Increase In Irrigation Depth Research Articles

The cost of mismanaging crop heat stress with irrigation: Evidence from the mid-south USA

Field level data from a voluntary water use reporting program in the Delta region of Mississippi (MS), USA, provides empirical evidence that crop growers increase the amount of groundwater pumped for irrigation during periods of high temperature (degree days above 32 C). Regression analysis reveals that growers apply excess irrigation to cope with high temperature conditions while growing season evapotranspiration and precipitation are not significant factors in their decision of how much irrigation to apply. The existing literature indicates that excess water does not alleviate the harmful effect of extreme heat, making the excess irrigation wasteful and costly. Additional degree days above 32 C are associated with a 4.6 mm increase in irrigation depth (46 m3ha−1). This result may be partially explained by the fact that most farmers use visual cues (such as leaf folding which correlate with air temperature) to initiate irrigation events regardless of soil moisture contents. To quantify the impact of this mismatch, we estimate that shifting the underlying sensitivity in the farmers’ minds by 1 C would reduce groundwater pumpage by 800862 mega liters across the Delta region of Mississippi, USA. The monetary cost of mismanaging heat stress with excessive irrigation is estimated at a minimum of over US$33 million per year. We further identify two additional possible distortions affecting the demand for irrigation groundwater: (i) overestimated benefits from irrigation; and (ii) underestimated groundwater pumping cost. The policy implication is that more efforts and incentives should be placed for programs that affect the producers’ water management mindset, such as "Master Irrigator" programs that will reduce or eliminate the identified groundwater distortions and optimize benefits from irrigation.

Canola (Brassica napus L.) water use indicators as affected by sustained deficit irrigation and plant density in central Free State, South Africa

In South Africa canola (Brassica napus L.) is cultivated in rotation with wheat under winter rainfall in the Western Cape Province, primarily for seed to make oil. Expansion of the crop to the other 8 provinces is proposed to reduce shortages of locally produced plant oils. At the same time, canola can serve as a rotational crop for wheat in these summer rainfall provinces. In central Free State, information on evapotranspiration and various water use indicators for canola as influenced by sustained deficit irrigation and plant density is lacking. An experiment with a line source sprinkler irrigation system was therefore conducted, comprising of full irrigation as a control with 4 sustained deficit irrigation levels (mean reduction in irrigation depth per event of 67%, 52%, 34% and 19%) and 5 plant densities (25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 plants‧m−2). Mean seasonal maximum evapotranspiration amounted to 429 mm across plant densities. Plant density did not significantly influence seasonal evapotranspiration. Reducing the irrigation depth per event by more than 20% decreased seasonal evapotranspiration by a mean 3.5 mm per percentage increase in irrigation depth. A maximum biomass water productivity of 22 kg‧ha−1‧mm−1 was measured with full irrigation and a plant density of 75 plants‧m−2. Seed water productivity amounted to a high of 11 kg‧ha−1‧mm−1 with full irrigation and a plant density of 25 plants‧m−2. A percentage reduction in irrigation depth and increase in plant density above 25 plants‧m−2 will reduce seed water productivity by 0.071 and 0.033 kg‧ha−1‧mm−1, respectively. Sustained deficit irrigation increased water use efficiency by a mean 0.5% per percentage reduction in irrigation depth per event.

Chemical properties of Oxisol cultivated with corn in management systems of soil irrigated with swine production wastewater.

Waste generated from agribusiness, such as swine production, can be used in agricultural soil; however, certain technical criteria should be followed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different depths of irrigation with swine wastewater (SW), associated with the soil management system, on soil chemical attributes after two corn crop cycles. The experiments were conducted in the field, in an arrangement with two soil management systems (conventional tillage system - CTS and no-tillage system - NTS) and five depths of irrigation with SW (50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150% of evapotranspiration from the crop - ETc). Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m to determine the pH, Ca, Mg, K, Na, Al, P, Fe, Cu and Zn at the end of each crop cycle. Soil nutrient contents increased with the application of SW irrigation in the two crop cycles and in the depths of 0-0.1 and 0.1-0.2 m, mainly with an increase of irrigation depths. No effect of the management systems was observed for the majority of the nutrients evaluated. The content of the heavy metals Cu and Zn remained below the critical limits established by the Brazilian Regulations.

