Increase In Infant Mortality Rate Research Articles

Unveiling the health consequences of air pollution in the world’s most polluted nations

Air pollution poses a persuasive threat to global health, demonstrating widespread detrimental effects on populations worldwide. Exposure to pollutants, notably particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5), has been unequivocally linked to a spectrum of adverse health outcomes. A nuanced understanding of the relationship between them is crucial for implementing effective policies. This study employs a comprehensive investigation, utilizing the extended health production function framework alongside the system generalized method of moments (SGMM) technique, to scrutinize the interplay between air pollution and health outcomes. Focusing on a panel of the top twenty polluted nations from 2000 to 2021, the findings yield substantial insights. Notably, PM2.5 concentration emerges as a significant factor, correlating with a reduction in life expectancy by 3.69 years and an increase in infant mortality rates by 0.294%. Urbanization is found to increase life expectancy by 0.083 years while concurrently decreasing infant mortality rates by 0.00022%. An increase in real per capita gross domestic product corresponds with an improvement in life expectancy by 0.21 years and a decrease in infant mortality rates by 0.00065%. Similarly, an elevated school enrollment rate is associated with a rise in life expectancy by 0.17 years and a decline in infant mortality rates by 0.00032%. However, a higher population growth rate is found to modestly decrease life expectancy by 0.019 years and slightly elevate infant mortality rates by 0.000016%. The analysis reveals that per capita greenhouse gas emissions exert a negative impact, diminishing life expectancy by 0.486 years and elevating infant mortality rates by 0.00061%, while per capita energy consumption marginally reduces life expectancy by 0.026 years and increases infant mortality rates by 0.00004%. Additionally, economic volatility shock presents a notable decrement in life expectancy by 0.041 years and an increase in infant mortality rates by 0.000045%, with inflationary shock further exacerbating adverse health outcomes by lowering life expectancy by 0.70 years and elevating infant mortality rates by 0.00025%. Moreover, the study scrutinizes the role of institutional quality, revealing a constructive impact on health outcomes. Specifically, the institutional quality index is associated with an increase in life expectancy by 0.66% and a decrease in infant mortality rates by 0.0006%. Extending the analysis to examine the nuanced dimensions of institutional quality, the findings discern that economic institutions wield a notably stronger positive influence on health outcomes compared to political and institutional governance indices. Finally, the results underscore the pivotal moderating role of institutional quality in mitigating the deleterious impact of PM2.5 concentration on health outcomes, counterbalancing the influence of external shocks, and improving the relationships between explanatory variables and health outcome indicators. These findings offer critical insights for guiding evidence-based policy implications, with a focus on fostering resilient, sustainable, and health-conscious societies.

Analyzing Policy to Address Infant Mortality in High-Risk Populations

The United States faced a 3% increase in infant mortality rates in 2022, positioning it 33rd among OECD nations. Despite national efforts, racial and rural disparities persist, with Southern states exhibiting high rates. This paper analyzes policy criteria to reduce infant mortality, focusing on disparities, social determinants, existing initiatives, and necessary components for effective policy development. Research methods involved an extensive search for evidence-based articles and data related to infant mortality and related initiatives, focusing on systematic reviews, research studies, practice guidelines, and relevant articles Addressing this challenge requires targeted interventions, particularly in regions with heightened prevalence, necessitating further research to inform policies and improve maternal and infant health outcomes.

