Increasing Nanoparticle Concentration Research Articles

Comet Assay and Micronucleus Test in Circulating Erythrocytes of Ctenopharyngodon idella Exposed to Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles.

The number of pollutants released into freshwater and marine environments has increased due to the widespread use of nanoparticles. Nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO-NPs) were tested for genotoxicity in fish fingerlings of the species Ctenopharyngodon idella. For 7, 14, and 21days, fingerlings were exposed to NiO-NPs with each increasing concentrations of 2.25mg/L, 4.50mg/L, and 6.75mg/L, respectively. The micronuclei assay and comet assay were used to evaluate the DNA damage. The experiment revealed that with the increase in nanoparticle concentration and exposure duration, the level of DNA damage also increased. The experiment resulted to be time and dose dependent, and the damage was found as follows: 6.75mg/L > 4.50mg/L > 2.25mg/L against each exposure period. In terms of comet assay, the results showed that after 7days, the level of DNA damage in all the concentrations was highly significant (P < 0.001). Increased DNA damage was calculated at the higher administered dose of 6.75mg/L for 21days of exposition, followed by 14 and 7days, respectively. The second high toxic effect was observed in the fish blood at the exposure concentration of 4.50mg/L for 21days, followed by 14 and 7days, respectively. The micronuclei induction in the nanoparticle's administered blood could be detected only for a 7-day exposition period. Whereas for the exposed duration of 14 and 21days, the entire red blood cells of the grass carp were completely destroyed demonstrating the ability of the nanoparticles to cause anomalies in aquatic life.

Evaluation of nanoparticle effect on heavy and light wellbore cement slurries

Cementing around the casing in oil and gas wellbores provides multiple benefits such as proper zonal isolation, casing support, and prevention of fluid migration. Wellbore cement is an important part of the completion and abandonment process. However, wellbore cement has some drawbacks such as micro-annuli formation or loss of zonal isolation. Nanoparticles (NPs) have been shown to improve the characteristics of wellbore drilling fluids but have not been used extensively in cement. The objective of this paper is to show the effect of NPs’ concentration on wellbore cement characteristics such as thickening time, viscosity, and fluid loss properties. Nanoparticle barite and magnetite were added to heavy cement and bentonite was added to light cement in intervals of 1, 3, and 5 % by weight of cement to test the resulting cement characteristics. The results showed that the thickening time increased for all concentrations of nanoparticles, except for the 5 % magnetite. The resulting yield stress of both cement mixtures increased for all concentrations of nanoparticles. The viscosity for all concentrations of nanoparticles in the heavy cement was greater than the control case, while no change in viscosity was seen with the light cement. Fluid loss generally decreased by increasing nanoparticle concentrations for both heavy and light cement. The results of this work in combination with results from the literature show that the addition of barite, magnetite, or bentonite nanoparticles can enhance wellbore cement without diminishing the pumpability and curing time.

Electric partial discharges in biodegradable oil-based ferrofluids: A study on effects of magnetic field and nanoparticle concentration

This paper presents an experimental study of partial discharge activity in ferrofluids based on biodegradable transformer oil and iron oxide nanoparticles. Three ferrofluid samples with low, medium and high nanoparticle concentrations are employed in the research. The basic ferrofluid characterization is followed by a partial discharge experiment exposing the ferrofluids to a high voltage in a needle-plate electrode configuration. The analysis confirms that the apparent charge and number of discharges decrease with increasing nanoparticle concentration. These findings are interpreted with reference to the well-recognised electro-hydrodynamic streamer model. The charge trapping by nanoparticles hinders the ionization and discharge development. The study also focuses on the partial discharge activity in the ferrofluids under the action of a static magnetic field acting perpendicularly to the electric field. A decreasing trend in the number of discharges due to the magnetic field is revealed. A qualitative explanation is provided based on the field-induced cluster formation and charge mobility reduction. The presented experiment and the discussed findings may be valuable for practical application of the ferrofluid in high voltage equipment with a special need for partial discharge suppression.