Water regimes on soil covered with plastic film mulch and relationships with soil water availability, yield, and water use efficiency of papaya trees

Plastic film mulches have the potential to be used in papaya production, mainly aiming to reduce water application in semi-arid regions. However, there is a lack of technical information and the need to introduce mulching practices in papaya orchards. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of plastic film mulch and irrigation depths on soil water availability (SWA), stomatal conductance, leaf temperature, and agronomic traits of papaya trees. The study was carried out during 2018 and 2019 in Jaíba city, located northern Minas Gerais state, in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The experiment was a split plot design, with soil cover conditions assigned to the plots (bare soil and mulched soil) and water replenishment levels to subplots (25%, 50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of crop evapotranspiration [ETc]). Plants were drip irrigated with water replenishments based on climate data. Soil moisture was measured along time and agronomic and physiological characteristics of papaya trees, as well. Water tensions were higher in treatments with lower water replenishments. Results showed that the increase in irrigation depth favors leaf-area growth rate, stomatal conductance, yield, and water footprint of papaya. The use of mulch together with the increase in water replenishment levels contributes for maintenance of the soil water content between the upper limit of SWA and 75%SWA. The use black plastic mulching with drip irrigation in medium-textured soil saves up to 152 L of water per Kg of fruit, and increase productivity up to 34% by replenishing the crop evapotranspiration every irrigation event. The use of black plastic as ground cover is technically feasible for keeping soil water availability above 75% by irrigation supply of at least 75% of ETc on sand-clay-loam soil.

Post-harvest growth and longevity of ornamental sunflowers irrigated using magnetised water with different irrigation depths

ABSTRACT With the water crisis affecting several countries, the use of innovative technologies and methods in irrigated agriculture is essential to increase water use efficiency. The use of magnetised water has been considered a possibility both for saving water resources and in increasing crop productivity and quality. Following this, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the growth and longevity of flower stems of ornamental sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.; Vincent’s Choice) irrigated with different irrigation depths and water subjected to magnetic field treatment. The treatments consisted of five percentage of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) (20, 70, 100, 130, and 160% of ETc) and two types of irrigation water (magnetised water; and ordinary water). The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stem diameter, inflorescence diameter, fresh and dry masses of the leaves and stems, fresh and dry masses of the inflorescence, and post-harvest longevity of the flower stems. The growth and post-harvest longevity characteristics were not influenced by the water type. An increase in irrigation depth promoted an increase in all analysed parameters. Regarding the commercialisation patterns of cut flowers, depth equal to or greater than 0.7 ETc yielded the best classification of ornamental sunflower.

Influence of different irrigation scheduling through micro sprinkler on growth and yield of chickpea

