Increase In Hydrotrope Concentration Research Articles

Thermodynamic Study on Hydrotropic Aggregation Behavior of Theophylline

Abstract: Objectives: A systematic study is required to enhance the solubility of insoluble fluid drugs that are only sparingly soluble. Hydrotropy may be a distinctive development to reinforce the liquid solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Materials and Methods: The term hydrotropic has been wont to designate the rise in the solubility of assorted substances in water because of the presence of enormous amounts of additives. Sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and resorcinol are utilized to reinforce the liquid solubility of many poorly soluble drugs. Varied organic solvents like methyl alcohol, chloroform, alcohol, dimethylformamide, and benzene are utilized for the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs. Theophylline drug was accessories to numerous hydrotrope concentrations (0-3 mol/L) and also the non-inheritable sample for a solubility determination was analyzed in an exploitation UV spectrophotometer. Results: The solubility of theophylline has been specifically found to improve with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with a device temperature likely to be close to that of other organic compounds and drugs. Conclusion: To initiate substantial solubilization of the theophylline compound, a minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was needed. As a consequence of the improvement in the solubilization of theophylline, the coefficient of mass transfer was also observed to expand with an increase in the hydrotropic concentration at 303 K. To have a substantial enhancement within the mass transfer coefficient, a threshold value equivalent to MHC is to be maintained. For all sets of experiments, the maximal enhancement factor, which is the value ratio between the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been calculated. Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb’s free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of theophylline were calculated to determine the hydrotropic aggregation activity of theophylline. With an increase in system temperature, Gibb’s free energy declines. It was found that the aggregation of hydrotropes was exothermic and preferred by a positive entropy value. Key words: Hydrotropy, Theophylline, Solubility, Enhancement Factor, Aggregation Properties.

Hydrotropic Aggregation Behavior of Butyl Stearate

On investigation for the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of butyl stearate through hydrotropy has been studied. This study was carried out using hydrotropes such as citric acid, urea, nicotinamide, sodium salicylate under the influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations ((0 to 3) mol ·L -1 ) and different system temperatures ((303 to 333) K). It has been distinctively observed and noted that the solubility of butyl stearate increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature likely similar to the several organic compounds and drugs A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate significant solubilization of butyl stearate. Consequent to the increase in the solubilization of butyl stearate, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration at 303 K. A threshold value similar to MHC is to be maintained to have an appreciable enhancement in mass transfer coefficient. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been determined for all sets of experimentations. To ascertain the hydrotropic aggregation behavior of butyl stearate, thermodynamic parameters such as gibb's free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of butyl stearate were determined. The gibb's free energy decreases with an increase in system temperature. The aggregation of hydrotropes was found to be exothermic in nature and favored by a positive value of entropy.

Enhancement of Solubility and Mass Transfer Coefficient of Benzoic Acid Through Hydrotropy

The effect of hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and nicotinamide on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of benzoic acid has been investigated. The solubility studies were carried out under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303K to 333K). It has been observed that the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of benzoic acid increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) was found essential to initiate a significant increase in the solubility and the mass transfer coefficient. The maximum enhancement factor (φs), which is the ratio of the solubility value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been determined for all sets of experimentations. The solubility of benzoic acid has been enhanced to 19.98 times in the presence of 2.5 mol/L concentration of sodium salicylate hydrotrope at 333K.The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschenow constant Ks and the highest value has been observed as 0.502 for sodium salicylate.

Hydrotropic effect and thermodynamic analysis on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of ethylbenzene

Concentrated aqueous solutions of a large number of hydrotropic agents, urea, nicotinamide, and sodium salicylate, have been employed to enhance the aqueous solubilities of poorly water soluble organic compounds. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0–3.0mol·L−1) and different system temperatures (303–333 K) on the solubility of ethylbenzene has been studied. The solubility of ethylbenzene increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. Consequent to the increase in the solubility of ethylbenzene, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration at 303 K. The enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, is reported for both solubility and mass transfer coefficient of ethylbenzene. The Setschenow constant, Ks, a measure of the effectiveness of a hydrotrope, was determined for each case. To ascertain the hydrotropic aggregation behavior of ethylbenzene, thermodynamic parameters such as Gibb’s free energy, enthalpy, and entropy of ethylbenzene were determined.