Televizyon Dizilerinde Kadına Yönelik Şiddet ve Ataerkilliğin Temsili

In the first period of humanity, women were hunting and gathering with men. After the invention of agriculture and people's settled life, women started to work more inside the house and men started to work outside. With the increase in infant mortality rates, women's lives began to take shape more in the home. This situation continued until after the industrial revolution and the decline in male participation of women in the post-war workforce. In these processes, women started to work in society and participate in social life again. However, most women continued to work in their home lives. With the technological developments and the entry of television into the houses, people started to get information about the life outside the home, with television, which is the reflector of the outside world, without leaving the house. Afterwards, these images watched by individuals began to be quite effective in shaping their lives. From this point of view, this study was carried out to determine the representation of women and the impact of television series on society. The study, which was carried out with the phenomenological research method from the qualitative research method, was based on the comparison of the thoughts of two different generations between the ages of 40-45 (middle adults) and 20-25 (young adults) using a semi-structured interview form. Within the scope of the research, in-depth interviews were conducted with 30 people in total. The data of the research were analyzed by descriptive analysis method. Within the scope of the study, three themes emerged: the display of violence against women, the presentation of gender inequality in TV series and the symbolization of patriarchy in TV series. As a result of the research, it is seen that there is a lot of violence against women in television series, TV series show women weaker, and patriarchy is heavily covered. In line with these results, considering the effect of television on individuals, it is suggested that there should be TV series aimed at raising awareness of the society in television series, and that the series in which women are more powerful rather than those in which they are shown as helpless and weak. Key Words: Gender Roles, TV Series, Violence Against Women

Statistical modeling of trends in infant mortality after atmospheric nuclear weapons testing.

The global fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s caused by far the greatest exposure of mankind to ionizing radiation. Surprisingly few epidemiological studies of the possible health effects of atmospheric testing have been conducted. Here, long-term trends in infant mortality rates in the United States (U.S.) and five major European countries (EU5) were examined: The United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain. Bell-shaped deviations from a uniformly decreasing secular trend were found beginning in 1950, with maxima around 1965 in the U.S. and 1970 in EU5. From the difference between observed and predicted infant mortality rates, in the period 1950-2000, the overall increase in infant mortality rates was estimated to be 20.6 (90% CI: 18.6 to 22.9) percent in the U.S. and 14.2 (90% CI: 11.7 to 18.3) percent in EU5 which translates to 568,624 (90% CI: 522,359 to 619,705) excess infant deaths in the U.S. and 559,370 (90% CI: 469,308 to 694,589) in the combined five European countries. The results should be interpreted with caution because they rely on the assumption of a uniformly decreasing secular trend if there had been no nuclear tests, but this cannot be verified. It is concluded that atmospheric nuclear weapons testing may be responsible for the deaths of several million babies in the Northern Hemisphere.

FARKLI GELİR GRUBUNA SAHİP ÜLKELERDE YAŞAM SEVİYESİNİ ETKİLEYEN FAKTÖRLERİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI / Comparison Of Factors Affecting The Level Of Living In Countries With Different Income Groups

Bu çalışmanın amacı, beklenen yaşam süresini etkileyen faktörlerin farklı gelir grubu ülkeler arasında değişiklik gösterip göstermediğinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla üç farklı gelir grubundan seçilen toplam 15 ülkenin 2000-2017 yılları arasındaki veriler panel eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizleri ile incelenmiştir. Çalışmada kamu harcamaları içerisinde kamu sağlık harcamalarının oranı, bebek ölüm oranı, işsizlik oranı, CO2 emisyonu ve Gini katsayısı değişkenlerinin beklenen yaşam süresine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen toplu panel sonuçlarına göre bebek ölüm oranı ve Gini katsayısındaki %1’lik artış beklenen yaşam süresini sırasıyla %0.142 ve %0.034 azaltırken, işsizlik oranı ve kamu sağlık harcamalarındaki %1’lik artış ise beklenen yaşam süresini sırasıyla %0.016 ve %0.030 arttırmaktadır. Önceki çalışmalardan farklı olarak analiz kapsamında ele alınan ülkeler için özellikle işsizlik oranı ve Gini katsayısının incelenmesinin literatüre katkı sağlayacağı umulmaktadır.

Penerapan Teknik Akupresur Untuk Ibu Menyusui Dengan Menggunakan Multimedia Berbasis Pembelajaran Berbantuan Komputer (Cal)

One of the causes of the increase in Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) is the decrease factor in exclusive breastfeeding to infants. Based on the Statistics Center (BPS) in 2016 covering 49.51% of infants in Indonesia who received exclusive breastfeeding less than 6 months. In this case, multimedia technology can be used to support government programs in Increasing Exclusive ASI Coverage Rates for Indonesian children in accordance with Government Regulation No. 33 of 2012. So, the researchers conducted research using computer-based multimedia learning assistance (CAL) technology to help support the health of several posyandu, puskesmas, and mother and child clinics in promoting exclusive breastfeeding through the Acupressure Technique which can be accessed through the release of the hormone prolactin and the hormone oxytocin in drinking mothers.

