Increase In Electricity Tariff Research Articles

Use of Swine Waste in the Production of Electric Energy from the Efficient use of Biodigestors: the Brazilian Case

Objective: to calculate the minimum number of animals that a rural pig farm needs to raise so that the implementation of biodigesters to generate clean energy in the context of Brazil is financially viable. Theoretical framework: a more efficient productive farm tends to include environmentally sustainable actions, since pig farming is considered a relevant activity of environmental concerns due to the amount of manure produced, especially in an intensive system. It is in this context that several current studies have been debating the environmentally correct reuse of pig manure. Method: using interviews and exploratory searches, data were collected that projected the project's cash flow. From this, the number of animals needed for the net present value of the project to be zeroed was calculated. Also, the probabilistic scenario was designed using the Monte Carlo Simulation. Results and conclusion: for the deterministic scenario, it was calculated that 736 animals are needed for zero/null NPV and for a probabilistic scenario context with p(NPV<0) = p(IRR<TMA) = 0.2, it is necessary that the rural property has at least 840 animals. Research implications: the academic and social contribution of this work is that it can help small swine producers in their decision-making for the implementation of biodigesters. Originality/value: considering rural activities as strong polluters and the large increase in electricity tariffs seen in recent years, mainly due to severe droughts and the COVID-19 pandemic, the reuse of waste becomes increasingly important and relevant for clean and distributed energy generation.

ENSURING FOOD SECURITY UNDER SANCTIONS PRESSURE

The relevance of the research has been substantiated. Russia is under unprecedented external pressure from a wide range of economic sanctions. The agricultural sector is particularly vulnerable in such conditions. In this connection, there is an objective need for a systematic analysis and forecasting of measures taken to protect the domestic food market. The article outlines the main directions of the state economic policy of the Russian Federation. The main factors influencing the rise in food prices have been identified. These factors include an increase in the cost of the production cycle of crops and livestock due to import dependence, disruption of supply chains, mandatory labeling of certain goods, an increase in the price of mineral fertilizers, an increase in electricity tariffs and packaging costs, the exhaustion of limits on preferential loans to agricultural producers, an increase in world prices for food products deterioration of natural and climatic conditions. The level of self-sufficiency in basic foodstuffs and the main factors of growth in food prices have been considered. In addition, food inflation in the Russian Federation has been studied. Particular attention is paid to the measures taken by the Government that will help stabilize prices for important agricultural products and thereby ensure the country's food security: a temporary ban on the export of sunflower and rapeseed seeds; a quota for deliveries abroad of sunflower oil and cake, as well as solid residues from sunflower seeds; limiting the number of checkpoints for the export of soybeans and soybean meal from Russia; introduction of duties on the export of sunflower meal and oilseed flax. The purpose of the research is to study the measures taken by the Government to protect the domestic food market and stabilize prices for important agricultural products, as well as to identify the main factors affecting the rise in food prices. This study was conducted using the methods of statistical analysis, synthesis, comparison and deductive method.

The impact of optimized electricity tariff changes towards renewable energy and non‐renewable energy growth in Malaysia

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of electricity tariff changes towards renewable energy (RE) and non‐RE growth in Malaysia. Recently, the growth of RE explains the interest of the world to shift the source of generating electricity towards green environmental sustainability. Thus, the utility provider predicts a decreased demand for electricity associated with the rise of RE and verse vice. Input–output model is utilized in this study to elaborate on the social‐economic impact using data obtained from the Department of Statistics, Malaysia. The study focuses on the cost of production towards 124 production sectors for household expenditure from 12 types of consumer classifications. The results found a small impact on both categories, RE and non‐RE, and it is proportionally associated with a positive increase in electricity tariff. Thus, the increase in RE did not have a big impact on the non‐RE customer, leading to no impact on electricity tariff changes.

