared with elective surgery for CRC. Using a prospectively collected CRC surgery database at a tertiary care centre, we performed a cohort study. The mean number of lymph nodes harvested and the proportion of patients who had inadequate staging (< 12 nodes harvested) were compared between emergency and elective surgery cohorts. Our analysis was adjusted for tumour site, type of resection, surgical training and pathologic stage. A total of 1279 of 1356 (94%) enrolled patients had nodal data available for analysis; 161 (13%) patients had emergency surgery and 1118 (87%) had elective surgery. The mean number of nodes removed was higher in the emergency surgery group (mean difference +2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.6-5.1, p = 0.012). The proportion of patients with inadequate nodal staging did not differ between groups (emergent 16%, elective 17%, p = 0.79). The odds of adequate nodal staging, adjusting for site, type of resection, training and stage was no different between groups (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.47-1.35, p = 0.41). The evidence does not support the common belief that emergency surgery is more commonly understaged in CRC. Our data suggest emergency surgery resulted in a significant increase in the average number of nodes harvested, with no difference in inadequate nodal staging.

Comparison of Energy Efficient Data Transmission Approaches for Flat Wireless Sensor Networks

In this paper we have analyzed energy efficient neighbour selection algorithms for routing in wireless sensor networks. Since energy saving or consumption is an important aspect of wireless sensor networks, its precise usage is highly desirable both for the faithful performance of network and to increase the network life time. For this work, we have considered a flat network topology where every node has the same responsibility and capability. We have compared two energy efficient algorithms and analyzed their performances when all sensor nodes in a network have either homogeneous or heterogeneous energy with increase in number of nodes, time rounds and node failures. Wireless sensor networks consist of number of small nodes deployed in an area under supervision. Each node has limited storage, computational and sensing capability and limited energy resource, as nodes are battery operated. Since energy is the main concern in wireless sensor networks (WSN) to maximize the performance and to increase the lifetime of a network, various approaches are implemented to reduce energy consumption in a network. Most of the energy is consumed during idle period and during transmission of data from one node to another i.e. routing. An efficient media access control (MAC) and routing protocol should be designed to save energy. While MAC protocol targets at reduction of energy in scanning and accessing the channel, routing protocol helps to reduce the energy requirement for end-to-end transmission. In WSN, there are number of routing protocols that have been proposed for different network criteria. Based on the network topology WSN protocols have been categorized as - flat network protocols and hierarchical protocols as shown in Figure 1. Protocols that fall under hierarchical class select one head amongst all and form a hierarchy (1). This hierarchy may be a cluster, a chain or a grid. Cluster head or a leader collects the information from all the other nodes in its region and sends it to the sink node or gateway node. Some examples are low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), power efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS), virtual grid architecture (VGA), etc. The work presented in this paper considers flat protocols and thus we are not including descriptions of hierarchical protocols and will only be

Access Path Planning of Mobile Agent in Wireless Sensor Networks

Adopting the two-stage optimization model and hybrid optimized algorithm based on evolutionary computation, a new two-stage optimization model that more conforms to the actual demand is proposed on the basis of formal description of Mobile Agent access path planning. This new model divides the access path planning problem into two sub problems of integer linear programming --data integration sub paths and return sub paths, which can reduce search space and improve the efficiency of algorithm. Then a hybrid optimized method named GAPSO, combined with GA (Genetic Algorithm) and PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization), is advanced to solve this model, which integrates discrete PSO into the interlace operation of GA to avoid infeasible solution and improve search quality. Meanwhile convergence can be accelerated by optimizing the GA population with PSO in search of return sub paths. By means of virtual connected topology graph, the high-quality to-be-accessed candidate node set is acquired, the number of to-be-selected nodes is reduced，and the complexity of solution space is decreased, making planning algorithm performance not rely on network scale directly any more. Simulation results show that the advantages of the optimization model is obvious as the node number increases, and GASPO has a better performance than GA and BPSO in the same model

Optimizing Communication for Multi-Join Query Processing in Cloud Data Warehouses

In this paper, the authors present storage structures, PK-map and Tuple-index-map, to improve the performance of query execution and inter-node communication in Cloud Data Warehouses. Cloud Data Warehouses require Read-Optimized databases because large amount of historical data are integrated on a regular basis to facilitate analytical applications for report generation, future analysis, and decision-making. This frequent data integration can grow the data size rapidly and hence there is a need to allocate resource dynamically on demand. As resource is scaled-out in the cloud environment, the number of nodes involved in the execution of a query increases. This in turn increases the number of inter-node communications. In queries, join operation between two different tables are most common. To perform the join operation of a query in the cloud environment, data need to be transferred among different nodes. This becomes critical when there is a huge amount of data (in Terabytes or Petabytes) stored across a large number of nodes. With the increase in number of nodes and amount of data, the size of the communication messages also increases, resulting in even increased bandwidth usage and performance degradation. In this paper, the authors show through extensive experiments using PlanetLab Cloud that their proposed storage structures PK-map and Tuple-index-map, and query execution algorithms improve the performance of join queries, decrease inter-node communication and workload in Cloud Data Warehouses.