Recent historic increase of infant mortality in France: A time-series analysis, 2001 to 2019.

SummaryBackgroundThe infant mortality rate (IMR) serves as a key indicator of population health.MethodsWe used data from the French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies on births and deaths during the first year of life from 2001 to 2019 to calculate IMR aggregated by month. We ran joinpoint regressions to identify inflection points and assess the linear trend of each segment. Exploratory analyses were performed for overall IMR, as well as by age at death subgroups (early neonatal [D0-D6], late neonatal [D7-27], and post-neonatal [D28-364]), and by sex. We performed sensitivity analyses by excluding deaths at D0 and using other time-series modeling strategies.ResultsOver the 19-year study period, 53,077 infant deaths occurred, for an average IMR of 3·63/1000 (4·00 in male, 3·25 in female); 24·4% of these deaths occurred during the first day of life and 47·8% during the early neonatal period. Joinpoint analysis identified two inflection points in 2005 and 2012. The IMR decreased sharply from 2001 to 2005 (slope: -0·0167 deaths/1000 live births/month; 95%CI: -0·0219 to -0·0116) and then decreased slowly between 2005 and 2012 (slope: -0·0041; 95%CI: -0·0065 to -0·0016). From 2012 onwards, a significant increase in IMR was observed (slope: 0·0033; 95%CI: 0·0011 to 0·0056). Subgroup analyses indicated that these trends were driven notably by an increase in the early neonatal period. Sensitivity analyses provided consistent results.InterpretationThe recent historic increase in IMR since 2012 in France should prompt urgent in-depth investigation to understand the causes and prepare corrective actions.FundingNo financial relationships with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years, no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Spatial analysis of the quality of Primary Health Care services in reducing child mortality

This study sought to analyze the correlation of the quality of Primary Health Care services in reducing child mortality, via geoprocessing. It involved an ecological study, with a cross-sectional approach, in which secondary data from all 5,565 Brazilian municipalities were used to analyze the infant mortality rate (IMR) and cause of infant death. The data related to IMR was obtained from the Mortality Information System. For the spatial analysis, 5,011 municipalities were included. The clustering analyses were performed using GEODA software and the spatial regression analyses were performed using ARCGIS 10.5 software. In Brazil, there was a 45.07% reduction in IMR between the years 2000 and 2015. The greatest reduction occurred in the northeastern region of the country, although it is still the region with the highest IMR. Of the 749 municipalities analyzed in the differential cluster for infant death, 153 had high IMR. The areas with the greatest increase in IMR were found in the North and Northeast regions. In Brazil, IMR proved to be inversely associated with the accessibility to high complexity services, health management strata and population size, reference for childbirth, live birth rate, per capita income and unemployment rate. A progressive reduction in IMR was recorded between 2000 and 2015.

Infant Mortality and the Repeal of Federal Prohibition

Abstract Using new data on county-level variation in alcohol prohibition from 1933 to 1939, we investigate whether the repeal of federal prohibition increased infant mortality, both in counties and states that repealed and in neighbouring counties. We find that repeal is associated with a 4.0% increase in infant mortality rates in counties that chose wet status via local option elections or state-wide legislation and with a 4.7% increase in neighbouring dry counties, suggesting a large role for cross-border policy externalities. These estimates imply that roughly twenty-seven thousand excess infant deaths could be attributed to the repeal of federal prohibition in this period.

