Increase In Girth Research Articles

Selection and genetic parameters of productivity of sheep (<i>ovis aries</i>) of the Trans-Baikal breed of the Khangil type

The study was conducted to investigate the selection and genetic parameters of productivity of fine-wool sheep of the Trans-Baikal breed of the Khangil typein order to increase the efficiency of the selection process. The relationships between the selected traits (live weight, wool yield) and the exterior and constitutional features were determined using the method of correlation and regression analysis. Of the assessed parameters, the greatest variability was observed for body weight (11.9…19.4 %), wool yield (9.9…11.1 %) and latitudinal linear measurements (8.2…12.4 %). According to the constitution indices, rams differed from ewes by greater leg length, better chest development, stronger skeleton, while ewes were characterized by a more stretched, compact and massive body with a better developed back part. Live weight and wool yield of rams were more closely associated with linear measurements than those of ewes. Live weight of both males and females correlated more strongly with chest girth (respectively +0.916, p 0.001 and +0.740, p 0.001), wool yield – with chest depth in rams (+0.737, p 0.001) and hip width in ewes (+0.469, p 0.001). In Trans-Baikal breed of the Khangil type rams, with an increase in the hip width measurement by 1 cm, it is possible to predict an increase in live weight by 5.50 kg (r = 0.839; p 0.001), in ewes with an increase in chest girth by 1 cm – by 1.04 kg (r = 0.740; p 0.001). The analysis of paired regression equations shows that the live weight of Trans-Baikal breed of the Khangil type ewes is largely determined by the linear measurement of the chest girth: in rams – 83.9 %, in ewes – 54.7 %, the influence of other factors accounts for 16.1 and 45.3 %, respectively. At the same time, in the multivariate regression models, 94.3 and 74.7 % of the change in body weight is explained by the effect of a complex of linear measurements, and the remaining share is attributed to the influence of other factors.

Effect of Different Plant Spacings on Growth, Yield and Disease Incidence in Banana CV. Phule Pride

An investigation was carried out in planted banana crop cv. Phule Pride (AAA) to evaluate the effect of different planting distances on growth, durational, bunch, and yield parameters and disease incidence for three successive years (2021-22 to 2023). The experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design with four replications. The treatments comprised of T1 (1.20 m x 1.20m (6944 Plants per hectare)), T2 (1.35 m x 1.35m (5487 Plants per hectare)), T3 (1.35 m x 1.75m (4233 Plants per hectare)), T4 (1.50 m x 1.35m (4938 Plants per hectare)) and T5 (1.50 m x 1.50m (4444 Plants per hectare)). In general, there was decrease in pseudo stem height, number of functional leaves and leaf area with the decrease in plant spacing, where increase in pseudo stem girth was observed with the decrease in plant spacing. Delay in all the durational parameters namely days to shooting, days to maturity and days harvesting was recorded with the decrease in plant spacing. Number of hands per bunch, number of fingers per bunch, finger length and bunch weight also decreased with the decrease in plant spacing, whereas increase in finger girth was observed with the decrease in plant spacing. The conventional treatment 1.50 m x 1.50m (4444 Plants per hectare)) recoded highest bunch weight (19.40 t/ha) as against the 12.18 t/ha in the treatment T1 (1.20 m x 1.20m (6944 Plants per hectare). As regards the yield (t/ha), all the treatments were on par with each other except T2 (1.35 m x 1.35m (5487 Plants per hectare). Considering all the parameters, it observed that the plant spacing of 1.5 m x 1.5 m accommodating 4444 plants per hectare is found optimum for the banana cv. Phule Pride.

The Effects of NPK Fertilizer and Coconut Husk Ash as Ameliorant on Growth and Photosynthetic Rate of Oil Palm Seedlings in Peat Media

This study aimed to investigate the effects of NPK fertilizer and coconut husk ash as an ameliorant on growth and photosynthetic levels of oil palm seedlings in peat soil growth media. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was used with two factors, NPK 12:12:17:2+TE including control, 30 g, 60 g, and 90 g per plant. Coconut husk ash includes control, 40 g, 80 g, and 120 g per plant. The data were statistically analyzed using ANOVA, and any observed significant difference led to Duncan's test at p<0.05. The combination of 90 g of fertilizer dose and 80 g of coconut husk ash produced the tallest plant height of 104.53 cm. The highest increase in stem girth was 6.01 cm. The photosynthetic rate was 39.11 μmol CO2 m-2 s-1, and the highest stomatal conductance was 0.21 H2O m-2 s-1. The highest internal CO2 and Water Use Efficiency was 177 μmol CO2 mol-1 and 16.15, respectively, while the best transpiration rate was 2.94 mM H2O m-2s-1. Additionally, the photosynthetic rate positively correlated with seedling height and stem diameter, with a R2 0.25 and 0.44 coefficient, respectively. Stomatal conductance was positively correlated with stem diameter, namely R2 0.04. Meanwhile, transpiration rate was negatively correlated with seedling height (R2 17%) and seedling stem diameter (R2 6.9%). Intracellular CO2 was negatively correlated with plant height but positively correlated with stem diameter. The results of this study are expected to be used in increased growth and photosynthesis.

