Increase In Incidence Of Testicular Cancer Research Articles

Trends in incidence, mortality and survival of testicular cancer patients in Belarus.

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to assess recent trends in incidence, mortality and relative survival (RS) in testicular cancer (TC) patients in Belarus and to provide international comparisons of our figures.Material and methodsWe surveyed the Belarusian Cancer Registry for all male cases diagnosed with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) topography code C62 between 1990 and 2015. Trends for incidence and mortality rates per 100,000 of the world standard population and annual percentage changes (APCs) were calculated. We also estimated the 1- and 5-year RS rates for the 1990–1998, 1999–2007 and 2008–2015 periods according to the Ederer II method. The RS estimates for the 2008–2015 period were age-standardized and compared with the published EUROCARE-5 data and SEER-18 database analysis.ResultsA total of 2,500 and 2,439 cases were included into incidence and survival analyses, respectively. We found a significant increase in the TC age-standardized incidence rate (APC 2.6%) and a decline in the age-standardized mortality (APC -3.0%) over the study period. RS significantly increased in all patients` strata; a relative increase was more pronounced in advanced stages of seminoma and younger age groups. Nevertheless, the most recent figures of age-standardized RS including stage-specific estimates were generally worse than the European and SEER data.ConclusionsWe have found a significant increase in TC incidence in Belarus in recent years. Mortality has significantly declined with a corresponding increase in RS which, however, did not reach European or North American figures. Continued effort is required to improve the quality of management of TC patients in our country.

Rates of orchiopexies in Sweden: 1977–1991

Cryptorchidism is a known risk factor for testicular cancer and the secular increase in testicular cancer incidence might have been paralleled by a similar increase in cryptorchidism. Data on trends in prevalence of cryptorchidism are however conflicting and decreases have recently been reported. To analyse Swedish trends in rates of orchiopexy, we used the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register to identify all cases of orchiopexy carried out for cryptorchidism between 1977 and 1991, that is, before the era of outpatient orchiopexies in Sweden. Observed trends were analysed in 5-year age groups. The estimated average annual per cent changes (EAPCs) and the years in which the EAPC significantly changed were estimated using Joinpoint Regression. Finally, we estimated the cumulative incidence of orchiopexy by birth cohort. Among boys aged less than 10, the orchiopexy rate started to decrease in the early 1980s. EAPCs were -2.88 (95% confidence interval (CI): -5.48, -0.21) among boys aged 5-9 and -6.63 among those aged 0-4 (95% CI: -8.84, -4.37). Among subjects aged at least 10, the rate decreased over the whole study period. Although the use of orchiopexy rates to measure prevalence of cryptorchidism has limitations, our findings may suggest that cryptorchidism prevalence decreased in Sweden starting from the early 1980s.

Testicular cancer: Marked birth cohort effects on incidence and a decline in mortality in southern Netherlands since 1970

The aim of our study was to interpret the changing incidence, and to describe the mortality of patients with testicular cancer in the south of the Netherlands between 1970 and 2004. On the basis of data from the Eindhoven Cancer Registry and Statistics Netherlands, 5-year moving average standardised incidence and mortality rates were calculated. An age-period-cohort (APC) Poisson regression analysis was performed to disentangle time and birth cohort effects on incidence. The incidence rate remained stable for all ages at about 3 per 100,000 person-years until 1989 but increased annually thereafter by 4% to 6 in 2004. This increase can almost completely be attributed to an increase in localised tumours. The largest increase was found for seminoma testicular cancer (TC) patients aged 35-39 and non-seminoma TC patients aged 20-24 years. Relatively more localised and tumours with lymph node metastases were detected in the later periods. APC analysis showed the best fit with an age-cohort model. An increase in incidence of TC was found for birth cohorts since 1950. The mortality rate dropped from 1.0 per 100,000 person-years in 1970 to 0.3 in 2005, with a steep annual decline of 12% in the period 1979-1986. In conclusion, the increase in incidence of TC was strongly correlated with birth cohorts since 1945. The increase in incidence is possibly caused by in utero or early life exposure to a yet unknown risk factor. There was a steep decline in mortality in the period 1979-1986.