A Field experiment entitled, “Influence of different irrigation scheduling through micro-sprinkler on growth and yield of chickpea” was conducted at the farm of All India Co-ordinated Research Project on Pulses Improvement Project, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar (M.S.) India during the Rabi season 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with six irrigation treatments replicated four times. The treatments were consisting of applying irrigation through micro sprinkler at 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, 0.75 and 0.9 IW/CPE ratio, irrigation at 25 CPE and applying surface irrigation at 50 CPE. The growth in terms of plant height, plant spread, number of branches per plant and dry matter accumulation were observed to be significantly more in treatment of irrigation at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio. However surface irrigation at 50 mm CPE and 0.75 IW/CPE ratio with micro-sprinkler were at par with 0.9 IW/CPE ratio. Similarly, the yield contributing characters viz., weight of pods per plant, weight of seeds per plant, test weight were significantly higher in 0.9 IW/CPE ratio irrigation as compared to other treatments. The grain yield increased with increase in irrigation depth with IW/CPE ratio. The irrigation applied at 0.9 IW/CPE ratio produced significantly superior grain yield (23.35 q ha-1) over other irrigation treatments but the difference with surface irrigation at 50 mm CPE (22.80 q ha-1) and irrigation at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio (21.51 q ha-1) grain yield was not significant. The irrigation through micro sprinkler at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio can be advisable for chickpea cultivation in semi-arid area. The grain yield at lower 0.3 IW/CPE ratio (16.13 q ha-1) was lowest among all the treatments due to insufficient soil moisture and its distribution in root zone under inadequate depth (7.5 mm). The total irrigation water used in 0.75 IW/CPE ratio was (253 mm). The water use efficiency decreased with increase in IW/CPE ratio. The net monetary returns and B:C ratio was highest in surface irrigation. Based on the above findings, it could be concluded that growing of chickpea with irrigation scheduling at surface irrigation was beneficial for achieving higher productivity and B:C ratio. Nevertheless, under water scarcity condition micro sprinkler at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio better in practice.

Desenvolvimento inicial da cana-soca sob lâminas de irrigação de salvamento

A cana-de-açúcar é um dos principais produtos agrícolas do Brasil, gerando alimento e energia sustentável para o mundo. No estado de Goiás, o déficit hídrico é um dos fatores limitantes do acúmulo de biomassa, devido à baixa umidade do solo durante praticamente todo o outono e o inverno. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos de lâminas de irrigação de salvamento no desenvolvimento inicial da cana-soca de sequeiro, durante os primeiros 30 dias. O experimento foi realizado na Fazenda Isaura, pertencente à Usina São Martinho - Unidade Boa Vista, no município de Quirinópolis, GO. A colheita foi finalizada em 18 de setembro de 2019 e a irrigação ocorreu com Lead Time (dias após colheita) de 7 dias, no dia 25 de setembro de 2019. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados arranjado em faixas. Foram utilizadas cinco lâminas de irrigação (20 mm, 30 mm, 40 mm, 50 mm e 60 mm), uma testemunha (sem irrigação) e seis repetições. Foram avaliados os parâmetros biofísicos: número de perfilhos por metro linear, altura das plantas e massa fresca dos perfilhos. O número de perfilhos por metro linear, altura das plantas e massa fresca dos perfilhos responderam ao aumento das lâminas de irrigação, em todos os períodos avaliados após o plantio, sendo o modelo de regressão linear o de melhor ajuste. Desde que não supere a capacidade de armazenamento de água no solo, o aumento da lâmina de água proporciona aumento do perfilhamento, altura média das plantas e massa fresca dos perfilhos da cana-soca. A lâmina de irrigação de salvamento de 60 mm foi a quantidade ótima para potencializar o perfilhamento da cana-soca.

Ammonia loss from protected urea in soil under different irrigation depths

This study presents an evaluation of the viability of using protected urea under different irrigation depths to reduce nitrogen losses caused by the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) under the conditions of the Southwestern Amazon. The study was carried out at the Experimental Station of Embrapa Rondônia, in the municipality of Porto Velho, Rondônia State, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a Red-Yellow Latosol and arranged in a 5 x 6 factorial design consisting of a combination of five treatments (N sources) with six irrigation depths. The sources of N were as follows: 1) urea (45.5% N); 2) urea (44.3% N) + 0.15% copper and 0.4% boron; 3) urea (45% N) + NBPT; 4) urea (43% N) + sulfur (1%); and 5) control (without N). The irrigation depths were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 mm. The results showed that, regardless of the use of urease inhibitors, an irrigation depth of 10 mm is suitable for incorporating urea into the soil and stabilizing N losses from NH3 volatilization. NBPT is the most efficient inhibitor under nonirrigated conditions. All N sources promote increases in the concentrations of nitric and ammonia nitrogen in the soil. In the first 15 days after fertilizer application, the highest concentrations of ammonium were in the 0 - 10 cm and 10 - 20 cm soil layers, and NBPT showed the highest ammonium content compared to that of the other sources in the 0 - 10 cm layer. The nitric nitrogen content in the soil was slightly influenced by the irrigation depth in the first 15 days after fertilizer application. However, the ammonia nitrogen content decreased exponentially with the increase in irrigation depth due to the movement of ammonia in the soil.