Thoracoabdominal Wall Motion–Guided Biofeedback Treatment of Abdominal Distention: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial

Abdominal distention results from abdominophrenic dyssynergia (ie, diaphragmatic contraction and abdominal wall relaxation) in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction. This study aimed to validate a simple biofeedback procedure, guided by abdominothoracic wall motion, for treating abdominal distention. In this randomized, parallel, placebo-controlled trial, 42 consecutive patients (36 women and 6 men; ages 17-64 years) with meal-triggered visible abdominal distention were recruited. Recordings of abdominal and thoracic wall motion were obtained using inductance plethysmography via adaptable belts. The signal was shown to patients in the biofeedback group, who were taught to mobilize the diaphragm. In contrast, the signal was not shown to the patients in the placebo group, who were given a placebo capsule. Three sessions were performed over a 4-week intervention period, with instructions to perform exercises (biofeedback group) or to take placebo 3 times per day (control group) at home. Outcomes were assessed through response to an offending meal (changes in abdominothoracic electromyographic activity and girth) and clinical symptoms measured using daily scales for 7 days. Patients in the biofeedback group (n= 19) learned to correct abdominophrenic dyssynergia triggered by the offending meal (intercostal activity decreased by a mean ± SE of 82% ± 10%, anterior wall activity increased by a mean ± SE of 97% ± 6%, and increase in girth was a mean ± SE of 108% ± 4% smaller) and experienced improved clinical symptoms (abdominal distention scores decreased by a mean ± SE of 66% ± 5%). These effects were not observed in the placebo group (all, P < .002). Abdominothoracic wall movements serve as an effective biofeedback signal for correcting abdominophrenic dyssynergia and abdominal distention in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction. ClincialTrials.gov, Number: NCT04043208.

(019) Penile Augmentation by Division of the Suspensory Ligament of the Penis and Autologous Fat Injection

Abstract Introduction Penile size dissatisfaction is a problem which is more prevalent than what is perceived, it is not taken seriously by healthcare professionals. It is reported that 45% of men are unhappy with their penile size. Most men are too ashamed to seek professional help so they go to online sites that promote fake pills, creams, lotions, or try to solve the problem themselves (DIY Penile enlargement) which causes significant complications or undergo high risk procedures without proper counselling. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of penile augmentation surgery by division of the suspensory ligament of the penis with insertion of silicon buffer for flaccid length enhancement plus liposuction and autologous fat injection for penile girth enhancement. Methods A retrospective audit of patient outcomes after surgical Penile Augmentation (PA) at one centre, over a 5.5 year period. 560 patients had division of the suspensory ligament of the penis with insertion of silicon buffer with liposuction and autologous fat injection. The following data was collected: - Pre and post-operative flaccid penile length and girth. - Patient reported satisfaction rates. - Complications. Results 560 patients were included in this study, the mean patient age was 38 (24–72). The Mean follow up duration was 6 (3-12) months. The mean increase in flaccid length was 3.8 (1.5-6) cm. The mean increase in girth was 4.2 (2.5-5.5) cm. The patient reported satisfaction rates were 85%. No serious adverse events were encountered; the following complications were recorded: partial fat absorption occurred in 120 patients (21.4%) and was managed by fat top up. Phimosis occurred in 20 patients (3.5%) and was manged conservatively in all but 2 patients who required a circumcision, hard fat lumps occurred 30 patients (5.3%) and was managed by in office needling. Migration of fat in the scrotum occurred in 40 patients (7.1%) and was managed conservatively in all but 5 patients who required surgical removal of the fat lumps, infection of the silicon buffer occurred in 6 patients (1.07%) and was managed by removal of the silicon buffer, discomfort from the silicon buffer occurred in 5 patients (0.89%) and was managed by removal of the silicon buffer. Conclusions Penile enlargement by division of the penile suspensory ligament and injection of autologous fat is a safe and effective procedure which is associated with high patient-satisfaction rates. Disclosure No.