Olive leaf extract green-formulated manganese nanoparticles: Characterization and antioxidant, cytotoxicity and anti-breast carcinoma properties

Olives are rich in many plant compounds; Antioxidants in olives protect against the occurrence of many cardiovascular diseases, blood pressure, diabetes, various types of cancers and tissue damage caused by free radicals. These antioxidant compounds include oluropine, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleanolic acid, and quercetin. Recent studies have focused on the therapeutic efficacies of manganese nanoparticles mediated by medicinal plants. The study investigated the characteristics of green manganese nanoparticles formulated using olive leaf extract on breast carcinoma cells. The nanoparticles were analyzed using FE-SEM, XRD, FT-IR, and UV–Vis techniques. The formation of manganese nanoparticles was confirmed by observing bands at 219 and 290 nm. The Mn-O vibration can be identified by the peaks observed at 516 and 610 cm−1. The peaks at 72.69, 60, 53.26, 44.97, 40.25, 34.83, and 28.48 corresponding to manganese nanoparticles (444), (440), (510), (420), (400), (222), and (220) diffraction planes, indicate the manganese nanoparticles formation. The MTT assay was employed to evaluate the anti-breast carcinoma effects (on CAMA-1 and MCF-7 cells) as well as the cytotoxicity effects (on HUVEC cell line) of manganese NPs. Results from the DPPH test showed that MnNPs and BHT at doses of 231 and 84 μg/ml were able to eliminate 50 % of radicals. The findings from the MTT experiment indicate that over 3 days, the cancer cells percentage that survived decreased proportionally to the increase in nanoparticle concentration. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that the cancer cells survival rate decreased with the rise in nanoparticle concentration, ultimately reaching a point where no viable cells were observed at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml. The most effective cytotoxicity was observed at a concentration of 1000 μg/ml. The MTT findings indicate that the IC50 values are 173 and 256 µg/ml, representing the concentration of nanoparticles at which half of the CAMA-1 and MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells in the culture medium are eradicated. Analysis of the gene expression levels of PIK3, AKT, and mTOR, linked to the mTOR pathway, in addition to Bax, Bcl2, and Caspase-3, demonstrates that copper nanoparticles efficiently control PC14 cell apoptosis and proliferation by regulating the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. The mTOR pathway could potentially be related to the suppression of the cell cycle and the initiation of apoptosis due to nanoparticles.

Rheological properties of fluorine-free foams stabilized by aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles and mixture of siloxane and hydrocarbon surfactants

Fluorine-free foam stabilized by nanoparticle (NP) is expected to become a new generation of environmental-friendly firefighting foam. Many problems on properties of NP-stabilized fluorine-free foams remain to be studied. The present paper focuses on the rheology and foam stability of fluorine-free foam stabilized by aluminum hydroxide NPs. The surface tension, conductivity, foamability, viscosity, and viscoelasticity of mixed dispersions were measured. The stability, viscosity, viscoelasticity, and thixotropy of foam was analyzed deeply by model fitting and mechanism explanation. The results show that the rheological properties and foam stability of mixed dispersions are both enhanced by the presence of NPs, and the enhancement amplitude increased with NP concentration. Both dispersions and NP-stabilized foams exhibit shear thinning behavior, and the viscosity variations in dispersions conform to the Cross model well. As NP concentration increases, the linear viscoelastic range of foam becomes wider, the flow point of NP foam is delayed, demonstrated enhanced viscoelasticity. The thixotropic recovery of foam decreases with the increasing NP concentration, and foam thixotropic recovery decreases with the increase of irreversible deformation degree. This study can provide design idea for the development of fluorine-free firefighting foam.

Adjoined ISPH method and artificial intelligence for thermal radiation on double diffusion inside a porous L-shaped cavity with fins