Empirical analysis of the push factors of human capital flight in Nigeria

Purpose Human capital flight from Nigeria to developed countries has remained a topical issue. This paper aims to empirically analyze the push factors for the migrants who explore the various legal migrant schemes from a macro perspective. The authors examine human capital development and its role in contributing to human capital flight to more developed counties. Design/methodology/approach This paper is anchored on the push–pull model. Using secondary data from 1990 to 2019, the authors look at the relationship between human capital flight and variables such as life expectancy, infant mortality rate, population growth rate and Nigeria’s unemployment rate. The auto-regressive lag model (ARDL) was adopted to estimate the empirical relationship among these variables. Findings The results from the ARDL model suggest a positive relationship exists between population growth rate and migration rate. A negative relationship was, however, observed between life expectancy and migration rate. This study also found that an increase in the infant mortality rate negatively impacted migration significantly. Therefore, an increase in infant mortality rate lowered the migration rate. Finally, an increase in the unemployment rate increased migration; however, insignificantly. Research limitations/implications The findings from this study are limited to the push factors influencing migration out of Nigeria. These factors are also restricted to variables for which data can be derived under the study’s scope. The results of this study have far-reaching implications, especially for policymakers and citizens alike. Better human capital development through enhanced life expectancy and reduced population in Nigeria will reduce the migration rate. Therefore, this study calls for the doubling of developmental and infrastructural efforts at all levels of governance. Originality/value This paper’s importance lies in its ability to elucidate push factors that influenced migration out of Nigeria empirically. An empirical approach to the subject matter will explain these factors and the degree to which they influence migration. This will guide the policy-making process in curbing brain drain, which is a major challenge in Nigeria.

Are infant mortality rates increasing in England? The effect of extreme prematurity and early neonatal deaths.

BackgroundInfant mortality has been rising in England since 2014. We examined potential drivers of these trends.MethodsWe used aggregate data on all live births, stillbirths and linked infant deaths in England in 2006–2016 from the Office for National Statistics. We compared trends in infant mortality rates overall, excluding births at <24 weeks of gestation, by quintile of SES and gestational age.ResultsInfant mortality decreased from 4.78 deaths/1000 live births in 2006 to 3.54/1000 in 2014 (annual decrease of 0.15/1000) and increased to 3.67/1000 in 2016 (annual increase of 0.07/1000). This rise was driven by increases in deaths at 0–6 days of life. After excluding infants born at <24 weeks of gestation, infant mortality continued to decrease after 2014. The risk of infant death was 94% higher in the most versus least deprived SES quintile, which reduced to a 55% higher risk after adjusting for gestational age.ConclusionsThe observed increase in infant mortality rates since 2014 is wholly explained by an increasing number of deaths at 0–6 days of age among babies born at <24 weeks of gestation. Policies focused on improving maternal health to reduce preterm birth could substantially reduce the socio-economic gap in infant survival.

The Economic Benefits versus Environmental Costs of India's Coal Fired Power Plants

Author(s): Barrows, Geoffrey; Garg, Teevrat; Jha, Akshaya | Abstract: This paper estimates the effect of coal-red power plants on infant mortality in India. We nd that a one GW increase in coal-red capacity corresponds to a 14% increase in infant mortality rates in districts near versus far from the plant site. This effect is 2-3 times larger than estimates from the developed world. Our effects are larger for: (1) older plants, (2) plants located in areas with higher baseline levels of pollution, and (3) plants burning domestic rather than imported coal. The environmental benefits from policy aimed at the power sector are thus likely to be substantially higher if targeted at older plants located in more polluted areas tailored to burn domestic rather than imported coal.

Trends in infant mortality in Venezuela between 1985 and 2016: a systematic analysis of demographic data.

Between the 1950s and 2000, Venezuela showed one of the most substantial improvements in infant mortality rates in Latin America. However, the recent economic crisis alongside an increase in infectious and parasitic diseases might be reversing previous patterns. Because no official updated mortality statistics have been published since 2013, the effect of these recent events has been difficult to assess accurately. We therefore aimed to estimate infant mortality rate trends and report the effect of the crisis. We estimated infant mortality rates using direct methods (ie, death counts from Venezuelan Ministry of Health via yearbooks and notifiable diseases bulletins, and birth records published by the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Venezuelan National Institute of Statistics) and indirect methods (using census data and a Living Conditions Survey ENCOVI 2016). We shaped yearly estimations using a semiparametric regression model, specifically a P-Spline model with a cubic thin plate base. The primary objective was to estimate infant mortality rate trends from 1985 to 2016. Around 2009, the long-term decline in infant mortality rate stopped, and a new pattern of increase was observed. The infant mortality rate reached 21·1 deaths per 1000 livebirths (90% CI -17·8 to 24·3) in 2016, almost 1·4 times the rate of 2008 (15·0, -14·0 to 16·1). This increase represents a huge setback on previous achievements in reducing infant mortality. Our conservative estimation indicates that Venezuela is in the throes of a humanitarian crisis. The increase in infant mortality rate in 2016 compared with 2008 takes the country back to the level observed at the end of the 1990s, wiping out 18 years of expected progress, and leaves the Venezuelan Government far from achieving the target of nine deaths per 1000 livebirths stated in the UN Millennium Development Goals. None.