(238) Hyaluronic Acid in Urology: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Introduction Introduction: The use of hyaluronic acid (HA) as a non-surgical treatment for various pathological and cosmetic conditions within urology has been of great interest in recent literature. HA has been studied for use in several conditions including Peyronie’s disease, penile size augmentation, and premature ejaculation. Currently, HA is not first-line or standard therapy for any of these conditions; however, it has been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Objective To provide an updated review and meta-analysis of the current state of hyaluronic acid use in urology, characterize its adverse effects, as well as briefly discuss future directions of research for HA in urology. Methods Multiple PubMed search strategies were run utilizing search terms, including: “hyaluronic acid”, “penile OR penis”, “augmentation”, “injection”, “enhancement”, “Peyronie disease”, “penile fibromatosis”, “premature ejaculation”, “cosmetic urology OR genital cosmetic”, “men’s health”, and “penile diseases” among other related iterations. Relevant data extracted included mean and standard deviation (for both pre- and post-HA injection or control treatment): International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score, intravaginal ejaculatory latency (IELT), glandular circumference/girth, erect penile girth, and plaque size Results Our search strategies yielded 136 studies of which 33 studies were included for systematic review (Figure 1). Among all studies, complications were generally rare with the procedure. 4 studies reported penile ecchymosis and a study reported paresthesia and numbness. There was 1 case report of glans penis necrosis, two of abscess formation, one of acute hypersensitivity reaction, and one of sepsis secondary to HA injection, which represented the most serious complications reported. Several studies also reported irregular nodule formation, which resolved with time or mild pressure application. In the metanalysis, 16 studies were included. IELT, penile girth, glans circumference, and IIEF-5 were all significantly increased on a fixed-effects model. 9 studies examined the change in IELT after HA injection, with an effect size of 2.335 [2.147,2.522], p-value= &amp;lt;0.001 (figure 2). Regardless of intent of study, 4 studies reported increase in glans circumference (figure 3) with effect size: 2.3 [2.066, 2.534], p-value= &amp;lt;0.001. Similarly, 4 studies showed increase in penile girth (figure 4) with effect size: 1.729 [1.504, 1.954], p-value = &amp;lt;0.001. 3 studies demonstrated IIEF-5 improvement with effect size: 0.996 [0.739–1.252], p-value= &amp;lt;0.001. With only 2 studies reporting pre- and post-op plaque length while others reporting the mean reduction in plaque amount, the plaque size was generally reduced after HA treatment, but this was not statistically significant, p-value= 0.069 with effect size: -0.252 [-0.524, 0.019]. It should be noted that of the 26 primary studies (excluding the 7 case reports), only 7 studies were randomized, controlled studies while others were either retrospective or single arm in nature. Conclusions While the use of HA in urology shows promising results in terms of efficacy and minimal side effects, there is a need for more randomized controlled trials to validate its potential advantages. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols and exploring the expertise of sexual medicine specialists in administering HA therapy. Disclosure No.

(129) Penile Girth Enhancement Using UroFill™: The Brazilian Experience

Abstract Introduction Demands for penile girth enhancement are increasing. UroFill™ is the innovative approach that offers non-surgical and reproducible penile girth enhancement. Objective To demonstrate the penile girth before and after the application of hyaluronic acid with the UroFill™ technique Methods A retrospective, single-center study included men who sought private care to realize penile girth enhancement using UroFill™ technique from April to June 2023. All patients signed an informed consent form. Excluded men with dysmorphophobia, active inflammatory-infectious genital lesion, and prior application of another filler. Penile girth was measured with a tape measure at baseline and after 21 days. Results 21 patients were included in this analysis. Mean injected volume was 5.81ml. Compared a mean with a basal girth of 9.11±1.1cm and after 1 application 10.85±0.9cm and the Test t result was significant p &amp;lt; 0.001. There were no inflammatory signs or serious adverse reactions in all cases, and no patient requested a reversal of the procedure. Conclusions This study demonstrates the increase in penile girth after just one application of hyaluronic acid using the Urofill technique. In addition, we did not find any cases of complications in the evaluated patients, which suggests a safe procedure. Disclosure No.