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to adapt the incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (ISPH) method with artificial intelligence to manage the physical problem of double diffusion inside a porous L-shaped cavity including two fins.Design/methodology/approachThe ISPH method solves the nondimensional governing equations of a physical model. The ISPH simulations are attained at different Frank–Kamenetskii number, Darcy number, coupled Soret/Dufour numbers, coupled Cattaneo–Christov heat/mass fluxes, thermal radiation parameter and nanoparticle parameter. An artificial neural network (ANN) is developed using a total of 243 data sets. The data set is optimized as 171 of the data sets were used for training the model, 36 for validation and 36 for the testing phase. The network model was trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm.FindingsThe resulting simulations show how thermal radiation declines the temperature distribution and changes the contour of a heat capacity ratio. The temperature distribution is improved, and the velocity field is decreased by 36.77% when the coupled heat Cattaneo–Christov heat/mass fluxes are increased from 0 to 0.8. The temperature distribution is supported, and the concentration distribution is declined by an increase in Soret–Dufour numbers. A rise in Soret–Dufour numbers corresponds to a decreasing velocity field. The Frank–Kamenetskii number is useful for enhancing the velocity field and temperature distribution. A reduction in Darcy number causes a high porous struggle, which reduces nanofluid velocity and improves temperature and concentration distribution. An increase in nanoparticle concentration causes a high fluid suspension viscosity, which reduces the suspension’s velocity. With the help of the ANN, the obtained model accurately predicts the values of the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers.Originality/valueA novel integration between the ISPH method and the ANN is adapted to handle the heat and mass transfer within a new L-shaped geometry with fins in the presence of several physical effects.

Generalized fractional model of heat transfer in uncertain hybrid nanofluid with entropy optimization in fuzzy-Caputo sense

In this paper, we present a new fuzzy-fractional (FF) transformation to recover FF differential model of hybrid nanofluid. The current study focuses on FF modeling of nanofluid with engine oil as base fluid, while ferrous oxide Fe2O3 and alumina Al2O3 are considered nanoparticles. In accordance to the real industrial phenomena, the flow is simulated between two squeezing plates with thermal radiation and magnetic effects. A generalized fuzzy-fraction flow problem is modeled by introducing new similarity transforms. Obtained model is validated both theoretically and numerically. At integer order Υ=1, the FF model reduces to the integer order fluid model existing in literature, proving theoretical validity. Fuzzy-valued functions are discriminated through triangular fuzzy numbers using r-cut approach. In order to solve, obtained highly non-linear FF nanofluid system, we apply He–Laplace–Carson (HLC) algorithm. Differential and convolution properties of Laplace–Carson Transform (LCT) are utilized for solution purpose. Error and convergence analysis is performed numerically to verify obtained results. Furthermore, graphical illustrations for upper and lower bound analysis on FF profiles is also presented. Analysis reveals that heat transfer in engine oil enhances with an increase in radiation at upper and lower bound in fuzzy-fractional environment. Moreover, entropy decreases with an increase in nanoparticle concentration of Fe2O3 and Al2O3 in engine oil.

Nanoparticle migration in nanofluid film boiling: A numerical analysis using the continuous-species-transfer method

Investigating the boiling behavior of nanofluids remains a topic of considerable research interest. The existing theoretical framework often underscores Brownian motion and thermophoresis among the predominant mechanisms that influence nanoparticles' movement within nanofluids. However, most current numerical models addressing nanofluid boiling either neglect these mechanisms or incorporate them inadequately. A comprehensive review of the literature reveals two primary gaps. The larger set of numerical studies on nanofluids boiling does not account for any governing equation for nanoparticle concentration, neglecting the primary mechanisms of nanoparticle movement. The smaller set includes such an equation but limits its application to the vapor domain, thereby overlooking the liquid nanofluid phase. Moreover, in the context of film boiling involving nanofluids, an insulating vapor film forms between the nanofluid and the heated surface. This vapor film is dynamic, experiencing evaporation at its outer boundary, leading to an increase in nanoparticle concentration at the vapor-liquid interface—another aspect always neglected in existing numerical models. To address these research gaps, this study introduces a specialized governing equation employing the Continuous-Species-Transfer method within the framework of Computational Multi-Fluid Dynamics. Importantly, it also incorporates governing equations for thermophoresis and Brownian motion to account for the motion of nanoparticles. The method's efficacy is further corroborated by solving a two-dimensional axisymmetric film boiling problem on a vertical cylinder, with results aligning well with analytical studies that consider Brownian motion and thermophoretic behavior. Overall, the study fills a critical gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive tool for examining complex interfacial behaviors in nanofluid film boiling.