Sperm Cryopreservation: Recent and Marked Increase in Use for Testicular Cancer Compared With Hodgkin Disease

In a public network of sperm banks, time trends in use of sperm cryopreservation by men with testicular cancer (TC) and Hodgkin disease (HD) were assessed from 1990 to 2004. During this period, overall incidence of sperm cryopreservation rose from 1.08 to 3.06 per 100 000 person-years for TC and from 0.79 to 1.20 for HD. Modeling suggests that in 2010 the expected rate will reach 5.90 per 100 000 for TC, compared with 1.39 for HD. This increase in sperm cryopreservation for TC and HD is similar to increases observed in incidence of these 2 diseases in France and other European countries. Although TC and HD are rare malignancies, they are the most common cancers in adolescents and young men (Bray et al, 2002). Recent advances in chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatments have improved the longterm survival of patients with these diseases (5-year survival rate is approximately 90%). Nevertheless, the side effects of treatment, especially infertility (decrease of 30%), are still a major preoccupation for these young patients who often have not yet fathered children (Huyghe et al, 2004). Accordingly, sperm cryopreservation and sperm banking are now offered to these men before treatment to preserve their capacity to conceive naturally or through assisted reproduction techniques (Hallak et al, 1999; Magelssen et al, 2005). With this aim in mind, a unique public network of sperm banks (Centre d’Etude et de Conservation des Oeufs et du Sperme [CECOS]) was created in France in 1984, and 22 centers now cover the whole country. Sperm banks appear to be increasingly used for sperm donation and to offer the possibility of preserving sperm in the event of disease or surgical treatment, especially for men with HD and TC (Agarwal, 2000). The recent and marked increase of these diseases in most industrialized countries is a major concern (Parkin et al, 1997), drawing the attention of oncologists to the need for sperm cryopreservation. Although this option is still underutilized, it is now becoming a good and safe practice to safeguard future fertility (Chung et al, 2004). The aim of this study was to assess time trends in the use of sperm banking over the period of 1990 to 2004 by men with TC or HD.

Trends in testicular cancer incidence in the Nordic countries, focusing on the recent decrease in Denmark

Testicular cancer is the most frequent malignancy among young men, and there have been steady increases in its incidence in most western countries for many decades. Recently, a decrease was seen in some countries, including Denmark. Here, we report recent trends in testicular cancer incidence in the Nordic countries. We address the hypothesis that the causal factors for testicular cancer in Denmark are related to birth cohort and that non-seminoma and seminoma tumours have a common aetiology. An overall increase in testicular cancer incidence was found in the Nordic countries, corresponding to increases with each consecutive birth cohort in each country. In Denmark, a decline in incidence was observed during the past 5 years, and men born around 1943 and around 1968 showed lower incidences than men born just before or just after these dates. These birth-cohort effects were seen both for seminoma and non-seminoma tumours. This descriptive study confirms the hypothesis that birth cohort has a major influence on the incidence pattern of testicular tumours and suggests that seminoma and non-seminoma have common aetiological factors.

Is there an association between maternal weight and the risk of testicular cancer? An epidemiologic study of Norwegian data with emphasis on World War II