Comparative analysis of the growth, yield attributes and grain yield of kharif maize (Zea mays) under varying doses of biochar, fertility levels, and biofertilizer treatments

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2021 and 2022 at the research farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj Ayodhya, Uttar Pardesh, to evaluate the effect of graded doses of biochar and fertility levels with and without biofertilizer under partially reclaimed sodic soils on maize (Zea mays L.) performance. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design (RBD) which with 3 replications. Experiment comprised of 8 treatments, viz. T1 , Control; T2 , 100% RDF 100 : 60 : 40 N, P2 O5 and K2 O; T3 , 50% RDF + 2.5 t/ha biochar; T4 , 50% RDF + 2.5 t/ha biochar + ZMB Biofertilizer; T5 , 50% RDF + 2.5 t/ha biochar + ZMB Biofertilizer + Zn; T6 , 100% RDF + 5 t/ha biochar; T7 , 100% RDF + 5 t/ha biochar + ZMB Biofertilizer; T8 , 100% RDF + 5 t/ha biochar + ZMB Biofertilizer + Zn. The study’s comparative analysis revealed the positive effects of applying biochar, optimal fertility levels, and biofertilizers on the yield attributes and grain yield of kharif maize. Notably, treatment T8 showed significant improvements, with a 53% increase in cob length, 34% increase in cob girth, 83% increase in the number of grains per row, 138.4% increase in grain yield, and 134% increase in stover yield compared to the control treatment. These findings demonstrate the successful impact of application of 100% RDF + 5 t/ha biochar + ZMB Biofertilizer + Zn in enhancing various aspects of maize growth and yield, surpassing the outcomes achieved with the control treatment and may be recommended for achieving high-quality maize production in partially reclaimed sodic soils of eastern Uttar Pradesh and comparable agro-ecoregions.

(216) Efficacy of Novel Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler Injections for Penile Girth Enhancement

Abstract Introduction There has been renewed public and professional interest in the topic of cosmetic penile girth enhancement. Hyaluronic acid (HA) injections have been proposed as a safer alternative to surgical options, however limited data exist regarding efficacy. Objective The purpose of our study was to evaluate average girth changes and related metrics in men undergoing penile girth enhancement with sequential administration of HA dermal filler at a single site. Methods We performed a retrospective review of men who underwent penile girth enhancement with HA from May 17, 2022 to April 28, 2023. Results 155 men underwent penile girth enhancement with HA filler and were instructed to follow a strict post-injection protocol. On average, men experienced a 0.633 cm increase in girth per treatment receiving an average of 12.5 total syringes over 2.2 treatments. Ultimately, all men receiving multiple treatments experienced an average girth increase of 1.8 cm as measured prior to their final treatment. 23 men who received 4 treatments or more experienced an average girth increase of 2.952 cm as measured prior to their final treatment. Of the 155 men treated, 19 (12.3%) required cosmetic correction with either hyaluronidase or abobotulinumtoxinA. Conclusions Our study suggests that injection of HA dermal filler is an effective option for men desiring non-surgical penile girth enhancement. Further studies are needed to better characterize outcomes and optimal treatment protocols. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: PhalloFill.

(253) Usage of Hyaluronic Acid in Urology: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Introduction The use of hyaluronic acid (HA) as a non-surgical treatment for various pathological and cosmetic conditions within urology has been of great interest in recent literature. HA has been studied for use in several conditions including Peyronie’s disease, penile size augmentation, and premature ejaculation. Currently, HA is not first-line or standard therapy for any of these conditions; however, it has been increasingly utilized in clinical practice. Objective To provide an updated review and meta-analysis of the current state of hyaluronic acid use in urology, characterize its adverse effects, as well as briefly discuss future directions of research for HA in urology. Methods Multiple PubMed search strategies were run utilizing search terms, including: “hyaluronic acid”, “penile OR penis”, “augmentation”, “injection”, “enhancement”, “Peyronie disease”, “penile fibromatosis”, “premature ejaculation”, “cosmetic urology OR genital cosmetic”, “men’s health”, and “penile diseases” among other related iterations. Relevant data extracted included mean and standard deviation (for both pre- and post-HA injection or control treatment): International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) score, intravaginal ejaculatory latency (IELT), glandular circumference/girth, erect penile girth, and plaque size. Results Our search strategies yielded 136 studies of which 33 studies were included for systematic review (Figure 1). Among all studies, complications were generally rare with the procedure. 4 studies reported penile ecchymosis and a study reported paresthesia and numbness. There was 1 case report of glans penis necrosis, two of abscess formation, one of acute hypersensitivity reaction, and one of sepsis secondary to HA injection, which represented the most serious complications reported. Several studies also reported irregular nodule formation, which resolved with time or mild pressure application. In the metanalysis, 16 studies were included. IELT, penile girth, glans circumference, and IIEF-5 were all significantly increased on a fixed-effects model. 9 studies examined the change in IELT after HA injection, with an effect size of 2.335 [2.147,2.522], p-value= &amp;lt;0.001 (figure 2). Regardless of intent of study, 4 studies reported increase in glans circumference (figure 3) with effect size: 2.3 [2.066, 2.534], p-value= &amp;lt;0.001. Similarly, 4 studies showed increase in penile girth (figure 4) with effect size: 1.729 [1.504, 1.954], p-value = &amp;lt;0.001. 3 studies demonstrated IIEF-5 improvement with effect size: 0.996 [0.739-1.252], p-value= &amp;lt;0.001. With only 2 studies reporting pre- and post-op plaque length while others reporting the mean reduction in plaque amount, the plaque size was generally reduced after HA treatment, but this was not statistically significant, p-value= 0.069 with effect size: -0.252 [-0.524, 0.019]. It should be noted that of the 26 primary studies (excluding the 7 case reports), only 7 studies were randomized, controlled studies while others were either retrospective or single arm in nature. Conclusions While the use of HA in urology shows promising results in terms of efficacy and minimal side effects, there is a need for more randomized controlled trials to validate its potential advantages. Future research should focus on optimizing treatment protocols and exploring the expertise of sexual medicine specialists in administering HA therapy. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Advisory board and speaker for Coloplast; consultant for Cynosure; advisory board and speaker for Halozyme; intellectual property with Masimo; advisory board for Promescent; consultant for Sprout; advisory board for Xialla.