Model Sensitivitas Kenaikan Tarif Dasar Listrik Terhadap Keberlangsungan Usaha UMKM Di Kota Bandung

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are often faced with a number of problems that are very influential on their growth and can reduce their competitiveness, where one of them is the increase in Basic Electricity Tariff. The increase in Basic Electricity Tariff will occur every three months and the average annual increase is 15%, which will result a direct impact on surging production costs. The increase in Basic Electricity Tariff will result in declining growth of MSMEs, making it difficult to compete because MSMEs have to make adjustments to prices and ultimately result in weakening purchasing power. The Sensitivity Analysis of Basic Electricity Tariff increase on the sustainability of MSME businesses aims to (1) Know the structure of production costs in relation to electricity usage and (2) Create a sensitivity model for TDL increase on the sustainability of MSME businesses using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This research is analytical descriptive and useful as an effort to focus on actions in anticipating the sensitive increase in Basic Electricity Tariff on the sustainability of MSME businesses. These actions include reducing the ratio of electricity costs to production costs and increasing capital to increase business turnover. This research is focused on MSMEs which are very sensitive to the increase in the Basic Electricity Tariff.

A Financial Evaluation of a Multiple Inclination, Rooftop-Mounted, Photovoltaic System Where Structured Tariffs Apply: A Case Study of a South African Shopping Centre

Fundamental mathematical principles were applied to calculate the return on investment (ROI) of a multiple inclination, rooftop-mounted, photovoltaic (PV) system that is connected to a structured tariff network. Recent history has seen a disproportionate increase in electricity tariffs within South Africa, enabling an increase in the deployment rates of PV technologies. Given the inherent uncertainty associated with simulating the electricity yield of a PV system, it can become difficult to estimate the ROI in advance. This study contributes to existing knowledge by presenting a process for calculating the ROI of a case study rooftop-mounted PV system using mathematical first principles where structured tariffs apply. The PV modules were mounted to a curved roof structure, ranging from 9° towards a southerly direction to 10° towards a northerly direction. The research results indicate that since the PV system is located within the southern hemisphere, the ROI will increase when PV modules are orientated towards the northerly direction to attain a maximum of R0.0059/Wp/Day at 10°, and a minimum of R0.0025/Wp/Day at 9° towards the southerly direction in the winter season. Summer maximum ROI yielded an average of between R0.0050/Wp/Day and R0.0052/Wp/Day, irrespective of the angle of inclination of the PV modules. It was concluded that PV systems must be designed to favour winter electricity production for increased ROI where structured tariffs apply within a South African context.

Measuring willingness to pay for reliable electricity: Evidence from Senegal

Low-quality electricity service constitutes a significant obstacle in achieving sustainable development. Governments in low-income countries and donors are increasingly seeking to invest in improving electricity service quality and reliability. Understanding households’ and firms’ willingness to pay (WTP) for quality improvements is key to designing investments in the electricity sector. In this paper, we provide new evidence on WTP for service quality improvements from a nationally-representative survey in Senegal. We find that households and firms are willing to pay a premium over current tariffs for high-quality electricity service without outages. However, WTP for marginal service improvements is significantly lower than WTP for uninterrupted service, suggesting that, for households and firms, any increase in electricity tariff must be accompanied by substantial quality improvements. We discuss the multi-round bidding game built in our data to emphasize the importance of design choices in eliciting the WTP and draw some policy implications.

Counting the cost: Coping with tariff increases amidst power supply shortfalls in urban households in Ethiopia

Although affordability is important, people do not need to be money poor to experience energy deprivation. This paper examines how an electricity tariff increase affects household energy consumption by situating the price change within the broader context of energy service provision in Ethiopia. We place households’ lived experience in interaction with the institutional and infrastructural dynamics that constitute the energy sector in Addis Ababa to observe how the price increase intersects with service provision. Since the tariff increase was implemented, households have changed their daily routines to control cost. Our findings show that energy consumption behaviour is also shaped by service-related inadequacies (unreliable supply and frequent power outages). However, families coping capacity (to the tariff increase and power supply shortfalls) is undermined by an energy market that is rife with information asymmetries and uncertainties. Thus, although socioeconomic factors underpin the energy insecurity households experience, inadequate supply, and diminishing confidence in service providing institutions appears to heighten their vulnerability. The paper argues that while the price change has an overall effect on consumption, its impact needs to be seen within the context of its systemic interaction with the broader energy governance and service delivery challenges.