Bactericidal effect of nanosilver synthesized with Neolitsea cassia mucilaginous extract

This study focused on green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using mucilaginous leaf extracts of Neolitsea cassia and demonstrating the bactericidal effect of the product against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are common in polluted water. A concentration series of silver nitrate was subjected to four treatments by mixing with separate (a) aqueous and (b) 80% methanol extracts of N. cassia leaves in (c) atmospheric and (d) nitrogen gaseous environments, for comparison. A linear increment of the dry weight of silver nanoparticles was observed with increasing silver nitrate concentration (r = 0.99, p = 0), resulting in higher yields from 80% methanol extracts in an atmospheric environment. As characterized by surface plasmon resonance absorption, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, quasi-spherical crystalline silver nanoparticles of 11.7 nm average diameter were synthesized. The disk diffusion method showed that the growth of E. coli and S. aureus in culture media was increasingly inhibited with increasing nanoparticle concentration (r = 0.95, p = 0 and r = 0.93, p = 0, respectively). It was concluded that 80% methanol extract in an atmospheric environment was the most productive way to green-synthesize silver nanoparticles from the mucilaginous sap of N. cassia.

Numerical study of the melting rate enhancement of nano phase change material in a modified shell and tube heat exchanger

The current investigation employs numerical analysis using ANSYS Fluent software to explore the melting behaviour of phase change material (PCM) and nano-PCM in a semi-circular shell and tube heat exchanger, utilizing dual side heating for enhanced conduction and convection rates of heat transfer. The study incorporates aluminium oxide nanoparticles at volume concentrations of 2 %, 4 % and 6 % within paraffin wax and assessing their impact on melting and thermal energy storage rates. Notably, the 2 % nanoparticle volume concentration exhibits an enhanced storage rate as compared to higher concentrations. The increase in nanoparticle concentration from 0 % to 2 %, 2 % to 4 % and 4 % to 6 % results in percentage reduction in melting time of 21 %, 3.51 % and 2.8 % respectively. Semi-circular configuration shows significant improvement in the energy storage rate as compared to the circular triplex tube configuration. The maximum energy storage rate of PCM for the semi-circular and circular configurations is 1.15 kW and 1.04 kW respectively, marking a 9.56 % increase over the circular configuration. Moreover, the semi-circular and circular configurations using nano-PCM achieve a maximum energy storage rate of 1.19 kW and 1.14 kW, representing a 4.20 % increase over the circular configuration.

Using a New Fe3O4@CPAM Magnetic Flocculant and Microwave to Demulsify Heavy Oil-in-Water Emulsions.

In this study, cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM)-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) Fe3O4@CPAM were synthesized for treating heavy O/W emulsions. This Fe3O4@CPAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques, and its synergistic performances with microwaves were evaluated in detail with respect to the microwave radiation power, radiation time, and magnetic nanoparticle concentration. On this basis, the distribution of oil droplets and the wettability and chargeability of magnetic nanoparticles were measured without or with microwave radiation using biomicroscopy, contact angle measurement instrument, and a ζ-potential analyzer, thus revealing the synergistic demulsification mechanism between microwave and magnetic nanoparticles. The results showed that excessively high or low microwave radiation parameters had an inhibitory effect on the magnetic nanoparticle demulsification, and microwave promoted the magnetic nanoparticle demulsification only when the radiation parameters were in the optimal range. In addition, the water separation rate showed an increasing and then decreasing trend with the increase of magnetic nanoparticles concentration, with or without microwave action. As an example, the water separation rate of the emulsion for 1 h was 21.34% when the Fe3O4 concentration was 175 mg/L without microwave action, while it increased to 55.56% with microwave action. In contrast, when the concentration of Fe3O4@CPAM was 175 mg/L, the water separation rate was 42.86% without microwave radiation, while it was further increased to 77.38% under microwave radiation. These results indicate that magnetic nanoparticles and their complexes significantly affect the water separation process under different conditions. There is a more obvious coupling synergistic effect between Fe3O4@CPAM and microwave. This was due to the lower absolute potential of Fe3O4@CPAM and its higher hydrophobicity.

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Nano zinc Oxide's Effect on the Mechanical Properties of Chloroprene and Natural Rubber (CR/NR) Composites

Nanocomposites, especially natural rubber (NR), have been extensively studied for their unique features and superior performance in tire applications. The present research investigated the impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) on the performance of typical rotary machine seals made of chloroprene rubber / natural rubber (CR/NR) composites. An ordinary standard rubber two-roll mill and hydraulic press were used to prepare high-temperature vulcanized CR/NR samples filled with ZnO nanoparticles. Tensile strength, tear resistance, abrasion resistance, resilience, and hardness were measured to determine the effects of nanoparticles on these physical and mechanical properties. Based on the various hyperelastic modeling schemes, enhancement in multiple characteristics of the control sample, such as overhaul properties, was observed. Furthermore, results show that increasing nanoparticle content in the vulcanisates increased the physicomechanical characteristics, such as hardness, resilience, tensile strength, and elastic Modulus at 200% strain. Moreover, hyperelastic analytical modeling shows that the differences with experimental results are less than 5%.