The production of ornamental pineapple in pots under different drip-irrigation depths

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of irrigation depth on the commercial production of ornamental pineapple in pots. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse located in Fortaleza, in the state of Ceara, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomised, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments were irrigation depths estimated at 50, 75, 100, 125, and 150% of the evapotranspiration of a crop of edible pineapple. The plants were grown in one litre pots, with supplementary irrigation every two days. The variables evaluated were: number of leaves; length and width of the 'D’ leaf; diameter of the rosette; plant height; rate of flowering; length and diameter of the peduncle, syncarp and crown; crown to syncarp ratio; commercial productivity and water-use efficiency. An increase in irrigation depth produced a linear increase in the number of leaves, width of the 'D' leaf and rosette diameter, but had no effect on the other variables. Water-use efficiency decreased linearly with the increases in irrigation depth. Despite influencing leaf growth, each irrigation depth results in plants suitable for commercialisation in pots. The smallest irrigation depth gives the greatest economy and water-use efficiency.

Chemical composition of Panicum maximum ‘BRS Zuri’ subjected to levels of salinity and irrigation depths

The study of cultivars with moderate flood tolerance is essential to their use in pastures irrigated with saline water. The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of Panicum maximum ‘BRS Zuri’ under the effect of different irrigation depths and levels of salinity. A randomised block design of split plots was used with five replications per treatment. The treatments resulted from the combination of three levels of water salinity (S1 = 0.6, S2 = 1.8 and S3 = 3.0 dS m-1) and four levels of irrigation (I1 = 60%, I2 = 80%, I3 = 100% and I4 = 120% of the evapotranspiration). The chemical composition of the grass, Panicum maximum ‘BRS Zuri’, cut at 28 days, was evaluated over two cycles. There was an interaction between the factors (salinity x irrigation depth x cycle) for the dry matter (DM) content. With the increase in irrigation depth, there was a linear reduction in the crude protein (CP) content in both cycles. The neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and cellulose (CEL) content increased linearly as a function of the irrigation depth, while the lignin (LIG) content decreased linearly with irrigation depth. It was concluded that high levels of salinity cause reductions in the dry matter content in response to increased water availability and extension of the cultivar cycles. The reduction in saline levels under low water availability results in a higher CP content. Salinity has a negative effect on the NDF, ADF, HEM, CEL and LIG content as the irrigation depth increases.

Morphological and Ecophysiological Indicators for Coriander Under Irrigation Depths and Nitrogen Levels

Nitrogen fertilization and supplying of water are crucial factors for quality and quantity produces of coriander. The objective of this study was to evaluate morphological and ecophysiological characteristics for coriander under five irrigation depths and two doses of nitrogen (N). Experimental layout was completely randomized design in a split plot scheme with five replications. The irrigation depths (plot) was 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc). The doses of N (subplot) corresponded to 35 and 70 kg ha-1. The cultivation of coriander (“Vedete”) was in a protected environment. The ratio between the aerial part and roots linearly increased with the increment of the irrigation depths and was highest under 70 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. The leaf area index linearly increased with the increment of the irrigation depths at both doses of N. The leaf index of chlorophyll “a” was highest under irrigation depths of 87 and 75% of ETc for 35 and 70 kg ha-1 of N, respectively. The leaf index of chlorophyll “b” decrease linearly with the increase of irrigation depths in both doses of N. The nitrogen use efficiency was maximized with high soil moisture conditions. The water use efficiency decreases linearly with increasing of irrigation depth. The best irrigation depth and nitrogen dose obtained in this study was 125% of ETc and 70 kg/ha. The leaf index of chlorophyll “a” and “b” are important indicators of hydric stress. The leaf index of chlorophyll “b” are negatively correlated with leaf area index. N supply increase the water use efficiency.