Automated Control of the Microclimate in the Premises of Pig-Breeding Complexes

In the pig breeding, a large share of the production cost is accounted for by the cost of electricity and heat. Reducing energy costs is one of the important tasks of the industry. It is important to identify and study modern technologies and equipment for pig farming due to the constant increase in electricity tariffs, significant energy costs for creating and maintaining a microclimate. (Research purpose) The research purpose is in an analysis of modern available technologies and equipment for agricultural production, including pig farming, allowing to reduce the cost of production. (Materials and methods) Authors used a method for determining the standard indicators of energy consumption of energy resources in the pig industry, based on the calculation and analytical method. The article presents an analyze of automated microclimate management systems in pig breeding complexes, taking into account the individual characteristics of farms produced by OWEN. (Results and discussion) Automated microclimate management systems can improve the productivity of pig farms; reduce the cost of electrical and thermal energy, reduce the number of diseases of animal from hypothermia, high humidity or temperature in the room, feed consumption; monitor the chemical composition of the air. The article considers three options for creating a microclimate in rooms with animals, taking into account the individual characteristics of enterprises. (Conclusions) The profitability of pig production depend on the level of technical equipment of farms, automation, and the use of energy-saving technologies and equipment. The use of innovations in agricultural production makes it possible to increase labor productivity up to three times, and savings due to reduced feed costs can reach several million rubles a year.

Consumers’ heterogeneous preferences toward the renewable portfolio standard policy: An evaluation of Korea’s energy transition policy

The low electricity tariff in Korea compared with other developed countries renders renewable energy expansion more challenging as its costs are higher than those of traditional power generation such as thermal and nuclear power. An increase in the electricity tariff is required to help the expansion of renewable energy and accelerate the energy transition. It is therefore necessary to understand public acceptance of the renewable portfolio standard (RPS) policies implemented by the Korean government to expand renewable energy. This study analyzes public’s heterogeneous preferences of renewable energy policies and identifies the determinants of people’s divided reactions to the policy. This study also forecasts the change in the degree of public acceptance of renewable energy expansion until 2030 and provides suggestions for the enhancement of public awareness and acceptance of the RPS plan. The simulation analysis shows that a sharp decline in the public’s acceptance rate is to be expected when the renewable energy expansion target becomes more challenging in 2025. The drastic change in acceptance is attributed to the electricity tariff spike. We conclude that the government should prepare to address the severe backlash from the public against the increase in electricity tariff to have a successful renewable energy policy.

Impact of Changes to Subsidised Electricity Tariffs on The Welfare Of Households

The subsidized electricity tariff enjoyed by households in Indonesia with an installed capacity of 450 VA and 900 VA has not changed since mid-2003. This subsidy creates an increasing economic burden on the state budget. This study examines the impact of a subsidized electricity tariff increase on subsidized household welfare and the redistribution of subsidy allocation. The analysis divided into two stages: first, estimating household electricity demand for each household group when prices fixed; and second, measuring changes in welfare, inefficiency and the redistribution of subsidy allocations. This empirical study shows that an increase in tariffs causes the welfare of subsidized households to decline. It also demonstrates inefficiency in the allocation of subsidies to the top 20% group with an installed capacity of 450 VA. Besides, subsidized households in the lowest 40% group, which initially only enjoyed 26.26% increased to 34.16% after the tariff increase. On the other hand, the top 20% group, which initially enjoyed the electricity subsidy allocation of 28.74%, decreased to 20.40% after the tariff increase.JEL Classification: D1, D3, D6, I3

The cross subsidization in the electric power industry. What is the limit of growth?

One of the key pressing challenge the Russian electric power industry faces today in its development and performance is the problem of the cross subsidization between consumer groups. The volume of the cross subsidization in Russia has increased 4 times for 15 years. The conditionally acceptable level of the cross subsidization is estimated based on the additional tariff burden on industrial consumers associated with the implementation of the cross subsidization mechanism. In order to reduce the cross subsidization, it is recommended to increase electricity tariffs for the house-holders by 6% annually. At the transition stage to the target model should be based on the marginal tariff burden on industrial consumers; retail electricity prices for similar consumers in Europe can serve as a “standard” for such a limit (a possible increase in electricity tariffs for industrial consumers on average in Russia is 1.4 times the level of 2016). Options for reducing the cross subsidization and recommendations on how to determine the appropriate volumes are proposed, that is important in the current conditions of the absence of a single adopted methodology for assessing both the value of cross-subsidization and economically justified tariffs.The mechanism of the cross subsidization in the target model of electric energy pricing should be completely excluded, for which the indicator “growth of regulated (final) tariffs for the population” should be included in the forecast of social and economic development of Russia (return to the existing practice until 2017), providing for faster growth rates compared to other consumers.