Magnetic nanofluid [formula omitted] in passive cooling system based on thermo-osmotic effect

Due to the dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of nanofluid on temperature, magnetic nanofluid is able to move in a nonuniform temperature field and an external magnetic field. In a passive cooling system based on the thermomagnetic effect, the coolant can move without the use of a pump. Here we demonstrate the principle of operation of a brand-new passive cooling system, where the convective flow of a magnetic nanofluid is driven by the combined action of thermo-osmosis and magnetic force. Therein lies the fundamental difference between the passive cooling system proposed here and the previously known systems, where the movement of ferrofluid is due to the action of the thermomagnetic effect. Based on nonequilibrium thermodynamics, a phenomenological model is proposed to describe the motion of a magnetic nanofluid in a channel in nonuniform temperature and magnetic fields. In the experimental study, the motion of ferrofluid Fe3O4 in the micro-channel is analyzed with variations in temperature, temperature gradient, channel thickness, and nanoparticle concentration. It is shown that in a non-uniform temperature field water-based ferrofluid moves in the direction of increasing temperature, while tridecane-based ferrofluid moves in the direction of decreasing it. If the thickness of the micro-channel exceeds a certain critical value, then the movement of ferrofluid under the influence of thermo-osmosis degenerates. It has been established that with an increase in concentration of nanoparticles the velocity of ferrofluid motion decreases due to the opposite direction of nanoparticle motion under the action of thermophoresis and the motion of liquid under the action of thermo-osmosis.

The role of adding nanoparticles and surfactant to the enzyme liquid binder in fluidized bed granulation process

The influence of enzyme liquid binder properties on wet granulation process was evaluated at both micro- and macro-scales. The micro-scale phenomena, including binder droplet spreading on and penetration into the powder bed, as well as liquid bridge shape and force, were analyzed by introducing SiO2 nanoparticles and SDS surfactant into the liquid binder containing a protease enzyme and 1 wt% of NaCMC. Moreover, the simultaneous effect of formulation variables, including NPs and SDS concentrations, and process conditions, such as binder spray rate and air temperature, was investigated using design of experiments. The average size and the span were considered as the responses. Nanofluid binder without SDS exhibited lower spreading and penetration times and a stronger bridge force. All formulation and process factors significantly influenced granule size distribution. Notably, increasing nanoparticle concentration and binder flow rate, while decreasing SDS concentration and air temperature, resulted in larger granules and a narrower size distribution.

Assembly of spherical-shaped resistant starch nanoparticles to the oil droplet surface promotes the formation of stable oil in water Pickering emulsions

The use of starch-based nanoparticles in stabilizing Pickering emulsions has gained momentum since it offers a versatile, biocompatible, and sustainable approach with a wide range of applications. In the present study, starch nanoparticles produced using a sequential 3-step physical process were used as particle stabilizers to create Pickering emulsions. According to our results, high amylose starch nanoparticles can provide long-term colloidal stability to Pickering emulsions. The concentration of the particle-based stabilizer affected the size of the droplets, which in turn had an impact on the stability properties of the produced emulsions. By increasing nanoparticle concentration, surface and interfacial tension were reduced, providing the ability to the particles to adsorb at the interface. When starch and oil concentrations were compared using Dynamic Laser Scattering (DLS) and zeta potential, smaller droplets were produced by increasing starch amount and improved stability was depicted. Rheological profiles showed that the emulsion network structure was strengthened by the addition of nanoparticles, increasing the storage (G′) and loss (G″) moduli, as well as viscosity. In conclusion, the produced emulsions can be categorized as Pickering emulsion gels. These networks, specifically at starch nanoparticle concentration of 3% w/v and 5% w/v, have the advantage of preventing phase separation, droplet coalescence, and Ostwald ripening. The formation of a strong gel network was also obtained by Confocal Laser Microscopy (CLSM). All in all, this study provides new insights into the preparation and stabilization of starch-based Pickering emulsions, as the demand for sustainable and eco-friendly solutions in food product development is growing.