Variation of Thermal Time, Phyllochron and Plastochron in Passion Fruit Plants With Irrigation Depth and Hydrogel

The passion fruit demands water for its growth and production. Water management is relevant in regions characterized by low rainfall indices, such as semi-arid regions. In this direction, the use of hydrogel in the soil allows the water that is supplied through irrigation to be better utilized by the plants, reducing leach losses. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of hydrogel in soil cultivated with passion fruit and irrigated to various water depths on the thermal time of the phenological stages, phyllochron and plastochron of the plants. Treatments were distributed in randomized blocks in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement, referring to the soil without and with hydrogel and raising the irrigation depth from 60% to 70%, 80%, 90% and 100% of crop evapotranspiration in four replications. The thermal requirements of the phenological phases and of the whole plant cycle, phyllochron of the main stem and the productive branches, and plastochron were evaluated. Increasing the irrigation depth from 60% to 100% reduced the total thermal time values from 3,811.8 to 2,401.3 °C day and from 3,707.8 to 2,628.7 °C day in the soil without and with hydrogel, respectively. The thermal time of the phenological phases and the phyllochron of the main stem and productive branches of the passion fruit were stimulated by an increase in irrigation depth.

Growth, water use and efficiency of forage cactus sorghum intercropping under different water depths

ABSTRACT The effects of the forage cactus sorghum configuration and different irrigation depths on the growth, water use and efficiency of the forage cactus production system were investigated in this study. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Serra Talhada, Pernambuco State, Brazil, between the years 2012 and 2013. Forage cactus was distributed in randomized blocks with factorial scheme and four replicates, in split plots (5 x 2), with five irrigation depths (0, 8.75, 17.5, 26.25 and 35% of the reference evapotranspiration, ET0) and two cropping systems (forage cactus monocropping and forage cactus sorghum intercropping). Crop evapotranspiration was calculated through soil water balance. The ratio between crop and reference evapotranspiration, and land use and water use efficiencies, were estimated. Irrigation depths and the intercropping affected only forage cactus canopy width and cladode biomass. The ratio between crop and reference evapotranspiration increased with the increase of irrigation depths, while the highest water use efficiency based on dry matter occurred at irrigation depths higher than 1,096 mm year-1 in the intercropping (21.8 ± 6.8 kg ha-1 mm-1). Irrigation depths did not affect land use efficiency (0.83). Water depths from 1,096 to 1,202 mm year-1 are recommended in the forage cactus sorghum system.

Growth and gas exchange in cowpea plants under different managements and saline conditions

The cowpea is one of the main crops of economic and social importance in the northeast of Brazil. However, the growing need to increase crop yield has prompted the use of irrigation water with high levels of salts. The aim of this study therefore, was to evaluate the effects of different irrigation depths and rates of liquid biofertilizer on growth and gas exchange in cowpea plants under saline conditions. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a scheme of split lots consisting of four irrigation depths with saline water (75, 100, 125 and 150% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and sub-lots of four different doses of biofertilizer (0; 5,000; 10,000 and 15,000 L ha-1). At 75 days after sowing (DAS), readings were taken of gas exchange in the plants (photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration and transpiration), and growth analyses were carried out (plant height, leaf area and total dry matter). An increase in irrigation depth gives an increase in total dry weight and leaf area. Increasing irrigation depth causes a significant increase in gas exchange, with quadratic behavior noted for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, and linear behavior for internal CO2 concentration and transpiration. The application of high doses of biofertilizer gives increased stomatal opening of the cowpea leaves.