Enhanced Solubility and Separation of m/p – Aminonitrobenze Using different Hydrotropic Solution

The aqueous solubilit ies of m/p - amino nitrobenzene in d ifferent concentrations (0-3.0 mo l/ L) of hydrotropes such as sodium benzoate, Sodiu m saccharin, dimethyl benzamide at different system temperatures (303K to 333K) were studied. The percentage extraction (%E) o f m- amino nitrobenzene fro m m/p - amino nitrobenzene mixture increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration. A Minimu m Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate the significance of the %E of m- amino nitrobenzene. Percentage extraction (%E) is the ratio of mo les of m - amino nitrobenzene extracted in presence and absence of a hydrotrope. The sensitivity and feasibility of the proposed process are examined by carrying out solubilization and equilibriu m precipitation experiments with the mixtu res of various compositions. The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschenow constant Ks and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study and determination of aggregation behavior of all hydrotropes were also studied. Cost effective and eco friendly techniques of removal of less soluble compoments.

Enhanced Solubility and Reflection of Hydrotropy Technique in the Segregation of of m/p-Aminonitrobenze

The aqueous solubilities of m/p - amino nitrobenzene in different concentrations (0-3.0 mol/L) of hydrotropes such as sodium benzoate, sodium saccharin, dimethyl benzamide at different system temperatures (303 K to 333 K) were studied. The percentage extraction (%E) of m- amino nitrobenzene from m/ p - amino nitrobenzene mixture increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration. A minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate the significance of the %E of m- amino nitrobenzene. Percentage extraction (%E) is the ratio of moles of m - amino nitrobenzene extracted in presence and absence of a hydrotrope. The sensitivity and feasibility of the proposed process are examined by carrying out solubilization and equilibrium precipitation experiments with the mixtures of various compositions. The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschenow constant Ks and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study and determination of aggregation behavior of all hydrotropes were also studied.

Separation of m/p‐Aminoacetophenone Using Hydrotropy

The aqueous solubilities of m/p‐aminoacetophenone in different concentrations (0‐3.0 mol/L) of hydrotropes such as diethyl nicotinamide, sodium pseudocumene sulfonate and sodium thiocyanate solutions at different system temperatures (303K to 333K) were studied. The percentage extraction (%E) of m‐ aminoacetophenone from m/p‐aminoacetophenone mixture increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration. A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate the significance of the %E of m‐aminoacetophenone. Percentage extraction (%E) is the ratio of moles of m‐aminoacetophenone extracted in presence and absence of a hydrotrope. The sensitivity and feasibility of the proposed process are examined by carrying out solubilization and equilibrium precipitation experiments with the mixtures of various compositions. The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschenow constant Ks. The extraction data are also fitted in a polynomial equation as the function of hydrotrope concentration. The solubilized material can be recovered by dilution with water.

Solubility and Mass Transfer Coefficient Enhancement of Stearic Acid through Hydrotropy

The effect of various hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and nicotinamide on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of stearic acid was investigated under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations, (0 to 3.0) mol·kg−1, and different system temperatures, T = (303 to 333) K. It was found that the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of stearic acid increase with the increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient to different degrees. The order of increase in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of stearic acid with respect to different hydrotropes was found to be sodium salicylate > sodium benzoate > nicotinamide. The maximum enhancement factor value has been determined for both the solubility and the mass transfer coefficient. The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschnew constant Ks and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study. In addition the solubility data are also fitted in a polynomial equation as a function of hydrotrope concentration. The solubility data fitted in a polynomial equation give a better fit since the variance is less than 0.6.

Separation of Styrene- Ethyl Benzene Mixture Through Hydrotropy

The field of separation using hydrotropy has been studied. Solvent extraction and ex- tractive distillation with aqueous solutions of hydrotropes are the novel separation techniques suitable for separation of close boiling mixtures. The present work is concerned with the separa- tion of styrene-ethyl benzene mixture using hydrotropic solutions of urea, nicotinamide and so- dium benzoate. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K) on the separation of styrene and ethyl benzene mixture was studied. The percentage extraction of styrene from the styrene-ethyl benzene mix- ture increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) was found essential to initiate significant extraction of styrene from the styrene-ethyl benzene mixture. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope was determined. The Set- schenow constant, Ks, a measure of the effectiveness of a hydrotrope, was determined for each case.