Empowering silver and copper nanoparticles through aqueous fruit extract of Solanum xanthocarpum for sustainable advancements

AbstractSilver and copper nanoparticles were biosynthesized from AgNO3 &amp; CuSO4.5H2O solution by using fruits extract of Solanum xanthocarpum. These nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by UV, FTIR, and SEM techniques and evaluated for biological activities. The UV absorption peaks of biosynthesized Ag and CuNPs were observed at 452 nm and 549 nm, respectively. The FTIR analyses of the fruits extracts were carried out to identify the possible classes of chemical compounds responsible for NPs stability and reduction. The crystalline structure and size of NPs were characterized by using SEM. The NPs were tested against some selected pathogenic strains. In the current study, the tested bacterial and fungal strains were found sensitive to biosynthesized Ag and CuNPs at concentrations (25μg/mL, 50μg/mL, 75μg/mL, and 100μg/mL). The overall results show that, the antimicrobial activities of CuNPs were comparatively more potent than AgNPs. Antioxidant activities of Ag and CuNPs were evaluated using the DPPH method. The results showed effective free radical scavenging activities, but AgNPs exhibited more significant activities as compared to CuNPs. Anticancer activities were measured by using the MTT assay, Cell viability was used to determine the cytotoxic activity of NPs using HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. In the present study, the NPs prevented the growth of tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner (5–500μg/mL). With a gradual increase in NPs concentration, the cell viability of cancer cells decreased. The two highest NPs concentrations (100μg/mL &amp; 250μg/mL) significantly decreased cell viability. The results exhibited that AgNPs are more effective than CuNPs. Additionally, they exhibited effective biological activities, making them to be used in medical sector for cancer treatment, sensors, medications delivery, and several other applications.

Investigation the thermal performance of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) in an enclosure

Phase change materials (PCMs) play a vital role in thermal energy storage applications, as they provide efficient and dependable heat storage and release capabilities. This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the thermal performance of Nano-Enhanced Phase Change Material (NEPCM) in an enclosure, with a focus on the effect of temperature variation and the role of nanoparticles. Variable temperature regimes significantly influence the physical and thermal properties of the NEPCM, as revealed by numerical simulations. The enthalpy-porosity approach for the phase change process and the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations for fluid flow serve as the primary foundations for the numerical model that will be covered in this study. With only a single phase of user input, ANSYS facilitates the creation of three-dimensional models and solid geometry meshes. Notably, an increase in the temperature of the heat-supplying wall resulted in substantial changes to the NEPCM, which we have thoroughly investigated and quantified. It has been demonstrated that the incorporation of various nanoparticles (Al2O3, CuO, and ZnO) into paraffin enhances the heating process, thereby enhancing the thermal conductivity, heat transfer coefficient, and surface tension of the NEPCM. The three nanoparticles decrease the mass fraction of paraffin in the range of 0.00 to 0.960 at the same concentration and testing temperature. In addition, increasing nanoparticle concentration under higher temperature regimes resulted in a faster and more uniform nanoparticle synthesis, significantly enhancing the NEPCM's thermal performance. Particularly, as the temperature increased, the NEPCM near the wall melted more rapidly. The study reveals the crucial role that temperature plays in modulating the behavior and performance of NEPCM, thereby providing valuable insights for thermal management systems. These results demonstrate the significance of temperature control for maximizing the potential of NEPCM in a variety of applications. As the temperature rises, one side becomes covered in the blue color (solid), while in the standard case, the melting curve shows a little red region (melting) at the other side that starts to increase when the nanomaterial's are added.

