Increase In Environmental Temperature Research Articles

Response of Egg Production and Shell Quality to Increases in Environmental Temperature in two Age Groups of Hens

Eight-month and 14-month old laying hens were exposed to six abrupt increases in environmental temperature from 21.5 to 35° C. The egg production and shell quality of the older birds were more severely affected than that of the young birds. It appears the functions of both the ovary and the oviduct are depressed in high environmental temperatures.

Growth and reproductive cycles of the marine fouling ascidians Ciona intestinalis, Styela plicata, Botrylloides violaceus, and Leptoclinum mitsukurii at Aburatsubo-Moroiso Inlet (central Japan)

Experimental cultivations of post-metamorphosis juveniles were repeated in different seasons for Ciona intestinalis (L.) and Styela plicata (Lesueur) (simple ascidians) as well as for Leptolinum mitsukurii (Oka) and Botrylloides violaceus Oka (compound ascidians) at Aburatsubo-Moroiso Inlet near Misaki Biological Station (Japan). Growth in body length of simple ascidians was exponential during juvenile development up to near sexual maturity. C. intestinalis grew to sexual maturity in 1 month in summer and in 2 months in winter; S. plicata, in 2 months in summer and in nearly 5 months in winter. The doubling time decreased approximately twofold in the two simple ascidians with a 10C° increase in environmental temperature. Growth of colonies in compound ascidians was exponential after maturation of the first functional zooids. Sexual reproduction of L. mitsukurii and B. violaceus was continuous throughout the year, forming many generations in a year. Doubling time of colony growth in the two compound ascidians decreased approximately threefold with a 10C° increase in temperature.

The effect of temperature on the development of Gorgoderina vitelliloba in Rana temporaria

The rate at which G. vitelliloba attains sexual maturity and the rate at which it completes its migrations increase as the environmental temperature increases. Depending on the particular temperature regime experienced by the fluke, it may attain sexual maturity in the kidneys or ureters before it has completed its migrations to the host's urinary bladder where it usually becomes mature. Low temperatures may prevent the fluke from leaving the kidneys and migrating to the bladder, a phenomenon which may facilitate its survival through the winter.

Climosequence of Ash‐Derived Soils in the Central Cordillera of Colombia

AbstractFour soils derived from volcanic ash were studied in a transect on the east slope of the Central Cordillera of Colombia. Average annual temperatures range from 8C at 3,670 m altitude to 24C at 980 m. Only the soils located in the lower part of the transect have B horizons. From highest to lowest elevation the soils are classified a Cryandept, a Humitropept, and two Dystrandepts. The sand and silt fractions of the soils consist of a similar suite of minerals, several of which are high in sodium. Volcanic glass and plagioclase are most abundant; cristobalite, quartz, vermiculite, pyroxenes, hornblende, amphibole, and magnetite are present in smaller amounts. Amorphous material predominates in the clay fraction of the soils, but crystalline minerals such as smectite, vermiculite, chloritic intergrade mineral, imogolite, halloysite, kaolinite, and some primary minerals are also present.The genesis of the soils is controlled chiefly by climate and by the nature of the parent material. As the environmental temperature increases, the degree of B horizon development increases, clay content increases, organic matter content decreases, degree of weathering of primary minerals increases, and the content of amorphous material, kaolinite, and halloysite increases.

The influence of environmental temperature on the metabolism and liver composition of the immature male chick

1. 1. The effect of environmental temperature on metabolism and liver composition was studied using young male chicks. 2. 2. Liver fresh weight increased with decreasing temperature. Changes in liver protein were related to changes in liver size but liver lipid content was more variable. 3. 3. Liver composition altered rapidly in response to a decrease in environmental temperature of 8–12°C. 4. 4. Liver metabolic rate adapted within 7 days to an increase in environmental temperature of 8–12°C. 5. 5. In vitro liver oxygen uptakes and indirect measurements of heat production suggest that the lower fed critical temperature for temperature-adapted 6–7-week-old chicks exists at approximately 24°C.