Since registration started in the 1950s, the incidence of testicular cancer (TC) in the Western world has increased, which is also the case in Norway. Men born in Norway during World War II (WWII), however, have a lower TC incidence than men born in the years before or after WWII. Increased fetal exposure to estrogen during the first trimester of pregnancy has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of TC later in life. Increased maternal weight is associated with higher insulin levels, leading to lower sex hormone-binding globulin levels and thereby increased levels of bioavailable estrogens for transplacental transfer from mother to fetus. The aim of the present study was therefore to examine whether there was an association between maternal weight and the incidence of TC among those who were born in a time period where the nutritional conditions changed, i.e., around the time of WWII. We compared data for a random sample of women giving birth in Oslo, Norway, in the years 1931 to 1955 with the TC incidence among men born in the whole country in the same time period. Maternal weight at delivery was used as a proxy for first-trimester weight. We found a correlation (Spearman's rho = 1.00, p < 0.01; Pearson's r = 0.95, p = 0.02) between the TC incidence and maternal weight adjusted for birth weight and maternal age. Although one cannot draw firm conclusions from ecologic correlations, these findings suggest that the increase in TC incidence over the past decades could be at least partly attributed to the increased maternal body weight observed in most populations in the relevant time period since TC is thought to be associated with in utero conditions.

Trends in incidence of testicular cancer and prostate cancer in Denmark

This article presents a detailed analysis of the incidence trends of testicular cancer and prostate cancer, using information from the Danish Cancer Registry in the period 1943–1996. The rate of increase of testicular cancer was about 2.6% per year. The analyses indicated that incidence was more strongly dependent on the man's birth cohort than on the calendar period. The analysis confirmed the significantly reduced incidence of testicular cancer in the 1943 cohort and suggested a levelling off in the increase in testicular cancer incidence from cohorts born after around 1963. This may imply that the great part of the recent increase in incidence has been due to a rapid increase in incidence in successive birth cohorts born in the relatively short period from 1945 to 1960. The rate of increase of prostate cancer was about 1.6% per year. The analyses indicated a stronger dependency on period than on birth cohort. The cohort parameters had very low values in the three earliest cohorts (1858–1868) and the period parameters showed a low incidence in the most recent period. The epidemiological pattern of prostate cancer incidence seems dominated by changes in diagnosis and registration and does not permit inferences about changes in causal factors.

Trends in incidence of testicular cancer and prostate cancer in Denmark.

This article presents a detailed analysis of the incidence trends of testicular cancer and prostate cancer, using information from the Danish Cancer Registry in the period 1943-1996. The rate of increase of testicular cancer was about 2.6% per year. The analyses indicated that incidence was more strongly dependent on the man's birth cohort than on the calendar period. The analysis confirmed the significantly reduced incidence of testicular cancer in the 1943 cohort and suggested a levelling off in the increase in testicular cancer incidence from cohorts born after around 1963. This may imply that the great part of the recent increase in incidence has been due to a rapid increase in incidence in successive birth cohorts born in the relatively short period from 1945 to 1960. The rate of increase of prostate cancer was about 1.6% per year. The analyses indicated a stronger dependency on period than on birth cohort. The cohort parameters had very low values in the three earliest cohorts (1858-1868) and the period parameters showed a low incidence in the most recent period. The epidemiological pattern of prostate cancer incidence seems dominated by changes in diagnosis and registration and does not permit inferences about changes in causal factors.