PRODUÇÃO DE DIFERENTES CULTIVARES DE BATATA SOB DISTINTAS LÂMINAS DE IRRIGAÇÃO - DOI: 10.13083/1414-3984/reveng.v23n5p466-476

O máximo potencial produtivo das cultivares de batata e a qualidade dos tubérculos estão diretamente relacionados à disponibilidade hídrica no solo. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de distintas lâminas de irrigação nas características agronômicas de diferentes cultivares de batata na região nordeste de Mato Grosso do Sul. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, campus de Chapadão do Sul, MS, utilizando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, tendo nas parcelas quatro lâminas de irrigação (50, 75, 100 e 125% da quantidade de água para suprir a perda de água por evapotranspiração da cultura) e nas subparcelas três cultivares de batata (Asterix, Atlantic e CLL). Avaliaram-se os resultados do número de tubérculos por planta, massa média do tubérculo, produtividade comercial e eficiência do uso da água (EUA). O aumento da lâmina de irrigação proporcionou redução na eficiência do uso da água pela batata; e não afetou as demais características avaliadas. A cultivar Asterix deve ser preferida pelos agricultores de batata do nordeste Sul Mato-Grossense.

Medições e modelagem da pegada hídrica da cana-de-açúcar cultivada no Estado da Paraíba

RESUMO O conceito de pegada hídrica tem tido bastante interesse atualmente haja vista que a água doce é um recurso global utilizado em todos os ramos de atividades e pode ser fundamental para ajudar a compreender como as atividades e os produtos estão relacionados com a escassez de água. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar as medições da pegada hídrica da cana-de-açúcar derivadas pelo método tradicional utilizado na sua estimativa usando o balanço hídrico completo no solo em condições de campo. O experimento de campo foi realizado na Fazenda Capim II, localizada no litoral do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, no período de outubro de 2009 a agosto de 2010 com cana-de-açúcar, cultivar RB 92 579. Os resultados evidenciaram que os valores da pegada hídrica verde e cinza diminuem à medida que há acréscimo na lâmina de irrigação. Inversamente, os valores da pegada hídrica azul aumentam sempre que há incremento na lâmina de irrigação. A pegada hídrica da cana-de-açúcar obtida com base no modelo CROPWAT, superestima os valores da pegada hídrica verde e azul e subestima os valores da pegada hídrica cinza, obtidos com base no balanço hídrico do solo.

Growth analysis and yield of tomato crop under different irrigation depths

The influence of irrigation depth was evaluated on tomato crop hybrid Debora plus for salad in a field experiment in split-block design with five treatments (irrigation depth of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120% of crop evapotranspiration - ETc) and four replications. During the experiment, ten plant samples were collected to determine phytomass and leaf area to estimate plant growth parameters for different depths of irrigation. Results showed maximal growth between 70 and 80 days after transplanting in all treatments. Increase in irrigation depth above 80% of ETc increased crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI) and total production of tomato fruits, although same commercial fruit yield was obtained with the lower depths. Therefore, an increase in depth of irrigation above 80% of ETc promotes higher water and energy consumption, without providing an increase in commercial yield of tomato fruits.

Lâminas de irrigação e estações anuais na cobertura do solo e altura de gramíneas cultivadas sob corte

The study aimed to evaluate the soil cover and plant height of six grasses under different seasons and irrigation depths. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with two replications, in a split-split plot design. Six grasses (Xaraes, Mombaça, Tanzania, Pioneiro, Marandu and Estrela) constituted the plots, six irrigation depths (0, 18, 45, 77, 100 and 120% of the reference) the split-plots, and two seasons (autumn/winter and spring/summer) the split-split-plots. In order to vary the application of irrigation depths, a line source sprinkler system was used. The effect of the cultivars, annual seasons and irrigation depth in the two studied characteristics were analyzed. The Pioneiro grass presented the greatest height, while Estrela provided the largest soil cover. The higher temperature in the spring/summer season provided an increase in the height and did not affect soil cover. The soil cover answered positively to the increase in irrigation depth. During the autumn/winter season, the increase in irrigation depth provided an increase in height, and during the spring/summer season, and did not affect or reduce the height of the grasses.