ENHANCEMENT OF SOLUBILITY AND MASS-TRANSFER COEFFICIENT OF 1,2-DIHYDROXY-9,10-ANTHRAQUINONE (ALIZARIN) THROUGH HYDROTROPY

The effect of hydrotropes potassium p-toluene sulfonate (KPTS), citric acid, and nicotinamide on the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient of 1,2-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone (alizarin) was studied. Solubility studies were carried out under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol·L−1) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). It was observed that the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient of alizarin increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and system temperature. The maximum enhancement factor, the ratio of the value of solubility in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, was determined for all experiments under study. The effectivity of hydrotropes was measured by the determination of the Setschenow constant, Ks. The order of effectiveness of various hydrotropes based on Ks values is potassium p-toluene sulfonate > citric acid > nicotinamide.

Hydrotropic Study on Furfural - Comprehensive Design Expert Plot

This work presents a comprehensive investigation on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of furfural through Hydrotropy. The solubility and mass transfer coefficient studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as urea, tri-sodium citrate, sodium toluate and sodium benzoate under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). The solubility of furfural increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate significant solubilization of furfural. Consequent to the increase in solubilization of furfural, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration. A threshold value of MHC is to be maintained to have an appreciable enhancement in the mass transfer coefficient. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been determined for all sets of experimentations. A comprehensive design expert plot for hydrotropic effect on furfural is also presented.The performance of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschnew constant Ks and reported for all hydrotropes used in this study.

The effect of hydrotropes on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of 2-nitrobenzoic acid

The effect of hydrotropes on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of 2-nitrobenzoic acid A comprehensive investigation on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient enhancement of 2-nitrobenzoic acid through hydrotropy, has been undertaken. The solubility and mass transfer coefficient studies were carried out using hydrotropes such as sodium acetate, citric acid and nicotinamide under a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K). It was found that the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of 2-nitrobenzoic acid increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient to different degrees. The maximum enhancement factor value has been determined for both the solubility and mass transfer coefficient. The effectiveness of hydrotropes was measured in terms of Setschnew constant Ks and reported for all the hydrotropes used in this study.

Effective Separation of Petro Products through Hydrotropy

AbstractThis paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of hydrotropes such as sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate, and nicotinamide on the separation of a near boiling mixture, o‐/p‐xylene. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and different system temperatures (303 to 333 K) on the separation of o‐/p‐xylene were studied. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the percentage extraction of p‐xylene to different degrees. The percentage extraction of p‐xylene from the o‐/p‐xylene mixture increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC) was found essential to initiate significant extraction of p‐xylene from the o‐/p‐xylene mixture. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, was determined for both cases. The Setschenow constant, ks, a measure of the effectiveness of a hydrotrope, was determined for each case.

Enhancement of Solubility and Mass Transfer Coefficient Through Hydrotropy

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of hydrotropes on the solubil- ity and mass transfer coefficient of ethyl acetate in water. The solubility and mass transfer studies were performed using hydrotropes such as tri-sodium citrate, urea, sodium benzoate, and sodium salicylate under a wide range of concentrations (0 to 3.0 mol/L) and system temperatures (303 to 333 K). The performance of the hydrotropes was measured in terms of the Setschenow constant (Ks). It was found that the solubility of ethyl acetate increases with increase in hydrotrope con- centration and also with system temperature. A Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was found required to initiate significant solubilization of ethyl acetate. Con- sequent to the increase in solubilization of ethyl acetate, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient to different degrees. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in presence and absence of a hy- drotrope, has been determined for both solubility and mass transfer coefficient. These character- istics would be much useful in increasing the rate of output of the desired product made from ethyl acetate. In addition, the separation of ethyl acetate from any liquid mixture which is found to be difficult can be carried out effectively using this technique.