TESTICULAR HEALTH AWARENESS IN PUBERTAL MALES

No AccessJournal of UrologyTestis1 Sep 2000TESTICULAR HEALTH AWARENESS IN PUBERTAL MALES Phillip Nasrallah, Giju Nair, Joseph Congeni, Cynthia L. Bennett, and Daniel McMahon Phillip NasrallahPhillip Nasrallah More articles by this author , Giju NairGiju Nair More articles by this author , Joseph CongeniJoseph Congeni More articles by this author , Cynthia L. BennettCynthia L. Bennett More articles by this author , and Daniel McMahonDaniel McMahon More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67265-5AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail Abstract Purpose: We examined the knowledge and understanding of male teenagers of the necessity for genital examination, and signs and symptoms of serious testicular pathology. Furthermore, current national guidelines for health education were reviewed to understand better the curriculum used by the educational system and to assess its effectiveness. Materials and Methods: In 1998, a 5-question survey was administered privately and confidentially to male athletes before a sports physical examination. The athletes were 12 to 18 years old, attended middle or high school, and were sampled randomly. The National Health Education Standards benchmark for grades 9 through 11 was examined with specific attention to male self-health education standards. Results: A total of 318 athletes responded revealing that 54% did not know why the genitals were examined on a sports physical examination, 45% did not use appropriate testicular protection and the majority did not respond appropriately to symptoms of serious testicular pathology. Despite the fact that 46% of respondents answered that checking for a hernia is reason for a genital examination there was no mention of tumor, infection or varicocele. Review of the benchmarks revealed no standards referring to a minimum understanding of anatomy or physiology. Generalized guidelines for high risk behaviors were provided without specific mention of testicular torsion, cancer, varicocele or sexually transmitted diseases. Conclusions: Young males are at higher risk for testicular torsion, cancer and varicocele than other age groups, and yet our population was universally unaware of these as a reason for genital examination. Furthermore, the majority did not respond appropriately to questions regarding serious testicular pathology. Review of national guidelines reveals poorly defined, nonspecific provisions for male self-health care. Therefore, we have developed a curriculum for male self-health to address this problem. References 1 : Knowledge of testicular cancer risk and need for self-examination in college students: a call for equal time for men in teaching of early cancer detection techniques. Pediatrics1984; 74: 1093. Google Scholar 2 : Increase in testicular cancer incidence in six European countries: a birth cohort phenomenon. J Natl Cancer Inst1996; 88: 727. Crossref, Medline, Google Scholar 3 : Increased incidence of testicular cancer in active duty members of the Department of Defense. Urology1999; 53: 806. Google Scholar 4 : Experiences with a clinic for young men. Adolesc Med1996; 7: 27. Google Scholar 5 : Utilization of physician offices by adolescents in the United States. Pediatrics1999; 104: 35. Google Scholar 6 : http://www.cancer.org/cshe/cshestud.html;http://www.akron.ohio.gov/dept/050/hensII.htm. Accessed April 19, 2000. Google Scholar From the Divisions of Urology and Sports Medicine, Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Urology, Northeastern Ohio Universities College of Medicine, Akron, Ohio© 2000 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byBayne A, Madden-Fuentes R, Jones E, Cisek L, Gonzales E, Reavis K, Roth D and Hsieh M (2010) Factors Associated With Delayed Treatment of Acute Testicular Torsion—Do Demographics or Interhospital Transfer Matter?Journal of Urology, VOL. 184, NO. 4S, (1743-1747), Online publication date: 1-Oct-2010. Volume 164Issue 3 Part 2September 2000Page: 1115-1117 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2000 by American Urological Association, Inc.KeywordsadolescencetestishealthMetricsAuthor Information Phillip Nasrallah More articles by this author Giju Nair More articles by this author Joseph Congeni More articles by this author Cynthia L. Bennett More articles by this author Daniel McMahon More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF downloadLoading ...

Increased incidence of testicular cancer in active duty members of the Department of Defense

Objectives. Multiple reports have noted an increase in testicular cancer incidence in virtually all world populations. We sought to determine whether an increase in testicular cancer incidence has occurred in active duty members of the Department of Defense (DOD). Methods. The total number of tumors accessioned at all DOD tumor registries, encompassing virtually all tumors diagnosed in active duty personnel, was obtained from the centralized DOD tumor registry. The number of men on active duty in the DOD was obtained from the Defense Manpower Data Center. Results. The rate of testicular cancer increased from 8.62/100,000 active duty men in 1988 to 15.38/100,000 in 1996. Conclusions. These data corroborate observations from multiple other populations that the incidence of testicular cancer is increasing. The explanation for this observation is unknown.

Testicular cancer risk and maternal parity: a population-based cohort study.