Preparation, characterization, and fouling analysis of PVC/ND-PEG ultrafiltration membranes for whey separation

In this work, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membranes were embedded with nanodiamond-Polyethylene glycol (ND-PEG) nanoparticles. Fabricated membranes were characterized by FTIR, FESEM, AFM, pore size distribution, contact angle, porosity, pure water flux (PWF), and tensile strength. Successful functionalization of ND nanoparticles by PEG was proved by the FTIR test. According to the FESEM and pore size distribution results, there was an increase in the quantity of surface pores, a shift toward smaller pores, and larger macro-voids in the porous substructure of the nanocomposite membranes as the ND-PEG content in the dope solution increased. The decrease water contact angle from 79.8° for neat PVC membrane to 59.5° for 2.00 wt% ND-PEG containing membrane along with the increase of porosity from 53.89 % to 80.80 % respectively showed that the hydrophilicity of the nanocomposite membranes was improved by increasing nanoparticles content, and this phenome along with surface roughness increment caused PWF improvement from 206.8 LMH to 266.4 LMH. In addition, due to the uniform dispersion of ND-PEG nanoparticles and the high mechanical strength of NDs, the tensile strength of nanocomposite membranes reached a maximum value of 2.91 Mpa for 1.5 wt% ND-PEG membrane. The performance results showed that PVC/ND-PEG nanocomposite membranes had acceptable whey rejection along with a significant increment in flux recovery ratio. Moreover, PVC/ND-PEG membranes with 2.00 wt% ND-PEG had lower flux reduction in long-term filtration, improved antifouling properties and more turbidity removal efficiency in comparison with neat PVC membranes. The analysis of the fouling mechanism based on Hermia's model revealed that the cake formation is the prevailing mechanism for all fabricated membranes.

Thermal management of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicles by nanofluid-filled loop heat pipes

An analytical model is developed to determine the thermal performance of a Loop Heat Pipe filled (LHP) with copper oxide–water and alumina–water nanofluids for battery thermal management in electric vehicles. The thermal performances of the LHP are predicted for different heat loads and nanoparticle concentrations. It is demonstrated that for fast charging operation corresponding to a heat load of 150 W, the LHP ensures evaporator temperatures of less than 60 °C for a heat sink temperature of 40 °C. The heat transport capacity of the LHP is enhanced and the evaporator temperature is deceased by augmenting the nanoparticle concentration. The water–CuO nanofluid-filled LHP performs better than the water–Al2O3 nanofluid-filled one. The addition of the nanoparticles increases the LHP total pressure drop and the driving capillary pressure. The capillary limit of the water–CuO nanofluid-filled LHP is hardly affected by CuO nanoparticle concentration until 6% beyond which the capillary limit starts decreasing. For the water–Al2O3 nanofluid-filled LHP, the capillary limit decreases when Al2O3 nanoparticle concentration increases. Beyond 6% Al2O3 nanoparticle concentration, the capillary limit of the Al2O3-filled LHP becomes lower than the water-filled one.

Influence of cesium bromide nanoparticles on the structural, optical, electrical, and antibacterial properties of polyvinyl alcohol/sodium alginate for biological applications

AbstractThis study investigates the use of organic and inorganic nanostructures to create innovative functional materials with applications in optoelectronics devices. Specifically, nanocomposite films were created by incorporating different concentrations of cesium bromide nanoparticles (5, 10, and 15 wt%) into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate (SA) polymer blend (50/50 wt%) through a solution casting process. The impact of CsBr NPs on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of the virgin PVA/SA matrix was systematically investigated. x‐ray crystallography investigation verified the semicrystalline nature of the PVA/SA. FTIR spectra showed the main vibrational peaks of PVA/SA, with their intensity decreasing after the addition of cesium bromide. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the formation of aggregations and the increase of roughness for the PVA/SA‐CsBr NPs 15 wt% nanocomposite sample. The UV/vis. absorption spectrum showed a decrease in the energy gap values, which decreased from 4.25 to 3.89 eV in the direct transition and decreased from 4.12 to 3.77 eV in the indirect transition. Furthermore, the electrical conductivity and dielectric properties demonstrated improvement with increasing concentration of CsBr NPs. The antibacterial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli exhibited an upward trend with an increase in CsBr nanoparticle concentration. Overall, the results suggest the promising potential of these nanocomposite films for applications in optoelectronics and biological applications.Highlights XRD shows that the amorphousity is increased after addition CsBr NPs. FT‐IR confirms the interactions/complexation between PVA/SA polymeric matrix filled with CsBr NPs. Optical energy gap is decreased with increasing CsBr concentrations. SEM images show the prepared samples have a smooth surface and only have a few defects. By adding CsBr NPs the electrical conductivity is tremendously improved.