Interactions of Feeding Rates and Environmental Temperature on Growth, Food Conversion, and Body Composition of Channel Catfish

Abstract Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fingerlings were maintained in 20-gallon glass aquaria at 18, 22, 26, 30 and 34 C. Duplicate groups at each temperature were fed 2, 4, and 6% of their biomass daily. After 12 weeks sample fish from each group were sacrificed and analyzed for total body lipid content and fatty acid composition. Highest gains and the best food conversion ratios were achieved at 30 C. Substantial gains were noted at 26 and 34 C with lesser growth at 18 and 22 C. At all temperatures a feeding rate of 4% of biomass daily was sufficient for rapid growth. An increase in environmental temperature from 18 to 34 C resulted in a near linear increase in lipid content from 23.8 to 43.6% of whole carcass. Arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid levels increased with decreasing temperatures.

Activity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) as a function of acclimation and thermal environment

The activity of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) acclimated at 12° C was compared to that of trout acclimated at 22° C over a 15-min exposure to each of four thermal environments (12°, 17°, 22°, and 27°C). Activity increased with increases in environmental temperature, and trout acclimated at 12°C were significantly more active than those acclimated at 22° C. The results suggested that increases in environmental temperature may be aversive and that subsequent activity due to thermal increases may be part of an avoidance or escape mechanism.

The period of adaptation of the fasting metabolic rate of the common fowl to an increase in environmental temperature from 22 degrees C to 28 degrees C.

Synopsis The period of time required by fasting fowls to adjust their metabolic rate following an increase in environmental temperature was investigated using respiration calorimetry. A significant decrease in the fasting metabolic rate of White Leghorn hens and Light Sussex cockerels was observed following increasing the environmental temperature from 22° C to 28° C. No significant decline in the fasting metabolic rate of the hens occurred during the first 3 d at the higher temperature. After 12 d no further decline occurred, indicating that the period of adaptation was between 3 and 12 d. In the cockerels no significant decline had occurred by the 7th day, but after 28 d the adaptation of metabolic rate was complete. The importance of these results in relation to the assessment of the thermoneutral zone of the fowl and the role of the thyroid secretion in acclimatisation in the fowl are discussed.

Behavioural thermoregulation in mice

Abstract Pigs placed in cold environments learned to perform a simple response (pressing a switch) in order to obtain a short burst of i.r. heat as reinforcement. The rate at which they responded declined with increase in environmental temperature from −10°C to +40°C. This decline became more marked above +20°C to +30°C. Oxygen consumption of the pigs was measured in experiments in which i.r. heat was available to the animals and compared with the consumption found when no additional heat was available. It was observed that the animals in a cold environment but with access to i.r. heating were able to keep their metabolic rate within a range shown by the same animals in a thermoneutral ambient temperature when oxygen consumption is minimal. Animals in cold environments also learned to perform responses when termination of a draught was used as reinforcement. Their response rates declined as the ambient temperature was increased between −5°C and +40°C and the rate of decline was most marked between +30°C and +35°C.

Effect of Environmental Temperature and Dietary Energy and Protein Levels on the Performance of Broiler-type Chicks