The aim was to study, in a population-based cohort design, whether first-born sons run a higher risk of testicular cancer than later born sons; to investigate whether this difference in risk was affected by birth cohort, age of the son, maternal age, interval to previous delivery and other reproductive factors; and, finally, to evaluate to what extent changes in women's parity over time might explain the increasing incidence of testicular cancer. By using data from the Civil Registration System, a database was established of all women born in Denmark since 1935 and all their children alive in 1968 or born later. Sons with testicular cancer were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. Among 1015994 sons followed for 15981 967 person-years, 626 developed testicular cancer (443 non-seminomas, 183 seminomas). Later born sons had a decreased risk of testicular cancer (RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.67-0.95) compared with first-born sons. The RR was 0.79 (95% CI = 0.64-0.98) for non-seminomas and 0.81 (95% CI = 0.58-1.13) for seminomas. There was no association between testicular cancer risk and overall parity of the mother, maternal or paternal age at the birth of the son, or maternal age at first birth. The decreased risk of testicular cancer among later born sons was not modified by age, birth cohort, interval to the previous birth, sex of the first-born child, or maternal age at birth of the son or at first birth. The increased proportion of first-borns from birth cohort 1946 to birth cohort 1969 only explained around 3% of an approximated two-fold increase in incidence between the cohorts. Our data document a distinctly higher risk of testicular cancer in first-born compared with later born sons and suggest that the most likely explanation should be sought among exposures in utero. The increase in the proportion of first-borns in the population has only contributed marginally to the increase in testicular cancer incidence.

Increase in testicular cancer incidence in six European countries: a birth cohort phenomenon.

For unknown reasons, the age-standardized incidence of testicular cancer has shown a rapid increase in virtually all countries (mostly Western) studied. For populations with a sufficiently long period of cancer registration, this development can be traced back to the first half of this century. By evaluating data from six countries with long periods of cancer registration (Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the former German Democratic Republic [East Germany], Finland, and Poland), we sought to determine whether the increase in testicular cancer risk follows a birth cohort pattern and, if so, to quantify and compare any birth cohort effects. A total of 30,908 incident cases of testicular cancer, diagnosed from 1945 through 1989 in men who were 20-84 years of age, were identified in population-based cancer registries in the six countries. In addition to performing simple trend analyses, we fitted several Poisson regression models (with the explanatory variables age, time period [calendar time], and birth cohort) to the data. Individual models were estimated by the maximum likelihood method. The age-standardized incidence of testicular cancer was found to vary among the six populations and, on the basis of total registration data, increased annually at rates ranging from 2.3% (in Sweden) to 5.2% (in East Germany). A comparison of several regression models indicated that birth cohort was a stronger determinant of testicular cancer risk than was calendar time for all six populations. Within each population, little variation in testicular cancer risk was observed for men born between 1880 and 1920; thereafter, the risk began to increase. Among men born in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden between 1930 and 1945 (the period encompassing the Second World War), the increasing trend in risk was interrupted (i.e., a leveling in risk occurred). After 1945, an uninterrupted increase in risk was observed for all six populations. With men born around 1905 as the reference group, the relative risk of testicular cancer for those born around 1965 varied from 3.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.7-5.6) in Sweden to 11.4 (95% CI = 8.3-15.5) in East Germany. The increasing trend in testicular cancer risk observed for these six populations follows a birth cohort pattern. This distinct risk pattern provides a framework for the identification of specific etiologic factors.

Body Size and Cancer of the Testis

In the search for possible causes for the enormous increase in testicular cancer incidence in Denmark, we tested the hypothesis that a high fat or calorie intake in adolescence and consequently relative obesity is a promotional factor for testicular cancer. A total of 438 cases and three controls for each case were included in the study. Data originated from health examination of men liable for military service. Data were analysed by logistic regression analysis. No systematic statistically significant differences in body measurements [height, weight and body-mass index (weight/height2)] could be shown. Rather than being obese a slight trend was observed towards the future victims of testicular cancer being lighter, smaller and thinner than unaffected controls.