Outcomes and patient satisfaction after Penuma silicone implant surgery via two surgical approaches.

The Penuma is a soft silicone penile implant designed for cosmetic enhancement of the flaccid penis in men who have normal erections. The goal of this study is to report outcomes on patient satisfaction at least 6 months after Penuma subcutaneous penile implant for cosmetic enhancement of the penis, and to determine if modifications in surgical approach resulted in reduction in postoperative complications. Penile measurements, adverse events, and patient satisfaction were compared between patients undergoing the new lateral scrotal incision versus the traditional infrapubic approach. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent a Penuma implant by a single surgeon from April 2019 to December 2022. A 26-item non-validated device-specific questionnaire was sent to patients at least 6 months after the date of their initial surgery. A total of 92 cases were performed by a single surgeon. The average increase in flaccid length was 2.5 cm (±2.2), representing a 44% increase (p < 0.01). The average increase in girth was 3.1 cm (±1.8 cm), a 32% change (p < 0.01). Seroma requiring drainage occurred in 12%. 7% of patients required operative revision of the implant. When assessed by surgical approach, the revision rate was significantly higher in infrapubic patients (13% vs 2%, p < 0.05). The implant removal rate was also significantly higher when the infrapubic approach was used (21% vs 6%, p < 0.05). 82% of patients reported being satisfied or very satisfied with their postoperative penile appearance. 75% of patients would undergo surgery again. The subcutaneous Penuma penile implant appears to improve satisfaction with regard to the appearance of the penis and is a viable option for men who desire to enhance flaccid penile length and girth. Furthermore, the lateral scrotal surgical approach appears to have a lower postoperative complication rate.

Effect of Single Bout of Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction Training on Muscle Girth and Cardiovascular response: A Pretest, Post-test Quasi-experimental Study

Introduction: Blood Flow Restriction Training (BFRT) was developed by Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SATO) in Japan in 1966. BFRT is a method that mimics the effects of high-intensity training by combining low-intensity exercise with blood flow obstruction. It involves limb compression using compression cuffs to limit venous outflow and minimise arterial inflow during rehabilitation training. By allowing individuals to lift smaller loads and increase strength training gains, BFRT can reduce the overall stress exerted on the limb. Aim: To assess the difference in muscle girth and blood pressure after a single bout of BFRT. Materials and Methods: This was a single-blinded, singlesite pretest, post-test quasi-experimental study. A total of 30 subjects were enrolled (16 females and 14 males) between the ages of 18 to 25 years. This study was conducted at the Department of Physiotherapy, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India. Outcome measures included muscle girth measured using a flexible tape and blood pressure using an automatic oscillometric device (Omron Hem 7113, São Paulo, Brazil). Paired t-test and Wilcoxon test were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20.0. Results: It was found that an acute bout of BFRT caused improvement in all outcome measures. There was a statistically significant increase in muscle girth and blood pressure after BFRT (p-value&lt;0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant increase in blood pressure (both Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) and Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)) and muscle girth after BFRT with no reported adverse effects.