Four experiments were carried out to study the effect of environmental temperature and dietary energy and protein levels on the growth rate, feed intake and feed efficiency (gain/feed) of broiler-type chicks with 3 air-conditioned chick rooms constructed in this Institute.Environmental temperature of the first room was always kept constant at 19±1°C. throughout all the experiments. That of the second room, of which temperature was adjustable from 20 to 35°C., was kept constant at 35, 27, 31 and 23±1°C., in Expts. 602, 611, 702 and 706, respectively. That of the third room, of which temperature was adjustable from 5 to 20°C., was kept constant at 5, 11, 7 and 15±1°C., respectively. Therefore, with the data in the first room kept at 19°C., 4 experiments were carried out at 9 different environmental temperatures in total.In each of the rooms, a two-deck battary with 8 cages per deck were placed and 44-week-old chicks were reared in each cage. Cross bredchicks of White Cornish male and White Plymouth Rock female were reared in an ellectrically-heated battary brooder until 4 weeks of age, weighed and grouped into 48 lots of 4 males or 4 females each in Expt. 602, or into 24 lots of 2 males and 2 females each in three other experiments. Then, the chicks were moved to the cage in each of the rooms, of which temperature was adjusted already as mentioned above. Each lot of the chicks was fed one of 4 experimental diets, containing one of the combinations of 2 levels of energy, i.e. 73 and 83% of total digestible nutrients, and of 2 levels of protein, 16 and 20%. Total digestible nutrients was used to indicate dietary energy level. Expt. 602 was designed as 3×24 factorial experiment with 5 factors, i.e. temperature, dietary energy and protein levels, sex and deck. Difference in the performance of the chicks on upper and lower deck in a battary was considered as a factor, to check the environmental condition in the rooms. Other three experiments were designed as 3×23 factorial experiment, omitting sex factor by taking average of male and female. This omission of sexfactor was reasonable since no two-factor interactions between sex and other factors was observed statistically significant in Expt. 602.Under the experimental conditions, the following conclusions induced are presented briefly.1) Dietary levels of energy and protein and environmental temperature had sharp influence on the performance of the chicks. Following Equations 2 and 4 were found suitable to describe the relationship, Y1=-43.14+4.264E+6.685P+0.01877(T-22.5)3 ……(2)Y2=193.13+7.541E+5.184P-0.7109(T-17.9)2 ……(4)where, Y1: feed efficiency (g/kg), Y2; body weight gain for 4 weeks (g), E: dietary level of total digestible nutrients (%), P: dietary proein level (%) and T; environmental. temperature (°C).Under the temperature at 15°C. or higher, feed intake decreased linearly with the increase in environmental temperature.2) Since none of the two-factor interactions between temperature and other factors was significant statistically, the responses of males and females on the diet of various energy and protein levels to the change in environmental temperature were supposed to be parallel. These statistical findings on interactions will give sound base to the Equations 2 and 4, in which the response of the chicks was regarded only the main effect of 3 factors. In these equations, difference between males and females in the performance was cancelled out by taking average of males and females as Y1 or Y2.3) Partially differenciating the Equations 2 and 4, the estimates can be obtained for the change in chick's performance corresponding to the unit change in each factor, E, P, and T.

The Effects of Environmental Temperature Upon Domestic Fowl Deprived of Feed and Water

THE avian kidney is more efficient in the elimination of nitrogenous waste than the mammalian kidney (Sturkie, 1965). The main advantage is that less water is used in the excretion of uric acid, the major nitrogenous product of birds, than is required in the excretion of urea the chief constituent of mammalian urine. Another factor in water conservation of birds is the relatively high production of metabolic water in proportion to body size (Bartholomew and Cade, 1963). Conversely, birds have a higher rate of evaporative water loss than do most animals.Sufficient research has been conducted to determine the normal water requirements of domestic fowl. Several researchers have reported a water to feed ratio for chickens of about 2 ml. of water consumed per gram of feed consumed. Wilson (1948) and Wilson et al. (1957) found that an increase in environmental temperature caused an increase in water consumption. Joiner and .

Behavioural thermoregulation in pigs

Pigs placed in cold environments learned to perform a simple response (pressing a switch) in order to obtain a short burst of i.r. heat as reinforcement. The rate at which they responded declined with increase in environmental temperature from −10°C to +40°C. This decline became more marked above +20°C to +30°C. Oxygen consumption of the pigs was measured in experiments in which i.r. heat was available to the animals and compared with the consumption found when no additional heat was available. It was observed that the animals in a cold environment but with access to i.r. heating were able to keep their metabolic rate within a range shown by the same animals in a thermoneutral ambient temperature when oxygen consumption is minimal. Animals in cold environments also learned to perform responses when termination of a draught was used as reinforcement. Their response rates declined as the ambient temperature was increased between −5°C and +40°C and the rate of decline was most marked between +30°C and +35°C.

Some Haematological Responses to Sublethal Thermal Shock in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus L.