Effect of Hydrotropes on the Solubility and Mass Transfer Coefficient of Benzyl Benzoate in Water

This work presents a comprehensive study on the effect of hydrotropes on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient of benzyl benzoate in water. The solubility studies were performed using hydrotropes such as tri-sodium citrate, urea, sodium benzoate, and sodium salicylate for various concentrations in the range from (0 to 3.0) mol·L-1 and system temperatures ranging from T = (303 to 333) K. The performance of the hydrotropes was measured in terms of the Setschenow constant (KS). It was found that the solubility of benzyl benzoate increases with an increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. A minimum hydrotrope concentration (MHC) in the aqueous phase was required to initiate significant solubilization of benzyl benzoate. Consequent to the increase in solubilization of benzyl benzoate, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with an increase in hydrotrope concentration. All hydrotropes used in this work showed an enhancement in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient to different degrees. The maximum enhancement factor, which is the ratio between the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, has been determined for both cases. However, a threshold value of the MHC was found essential to initiate significant increase in hydrotrope concentration.

Effect of hydrotropes on the aqueous solution behavior of surfactants

AbstractAqueous solutions of surfactants—cationic: tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (C14TABr); anionic: sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); and nonionic: polyoxyethylenet‐octylphenol (trade name Triton X‐102, also called OPE‐8)— in the presence of three hydrotropes,viz., sodium xylene sulfonate, sodiump‐toluene sulfonate, and sodium chlorobenzene sulfonate, were examined by measuring surface tension, viscosity, and cloud points for the nonionic surfactant. The results show a marked decrease in the critical micelle concentration with increase in hydrotrope concentration for C14TABr, a marginal decrease for SDS, and very little change for OPE‐8 up to 0.1 M hydrotrope. The viscosity of cationic surfactant solutions showed a remarkable increase in the presence of trace amounts of hydrotropes (up to 15 mM). In contrast, the SDS solution showed only a slight increase in viscosity at high hydrotrope concentration (150 mM), and the viscosity of the OPE‐8 solution remained constant. The cloud point of OPE‐8 increased in the presence of hydrotropes, unlike its behavior with the simple salt NaCl. The strong dependence of the solution behavior of cationic surfactants on the presence of hydrotropes is discussed in terms of electrostatic interaction.

Effect of hydrotropes on solubility and mass transfer coefficient of amyl acetate

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of citric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate and urea (hydrotropes) on the solubility and mass transfer coefficient for the extraction of amyl acetate in water. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentration (0–3.0 mol/l) and different temperatures (303–333 K) on the solubility of amyl acetate has been studied. The influence of different hydrotrope concentrations on the mass transfer coefficients for amyl acetate–water system has been ascertained. Setschenow constant, Ks, a measure of the effectiveness of hydrotrope has been determined for each case. The solubility of amyl acetate increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with system temperature. Consequent to the increase in the solubility of amyl acetate, the mass transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration. A Minimum Hydrotropic Concentration (MHC) was found essential to show a significant increase in the solubility and mass transfer coefficient for amyl acetate–water system. The enhancement factor, which is the ratio of value in presence and absence of a hydrotrope is reported for both solubility and mass transfer coefficients.

Effect of Hydrotropes on Solubility and Mass-Transfer Coefficient of Butyl Acetate

This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of citric acid, sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, and urea (hydrotropes) on the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient for the extraction of butyl acetate in water. The influence of a wide range of hydrotrope concentrations (0-3.0 mol/L) and different temperatures (303 K to 333 K) on the solubility of butyl acetate has been studied. The influence of different hydrotrope concentrations on the mass-transfer coefficient for the butyl acetate +water system has been ascertained. The Setschenow constant, K s , a measure of the effectiveness of hydrotrope, has been determined for each case. The solubility of butyl acetate increases with increase in hydrotrope concentration and also with temperature. Consequent to the increase in the solubility of butyl acetate, the mass-transfer coefficient was also found to increase with increase in hydrotrope concentration. A minimum hydrotrope concentration was found essential to show a significant increase in the solubility and mass-transfer coefficient for the butyl acetate + water system. The enhancement factor, which is the ratio of the value in the presence and absence of a hydrotrope, is reported for both solubility and mass-transfer coefficient.