MODEL FOR PREDICTING CHANGES IN THIGH CIRCUMFERENCE CHANGES IN THE LOWER THIRD OVER TIME IN STUDENTS FROM BUKOVYNA HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS BASED ON SPORT TYPE

The dynamic comparison of thigh circumference in the lower third was conducted in 132 students of Bukovyna (the initial study was carried out during September-October 2021, and a repeat study of these same students in September-October 2022). All students in the main group, aside from their program-specific physical activities, participated in the following sports over the year: 46 (50.00%) students played football, including 38 (41.30%) boys and 8 (8.70%) girls; 19 (20.65%) students played volleyball, including 10 (10.86%) boys and 9 (9.78%) girls; 14 (22.58%) students played handball, including 8 (8.69%) boys and 6 (6.52%) girls; 13 (14.13%) students played basketball, including 9 (9.78%) boys and 4 (4.34%) girls. Students in the control group had physical education classes according to their program requirements but did not engage in additional sports activities.&#x0D; All students underwent an anthropometric assessment, specifically the measurement of thigh circumference in the lower third following the method of P.P. Shaparenka. A paired t-test was employed to compare the students' measurements between the initial assessment and a follow-up one year later. The collected data were statistically analyzed using the licensed program RStudio.&#x0D; Comparing the changes in thigh circumference in the lower third between the main and control groups, it was found that students in the main group who participated in various sports had higher measurements than those in the control group, with an average difference of ±4.40 cm.&#x0D; Comparing the right and left thigh circumferences in the main group demonstrated that the right thigh had a larger circumference (right: 49.26±5.60 cm, left: 45.88±5.45 cm). The comparison of thigh circumference changes over the year showed a noticeable increase in thigh girth in the middle third in 2022 compared to 2021 (right: ±1.27 cm, left: ±2.84 cm).&#x0D; Hence, the predictive model for right thigh circumference (Cdr) in the lower third can be represented as follows: Cdr = β1 + β2 + 0.418w, where Cdr stands for right thigh circumference in the lower third, w denotes weight, β1 values are 25.560 for young girls and 20.165 for young boys, and β2 values are -4.497 for the control group, 0.039 for the football group, 0.039 for the handball group, and 0.502 for the volleyball group.&#x0D; Similarly, the predictive model for left thigh circumference in the lower third (Cdl) is expressed as: Cdl = β1 + β2 + 0.387w, where Cdl represents left thigh circumference in the lower third, w denotes weight, β1 values are 24.638 for young girls and 18.523 for young boys, and β2 values are -0.051 for the control group, 0.379 for the football group, -0.291 for the handball group, and 0.323 for the volleyball group. Gender, sport type, and weight serve as significant predictors for predicting thigh circumference in the lower third.

Optimizing Sugarcane Growth, Yield, and Quality in Different Ecological Zones and Irrigation Sources Amidst Environmental Stressors.

The imbalanced use of fertilizers and irrigation water, particularly supplied from groundwater, has adversely affected crop yield and harvest quality in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.). In this experiment, we evaluated the impact of potassium (K) and micronutrients [viz. Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), and Boron (B)] application and irrigation water from two sources, viz. canal, and tube well water on sugarcane growth, yield, and cane quality under field trails. Water samples from Mardan (canal water) and Rahim Yar Khan (tube well water) were analyzed for chemical and nutritional attributes. The results revealed that tube well water's electrical conductivity (EC) was three-fold that of canal water. Based on the EC and total dissolved salts (TDS), 83.33% of the samples were suitable for irrigation, while the sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) indicated only a 4.76% fit and a 35.71% marginal fit compared with canal water. Furthermore, the application of K along with B, Fe, and Zn had led to a significant increase in cane height (12.8%, 9.8%, and 10.6%), cane girth (15.8%, 15.6%, and 11.6%), cane yield (13.7%, 12.3%, and 11.5%), brix contents (14%, 12.2%, and 13%), polarity (15.4%, 1.4%, and 14%), and sugar recovery (7.3%, 5.9%, and 6%) in the tube well irrigation system. For the canal water system, B, Fe, and Zn increased cane height by 15.3%, 13.42%, and 11.6%, cane girth by 13.9%, 9.9%, and 6.5%, cane yield by 42.9%, 43.5%, and 42%, brix content by 10.9%, 7.7%, and 8%, polarity by 33.4%, 28%, and 30%, and sugar recovery by 4.0%, 3.9%, and 2.0%, respectively, compared with sole NPK application. In conclusion, the utilization of tube well water in combination with canal water has shown better results in terms of yield and quality compared with the sole application of canal water. In addition, the combined application of K and B significantly improved sugarcane yields compared with Zn and Fe, even with marginally suitable irrigation water.