Red cell numbers and haematocrit values were notable principally for their constancy during a 10-day experimental period following the exposure of goldfish acclimated to 20 C to an abrupt increase of 10 C in environmental temperature. Mean erythrocytic volume underwent a transient decrease while total blood iron (and presumably haemoglobin) and mean erythrocytic iron content fell slightly during the latter portion of the period of observation. Goldfish maintained at 5 C were typically characterized by two haemoglobin polymorphs, a third fraction being commonly found in animals acclimated at 12, 20, and 30 C. The observations are discussed in relation to the respiratory acclimation of this species to increases in environmental temperature.

Erythermalgia. A clue to the early diagnosis of myeloproliferative disorders.

ERYTHERMALGIA is a disorder characterized by burning distress of the extremities accompanied by redness and increased temperature of the skin. These symptoms are often initiated by an increase in environmental temperature and relieved by measures that cool the skin.1Smith and Allen2divided erythermalgia into primary and forms depending on whether or not there were associated disease states in the neurologic, vascular, or hematologic systems. In a recent study of 51 cases of erythermalgia seen at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1951 through 1960 we found 21 cases of the form.3Of particular interest was our finding that in eight patients with a myeloproliferative disease the secondary erythermalgia preceded recognition of the hematologic disorder by up to 16 years. We report these cases herein to call attention to this early diagnostic clue. Material The myeloproliferative syndrome may be defined as an unexplained, persistent proliferation

Erythermalgia

ERYTHERMALGIA is a disorder characterized by burning distress of the extremities accompanied by redness and increased temperature of the skin. These symptoms are often initiated by an increase in environmental temperature and relieved by measures that cool the skin.¹Smith and Allen²divided erythermalgia into primary and secondary forms depending on whether or not there were associated disease states in the neurologic, vascular, or hematologic systems. In a recent study of 51 cases of erythermalgia seen at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1951 through 1960 we found 21 cases of the secondary form.³Of particular interest was our finding that in eight patients with a myeloproliferative disease the "secondary" erythermalgia preceded recognition of the hematologic disorder by up to 16 years. We report these cases herein to call attention to this early diagnostic clue. <h3>Material</h3> The myeloproliferative syndrome may be defined as an unexplained, persistent proliferation

ERYTHERMALGIA. REVIEW OF 51 CASES.

The syndrome of erythermalgia is characterized by a burning distress of the extremities that is accompanied by redness and increased temperature of the skin. These symptoms are initiated or exacerbated by an increase in environmental temperature and diminished by measures that cool the skin. Of 51 patients with this clinical syndrome seen at the Mayo Clinic during the years 1951 to 1960 inclusive, 30 were considered as having primary erythermalgia because of the absence of demonstrable associated conditions, and the rest were classified as having secondary erythermalgia because the condition was associated with various diseases. Particularly significant was the relation of erythermalgia to the myeloproliferative disorders as evidenced in 10 cases. In some of these cases, erythermalgia preceded other manifestations of the myeloproliferative disorder by as long as 12 years. The primary type was found to occur in younger individuals and to be more often bilateral, to produce pain of greater intensity, and to involve larger areas of the affected extremities. The pathologic physiology of this syndrome remains unknown.

Shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep I. Body temperature

1. The rectal temperatures of shorn and unshorn Awassi sheep were measured at various hours of the day and during various seasons of the year in two different locations in Israel.2. An increase in body temperature accompanied an increase in environmental temperature. A steeper temperature increase was noted in shorn sheep kept in the shade. When ambient temperatures were below 30° C. the body temperature of shorn sheep was lower than that of the unshorn sheep by an average of 0·16° C.3. When ambient temperatures were above 30° C. the body temperature of shorn sheep was equal to or higher than that of unshorn ones.4. Upon exposure to direct sunlight, the body temperature of shorn sheep exceeded that of unshorn animals. However, when the animals were transferred to the shade, or after sunset, the shorn sheep cooled at a faster rate. Their body temperature fell below that of the unshorn sheep during the cool hours of the day.5. Wind velocity, both in the shade and in the sun, had a greater effect on shorn than on unshorn sheep.6. A rise in the relative humidity of ambient temperatures above 25° C. caused body temperature to rise, particularly in unshorn animals. The body temperature of shorn sheep exceeded that of unshorn ones when the animals were maintained in a hot and dry environment.7. While the body of the shorn sheep was entirely affected by the macroclimate, the unshorn sheep were greatly influenced by the microclimate existing in the fleece. Fleece temperatures always lagged behind and were rarely equal to environmental temperatures. Since it was postulated that heat tolerance of certain animals was related to their ability to exploit cool hours of the day, it is suggested that in certain ‘tolerance tests’ records should be taken not only during exposure to heat but also during cool hours of the day.