Improved Smart Power Socket for Monitoring and Controlling Electrical Home Appliances

The recent increase in electricity tariff and the introduction of feed-in tariff from renewable resources have increased the interest of energy consumers, such as those in commercial and residential buildings, in reducing their energy usage. This paper proposes a smart power socket and central control system that utilizes the Zigbee communication protocol to control energy usage. The system is designed such that smart sockets wirelessly provide the necessary data to a central controller. Then, the system analyzes the data to generate control commands to turn the devices attached to the smart socket ON or OFF. Experimental results show that the proposed smart socket can correctly read the power consumption of wirelessly connected devices from up to 18 m away without loss of data. The central controller can effectively control multiple sockets on the basis of a scheduled user program code. A 24-min implementation of the proposed energy management algorithm shows a reduction of 0.811 kWmin (0.0134 kWh) in energy usage after the use of the smart sockets as load controllers. Thus, the proposed smart socket system can be fully utilized in a home energy management system with a proper scheduling algorithm.

Ensuring affordable electricity as a vital socio-economic right in South Africa

This article examines the socio-economic impacts and effects of unlawful electricity tariff increase in South Africa. Access to electricity is a vital socio-economic right in South Africa because of its intrinsic role in the fulfilment of other social economic rights. The availability and accessibility of electricity guarantees the success of many businesses and the survival of many households, particularly the rural poor. Eskom, a governmental parastatal, generates, transmits and distributes electricity for the people, and charges for these services are rendered based on the tariff approved by the National Energy Regulator of South Africa (NERSA). Recently, NERSA decided to approve tariff increase requested by Eskom which was against the Electricity Regulation Act 4 of 2006 and the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 1996. This increase was contested and nullified in court. If this tariff increase had not been challenged in the court, it would have had a devastating impact on the well-being of the people, particularly the poor. Using literature relevant to socio-economic rights to modern energy, particularly electricity, this article accentuates that electricity is a basic socio-economic right in South Africa that must be accessible and affordable to all. It explains the importance of judicial intervention in ensuring that socio-economic rights are made available and accessible to the people. It points out that the court will not hesitate in using its judicial power to extend any opportunity which allows poor people to access and enjoy right to modern energy and electricity and other socio-economic rights in South Africa.

Life-cycle cost and financial analysis of energy components in mass housing projects – A case project in sub-urban India

Abstract Environmental concern based designs are becoming essential in urban India. Shift of population from rural to urban cities is leading to the associated burden of mass housing facilities. The paper discusses the economic feasibility of using energy conservation green components by performing their life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) in large mass housing projects. A total of six components including solar applications have been evaluated for a case project placed in Mumbai suburban location in India. LCCA is performed from the projections of Wholesale price indices and wholesale market price fluctuations of the commodities. Labour cost projections are performed from minimum wages provided by the ministry. For calculation of savings, exponential increase in electricity tariff is considered. The capital cost of energy components contributes in the range of 5–7% to the conventional built up area cost. LCCA suggests that the significant share of cost is related to maintenance, repair and replacement activities of all components. Financial analysis results suggest that the components provide a payback of 11 years at 8% discounting rate and 7 years at non discounted values. The results of this study are expected to benefit investors in mass housing projects for their financial and budgetary decision making in implementing energy efficient based design.

Peran Motivasi Kerja dalam Memoderasi Pengaruh Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan dan Komitmen Organisasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan PT. PLN (Persero)

Employee performance is a major factor determining organizational success. Various complaints that arise related to power outages and high electricity tariff increase people demand as consumers on excellent service. Total consumers of PLN Disjaya reach 3,759,546 subscribers (March 2011), it is one unit that has the largest number of subscribers compared to other PLN units, and also provides the largest contribution to revenue. On a survey of Integrity, PLN Disjaya service from 2006 to 2010 showed that over the last five years, PLN Disjaya integrity is below target. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of motivation in moderating influence between job satisfaction and organizational commitment partially and simultaneously on employee performance. Data collection techniques used questionnaires to 160 employees as respondents; data analysis techniques used Regresion Moderated Analysis (MRA). The results showed the role of motivation can moderate the job satisfaction on employee performance, but by individual motivation cannot moderate the commitment to employee performance.