Influence of Interaction between Fertilizer and Micronutrient Spray on Growth, Yield and Quality of Guava under Ultra High Density Orcharding System

A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2012-2013 and 2013-2014) on a 5-year-old guava orchard of cv. Sardar was planted at a spacing of 1.0 m x 2.0 m in Ranchi. The objective of this investiation was to know the influence of interaction between the basal and foliar application of fertilizers of guava cv. Sardar under ultra-high-density planting system in eastern plateau and hill conditions. The experiments were set up in a split-plot design with four fertilizer doses 100%NPK i.e.580 g N, 270 g P, 400g K/plant; 60%NPK i.e. 348gN, 162gP, 240g K/plant; 40%NPK i.e. 232gN,180gP 160g K/plant; 20%NPK i.e.116gN 54gP 80g K/plant as main plots and four different foliar sprays as boric acid (0.4%), zinc sulphate (0.2%), boric acid (0.4%) + zinc sulphate (0.2%) and water spray as subplots with four replications. The NPK fertilizer dose was applied at an interval of every two months from June 12 to April 14 (A total of twelve times/ two year) in a 1m radius around the tree trunk (drip line of trees). The foliar application of micronutrients was sprayed at the rate of 750 ml/ tree at flowering and fruit set stage during June 12 and August 14 (Total of Four times/ two years). In our two-year study, the experimental results indicated that 60% NPK fertilizer dose resulted in maximum trunk girth (55.33 mm) and girth of primary branches (43.77mm), while, a maximum per cent increase in trunk girth (15.81%) and girth of primary branches (18.62%) were recorded in 100% NPK fertilizer dose. However the maximum number of flowers per plant (18.66), number of fruit per plant (17.10) and fruit weight/ plant (3.65kg/plant) were recorded in 100%NPK fertilizer dose, which was at par with 60% NPK Fertilizer dose.

Pollinator Diversity and Pollination Efficiency of Stingless Bee &lt;i&gt;Tetragonula iridipennis&lt;/i&gt; Smith in Bitter Gourd

An experiment was conducted out to investigate the pollinator diversity and pollination efficiency of Tetragonula iridipennis Smith on bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). In this study, there were 16 floral visitor species were recorded. Among them, six species were the most frequent visitors. A highest mean of visits was recorded with Halictus sp. (7.80) during 1000-1200 hrs in relative abundance and the lowest was of Megachile sp. (2.90) at 1600-1800 hrs. The foraging rate of stingless bees was most active in morning 1000-1200 hrs. The maximum fruit set was observed in pollinator-imposed fields (80.23 %) compared to pollinator excluded fields (71.15 %). Prominent increase in fruit length and girth in the pollinator included plots were respectively observed to be 249.19 and 42.91 mm. Maximum number of fruit/ individual plant (24.10) was achieved with bee pollination as compared to control (21.20).

Determinants of Good Glycemic Control among Individuals of Type II Diabetes Mellitus Seeking Treatment at a Rural Health-care Facility in Goa - A Cross-sectional Study.

Good glycemic control is the aim of managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) which is crucial for the prevention of long-term complications in individuals with T2DM. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with good glycemic control in individuals with T2DM following up at a rural health-care facility (HCF) in Goa. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 120 individuals with T2DM who regularly followed up at a rural HCF in Goa. Participants were selected using simple random sampling. It was found that the participants belonging to the 60-89 years of age group and those on mono/dual oral therapy were more likely to have good glycemic control. Participants' glycated hemoglobin A1c decreased by 0.083% for every year of increase in age and increased by 0.044% for every centimeter increase in abdominal girth.