The protozoa occurring in the hind-gut of cockroaches

The size and shape of the trophozoite ofNyctotherus ovalisin different species of cockroaches was found to vary considerably, and this was attributed chiefly to the presence or absence of large paraglycogen granules within the ciliate.The size and shape of the cysts ofN. ovaliswhich were passed in the faeces of the host on successive days were found to fluctuate around means which were more or less constant over a long period. The constants varied according to the species of the host: the largest and fattest cysts were found in the faeces fromBlatta, the smallest and most slender fromBlattella. Those fromBlaberuswere of theBlattella-type, butPeriplanetaharboured populations which gave rise either to theBlatta-type of cysts or to theBlattella-type.The constant size and shape of the cysts was not altered when the host moulted, but there was always a decrease in size and sometimes a change of shape when an infection was established in a new host. The cause of these changes is unknown. An increase in size was induced by an increase in environmental temperature, but the size declined during a subsequent period at lower temperatures. The work of other authors on changes in the sizes of protozoan cysts is discussed.The cyst wall ofN. ovalisconsists of four separate layers plus an outer membrane. They all seemed to be proteinaceous in nature. Treatment with various inorganic reagents and proteolytic enzymes revealed that the knob is the most easily destroyed part of the wall. A histochemical test for keratin showed that this is the chief constituent of the wall. The keratin appeared to be least organized in the knob, and hence the knob is the least impermeable part of the wall.This work was done during the tenure of a Research Studentship awarded by the Agricultural Research Council. I am deeply indebted to Dr P. Tate for his encouragement and counsel at all stages of the work.

Oxygen consumption in cattle in relation to rate of increase in environmental temperature.

IN determining the responses of cattle to high, controlled temperatures, one of two procedures has usually been employed. Either the cattle were exposed for periods up to 7 hr. to temperatures ranging up to 110° F. (ref. 1), or they were exposed initially to lower temperatures which were increased progressively by small steps at 2-week intervals2. As there was some doubt as to whether cattle would react similarly to these two procedures, it was decided to subject the same animals to both types of heat exposure. It was hoped that this comparison would clarify any difference in the reactions of the animals produced by acclimatization or stress effects.

子めん羊の皮膚温度の変化

Changes in skin temperature at five sites of the body under environmental temperature varying from 10° to 30°C werestudied in a psychrometric room where relative humidity was constantly 70 per cent or below. Two 4 - month - old (lambs Nos., 58-5 to 7) and two 10 month-old (lambs Nos., 57-2 to 4) Japanese Corriedale lambs were used. Results obtained are as follows.1. The skin temperature varied with an increase of environmental temperature and with sites of body. The lowest skin temperature was recorded at the fore-shank and the highest at the neck, breast, and flank. The variation of skin temperatures at these three sites showed no consistent trend. The ear gave an intermediate skin temperature.2. The increase of environmental temperature caused a greater rise of skin temperature at the fore-shank than any other site. Cosnequently, the variation of skin temperature was very small at all sites at a low environmental temperature.3. When a I mb was exposed to a constant environmental temperature of 25° or 30°C, its skin temperature changed in 10 minutes. In 4 -month -old lambs, however, skin temperature showed a rise in 20 minutes when they were placed at an environmental temperature of 30°C.4.The skin temperatures determined at an environmental temperature of 30°C were closely associated with the environmental and rectal temperatures.5. Although no possible age difference was found in skin temperature under the increasing environmental temperature, the skin temperatures were higher in 4-month- old lambs under the high environmental temperature than in older ones.