The Health Costs of Coal-Fired Power Plants in India

This paper estimates the effect of coal-fired power plants on infant mortality in India. We find that a one GW increase in coal-fired capacity corresponds to a 14% increase in infant mortality rates in districts near versus far from the plant site. This effect is 2-3 times larger than estimates from the developed world. Our effects are larger for: (1) older plants, (2) plants located in areas with higher baseline levels of pollution, and (3) plants burning domestic rather than imported coal. The environmental benefits from policy aimed at the power sector are thus likely to be substantially higher if targeted at older plants located in more polluted areas tailored to burn domestic rather than imported coal.

Biological welfare and the commons: A natural experiment in the Alps, 1765–1845

In the late 18th century hundreds self-governing alpine communities in Northern Italy came under the direct control of centralized states (Austria and France) at different times. We exploit the timing and location of these interventions in a DD type design to investigate the effects of removing CPR institutions on biological welfare. We find a significant and persistent increase in infant mortality rates and a more modest decrease in birth rates as a result of state centralization. We provide evidence that these demographic changes reflect a critical loss of natural resource income caused by the disruption of communal institutions. Impacts are most severe in communities that have no prior experience with formal institutions.

Early life conditions and long-term sickness absence during adulthood – A longitudinal study of 9000 siblings in Sweden

This study examines the influence of health conditions experienced during the individual's first year of life on the incidence of sickness absence during adulthood. Using a sample of approximately 9000 biological siblings from 17 countries of origin and living in Sweden during the time period 1981–1991, sibling fixed effect models are estimated. This approach is combined with the use of an exogenous measurement of early life conditions, operationalized as the infant mortality rate. The link between early life conditions and later life outcomes is examined both with and without intermediary characteristics observed during the individual's childhood and adulthood, aiming for a better understanding regarding to what extent the effect of exposure to an early life insult can be mediated. The results suggest that exposure to worse health conditions during the first year of life is associated with an elevated risk of experiencing sickness absence during adulthood. An increase in infant mortality rate by ten per thousand is associated with a four percentage point higher probability of experiencing sickness absence. Despite the importance of adulthood socioeconomic status on sickness absence propensity, these factors do not mediate the influence from the health conditions experienced during the first year of life, suggesting that the association from early life conditions on sickness absence in adulthood operates as a direct mechanism. The link between early life conditions and sickness absence is only present for children to parents with primary schooling and not for individuals with more educated parents. These findings suggest that families with more abundant resources have the ability to protect their child from exposure to adverse health conditions during early life, or to cancel out the influence from an early life insult.

Some Facts and Figures on Development Attainments in Nagaland

The present paper is a humble attempt to highlight the progress of Nagaland in some socioeconomic and demographic dimensions using indicator variables on demographic features, infrastructure, economy and human development. The study reveals that in the last decade there has been a decline in death rate and male population and an increase in sex ratio. The state is observed to be the worst performer in terms of drinking water supply, particularly in rural areas. Although every household is provided with electricity connection, per capita consumption of power in the state is lowest in the region. Banking facilities are not up to the mark in the state and lagging behind Tripura in terms of credit-deposit ratio. Road is the major source of transport and it is the second best state in the region after Assam. However, road transport has been handicapped by poor maintenance. The state has done a commendable job In terms of literacy rate, girl’s enrollment in schools and average years of schooling but failed in bridging the gap between rural-urban literacy rates. There is inadequacy of health facilities in the state resulting in the increase in infant mortality rate. Work participation has been higher for males than that of females but rural female participation has been higher than that of the urban female participation. The state is also witnessing significant Increase in participation of urban females in work. The economy of the state is primarily forest-based and agricultural but it has achieved remarkable progress in small and medium scale industries. However, employment creation and productivity of labor and capital are quite low in factories. It has not been able to attract foreign tourists because of frequent law and order problem. It is lagging behind in terms of per capita income though her per capita consumption expenditure is highest in the region. In terms of human development it has made a tremendous progress while Mizoram is in competition with her in terms of literacy.