Multiple Brain Abscesses In A Child With Infective Endocarditis

Background: Infective endocarditis is a lethal infection affecting the endocardium of the heart and the valves.The causes are varied with staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus as the major causative agents.The triad of fever exceeding 38oc,vegetation in the heart and blood culture of the causative agents are the hallmarks of the diagnosis .The disease is known to be affect all ages with the very young age group, those with congenital heart disease and those on cardiac prosthesis as the most vulnerable. Septic emboli from the septic vegetation can spread to the brain, kidney, spleen, and lungs resulting in massive metastatic infections.It therefore has multisystemic manifestations and complications. Though neurological complications are common, brain abcess is known to be rare constituting only 1.0% of neurological complications. Objective: The study aimed at reporting occurrence of both cerebral and cerebellar micro- and macro-abscesses in a 3 year boy with infective endocarditis; a rare occurrence in the literature. Methods: This case report was carried out at University College Hospital Ibadan. Results: The boy presented with fever of 38oc for five weeks, convulsions and altered state of consciousness for ten days..In course of treatment patient however developed irritability and aggressive behaviour, which attracted the use of largactil to which he reacted with extrapyramidal signs and convulsions. Within the week he developed yellowness of the eyes and increase in abdominal girth. Patient had cranial computed tomography (CT) after plain skull X-rays and was referred to University College Hospital Ibadan as a result of the radiologically diagnosed brain abscess seen on CT images. child had grunting respiration with dyspnea, and the respiratory rate was 50/mm. However, the chest was clinically clear. In the cardiovascular system (CVS); the pulse was 140/mm, with moderate volume. The blood pressure (BP) was l60/110 mmHg. The first and second heart sounds were heard with a gallop rhythm. Cranial CT scan showed multiple ring enhancing hypodense lesions with surrounding hypodensity measuring 1cm in diameter and above with only a few measuring less than 1.0cm in both cerebral hemispheres and cerebelli in keeping with multiple cerebral and cerebellar abscesses. An echocardiography showed a brightly echogenic spot attached to the papillary muscle in the left ventricle suggesting vegetation consistent with an infective endocarditis. Retroviral test was negative for both type I and II.Blood culture — was negative, however urine culture yielded klebsiella sp. Serum urea, creatinine, Ca2+ and P04 were all elevated.The abdominal ultrasound scan confirmed the hepatosplenomegaly with decreased echogenicity but both kidneys appeared normal.There was no demonstrable ascitis. The boy was placed on antimicrobials; and had craniotomy for the drainage of the macroabscesses. He improved significantly. His renal and cardiac condition equally improved; he was subsequently discharged to continue treatment in the the paediaric outpatient. The infective endorcarditis still poses enormous challenge in management and the condition calls for multi disciplinary approach. It requires high index of suspicion for early detection; as well deployment of multiple imaging modalities by the cardiologists and radiologists to arrive at a more accurate diagnosis for effective patient management. This may save financial and material resources on part of the patients, care givers, the facility managers and the society at large.

An unusual cause of portal hypertension.

A 66-year-old male with a medical history of coronary artery disease presented with nonspecific symptoms of anorexia, lethargy and an increase in abdominal girth. He was diagnosed 3 months ago with chronic liver disease of undetermined aetiology. He did not smoke and was a social drinker till 4 months ago. He was taking tests showed progressive cholestatic liver enzymes (total bilirubin 1,09 mg/dL, AST 130 U/L, ALT 129 U/L, GGT 517 U/L and ALP 641 U/L) and a severe hypoalbuminemia. Laboratory workup made a metabolic, autoimmune, and viral aetiology of the suspected cirrhosis less probable. Urinalysis showed a rapidly progressive proteinuria in the nephrotic range accompanied by the presence of serum spike of monoclonal lambda light Furosemide, Aldactone, Pantoprazole, Acetylcysteine and Atorvastatin. He had no personal or familial history of liver diseases. Physical examination revealed a tender but distended abdomen and large ascites was present. The laboratory chain protein on electrophoresis with immunofixation. Doppler echocardiography revealed a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy based on diffuse left and right ventricular hypertrophy with relative apical sparing. A diagnostic paracentesis was undertaken and the results were consistent with portal hypertension (SAAG 1,6 g/ dL). Considering the concomitant presence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, nephrotic syndrome and a presentation of portal hypertension of undetermined aetiology in presence of a monoclonal IgG lambda light chain spike, a transjugular liver biopsy (figure 1 and 2) was performed with HVPG measurement consistent with significant portal hypertension (15 mmHg).

Does measuring matter? Abdominal girth changes and the need to operate in necrotizing enterocolitis

IntroductionNecrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a disease of prematurity resulting in surgery for approximately 30% of patients. Trends in abdominal distention can assist decision-making. There is no defined abdominal girth change that predicts need for surgery. The aim of this study was to determine any relationship between girth change and surgery for NEC. MethodsAn IRB-exempt review of NEC patients from 2015 to 2020 at a single institution was performed. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Demographics, daily largest girth, and laboratory data were recorded. Average daily%girth change was calculated, as was largest%change from first girth of NEC episode. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U tests and ROC curve (p<0.05). Results43/178 patients were analyzed. 30% underwent surgery. There was a statistically significant difference in average daily%girth change between medical and surgical patients based on <30 and >30 week gestational age; this significance persisted when analyzing birth weight. Laboratory data was non-contributory. Further subgrouping did not yield appropriate sample sizes for analysis. Threshold to predict surgery was a 1.2% daily girth increase based on ROC analysis. ConclusionAbdominal girth changes differed significantly between medical and surgical NEC. Establishing a threshold for%change in girth would be valuable for NEC management to assist in surgery decision-making; the value found in this study may be within measurement error. However, any girth increase put the patient at risk for surgery. Abdominal girths should continue to be included in surgical decision-making for premature infants with NEC.