An Appraisal of Household Domestic Energy Consumption in Minna, Nigeria

One of the characteristics of African cities is uncoordinated urbanization with a trend of 4% annually, but the rate differs according to regions. Several factors are associated with urbanization such as lifestyle, consumption habit and pattern. The environment today is facing challenges from urbanization as consumption of resources such as land; water; energy, and air have changed to artificial environment. Energy consumption has been the driving force in global warming. Overtime, urbanization has been a great threat to sustainability of urban environment. However, kerosene and LPG that are supposed to be the major source of energy for cooking becomes unaffordable to low income households. This research was conducted in two residential areas of the identified neighbourhood and the choice of this neighbourhood is influenced by the fact that the phenomenon under study is more prevalent in the high and medium density localities. The effect of increase in electricity tariff, kerosene and LPG has shifted the focus of household source of cooking energy to biomass and this has been the cause of the environmental problems in the area which includes Indoor Air Pollution, Deforestation and Desertification. The analysis however shows a significant relationship between choice of energy and income.

A techno-economic feasibility study on the use of distributed concentrating solar power generation in Johannesburg

The technical and financial feasibility of small-scale distributed Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP) systems for urban areas in Johannesburg, South Africa, is investigated. The University of the Witwatersrand (Wits), located in central Johannes-burg, is used as the basis of a case study for the im-plementation of these systems. A number of proven CSP technologies were identified and a technology screening was performed to identify suitable technologies for possible implementation, for a reference output of 120 kW(e). From these, a number of systems were chosen for more detailed evaluation and the hourly energy production of these systems was analysed, using local weather data. The Compound Linear Fresnel Reflector system (CLFR) proved to be most suitable because of the space and cost benefits it offers. Systems that integrate organic Rankine cycles (ORC) as well as thermal storage and hybridisation were also investigated. The levelised cost of electricity (LEC) was predicted to be between R4.31 and R3.18 per kWh. Currently these technologies cannot compete financially with the price of local, fossil produced electricity, but with the increase in electricity tariffs and demand for clean reliable power CSP technologies, may become competitive in distributed generation systems in urban areas.

Impacts of a rise in electricity tariff on prices of other products in Vietnam

This study examines the impacts of increasing electricity tariff to the long run marginal cost on prices of other products using a static input–output approach. It is found that such an increase would drive up the prices of all other products. Although the aggregate price impact from such an increase is not large, it would be socially difficult to implement this increase at one time, particularly given that Vietnam is facing high inflation rate. A roadmap for electricity tariff increase is thus discussed.

Political ecology of groundwater: the contrasting case of water-abundant West Bengal and water-scarce Gujarat, India

Three apparently disparate themes (groundwater, farmers and politics) interweave in this account of how groundwater-related policies in India have very little to do with the scarcity, depletion or quality of groundwater, and more to do with rural politics manifested, among other things, in terms of the presence or absence of farmer lobbies. Examples from two states of India, the water-abundant state of West Bengal and water-scarce state of Gujarat, were investigated using readily available data, analysis of the literature, interviews and fieldwork. In the case of West Bengal, although there is no pressing groundwater crisis, the government of West Bengal (GOWB) was able to successfully implement strict groundwater regulations along with a drastic increase in electricity tariff. More importantly, GOWB was able to implement these without any form of visible farmer protest, though these measures negatively affected farmer incomes. On the other hand, in Gujarat, where there is a real and grave groundwater crisis, the government of Gujarat has neither been able to implement strict groundwater regulations, nor has it been able to increase electricity tariff substantially. Thus, through the lens of ‘political ecology’ the contrasting case of these two Indian states is explained.

How much do electricity tariff increases in Ukraine hurt the poor?

Increasing the electricity tariffs for private consumers to cost-covering levels has been a very sensitive issue for all transition countries. The likely negative social consequences are the central argument why the necessary tariff corrections have not yet been implemented in Ukraine by the political decision makers. Since official data is not available, there is insufficient knowledge regarding the electricity consumption behaviour of private households. This makes it difficult to counter the official arguments with hard evidence. A survey was carried out by the authors giving a more detailed picture. Basic data of the survey was used in evaluating the impact of possible tariff increases on the household expenditures of different income groups, using both the compensating (CV) and the equivalent variation (EV) methods. The findings confirm that an electricity tariff increase up to the level which would cover “officially” measured costs, as defined by the Ukrainian electricity regulatory authority, would not cause severe social problems. However, further increases up to a level, which would cover the “true” costs, i.e. up to a level comparable to the average OECD level, should only be realised in steps.