Trends of Mortality Indicators in Nagaland: A Time Series Analysis

Health is one of the vital aspects of human life. In the present modernized era, people are more conscious about their health. Since the last 62 years after independence, India has developed significantly in the health sector and as a result the country succeeded in many ways in controlling various diseases. Nagaland, being a poor tribal hill state also succeeded in many ways in controlling infant mortality rate, birth rate, death rate etc. Basic objective of the present study is to study the trend of infant mortality rate, birth rate and death rate in relation to various factors associated with their changes in Nagaland in comparison to the country as a whole, mostly during the period 1997-2008. This study is based entirely on secondary data. Infant mortality rate in Nagaland showed an increase over the years as against a declining trend seen in the country. However, infant mortality rate was recorded a bit low in Nagaland as compared to the rest of the country. Increase in infant mortality rate was reported in Nagaland mostly because of improper and unhygienic delivery at home for most of the cases. The percentage of pregnant women who received all types of care, pre and post natal, in Nagaland was recorded the lowest among the North Eastern States.

Regression Versus Causation, Revisited

I recently discussed pitfalls in attempted causal inference based on reduced‐form regression models. I used as motivation a real‐world example from a paper by Dr. Sneeringer, which interpreted a reduced‐form regression analysis as implying the startling causal conclusion that “doubling of [livestock] production leads to a 7.4% increase in infant mortality.” This conclusion is based on: (A) fitting a reduced‐form regression model to aggregate (e.g., county‐level) data; and (B) (mis)interpreting a regression coefficient in this model as a causal coefficient, without performing any formal statistical tests for potential causation (such as conditional independence, Granger‐Sims, or path analysis tests). Dr. Sneeringer now adds comments that confirm and augment these deficiencies, while advocating methodological errors that, I believe, risk analysts should avoid if they want to reach logically sound, empirically valid, conclusions about cause and effect. She explains that, in addition to (A) and (B) above, she also performed other steps such as (C) manually selecting specific models and variables and (D) assuming (again, without testing) that hand‐picked surrogate variables are valid (e.g., that log‐transformed income is an adequate surrogate for poverty). In her view, these added steps imply that “critiques of A and B are not applicable” to her analysis and that therefore “a causal argument can be made” for “such a strong, robust correlation” as she believes her regression coefficient indicates. However, multiple wrongs do not create a right. Steps (C) and (D) exacerbate the problem of unjustified causal interpretation of regression coefficients, without rendering irrelevant the fact that (A) and (B) do not provide evidence of causality. This reply focuses on whether any statistical techniques can produce the silk purse of a valid causal inference from the sow's ear of a reduced‐form regression analysis of ecological data. We conclude that Dr. Sneeringer's analysis provides no valid indication that air pollution from livestock operations causes any increase in infant mortality rates. More generally, reduced‐form regression modeling of aggregate population data—no matter how it is augmented by fitting multiple models and hand‐selecting variables and transformations—is not adequate for valid causal inference about health effects caused by specific, but unmeasured, exposures.

Trend and Racial Disparities in Infant Mortality Rate in Texas From 1990 to 2004

To determine the trend and disparities in infant mortality rate (IMR) from 1990 to 2004 in Texas, which is one of the few states with severe physician shortage in the United States. Trend analysis and Poisson regression were performed with data from Texas Department of State for Health Services and other Web sites. IMR decreased from 1990 to 2000 followed by a trend of increase from 2000 to 2004 in Texas. The recent trend of increase in IMR was observed in all ethnic groups. IMR was associated with ethnicity, area of residence in Texas (rural vs urban areas in east vs south vs west), median income index, and primary care physician supply (primary care physician to population ratio). IMR in blacks was more than 2 times that of other ethnic groups, and the gap had been increasing since 1997. The recent increasing trend in IMR coincided with a decreasing trend in primary care physician supply and a decrease or a slower increase in median income index. IMR increased in recent years, particularly in African Americans in Texas. Measures should be taken to reverse the worsening trend in IMR and to reduce regional and racial disparities.