Increase In Electric Power Consumption Research Articles

Sustainable energy and digital currencies: challenges and future prospect

Due to the impressive growth in digital coins trading, most cryptocurrencies' market cap has increased drastically. Therefore, more people are engaged in the mining process, causing a significant increase in electrical power consumption. To make cryptocurrency technology sustainable, using renewables such as photovoltaic solar power, wind energy, tidal power, geothermal power, hydroelectric power, fuel cell, and biomass has been implemented. Moreover, to decrease electrical power consumption in the cooling process of mining systems and computers, using phase change material (PCM) has been recommended. Since the cryptocurrency mining process is very competitive, only those miners will survive who employ the most competitive mining systems and benefit from the lowest electrical power costs. While the profitability of renewable electricity-based mining is lower than grid-based mining, the latter method compensates for better sustainability in cryptocurrency and lower environmental costs. This paper reviews the possible ways to make the cryptocurrency mining process clean and environmentally friendly.

Electrokinetic remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils: performance comparison between one- and two-dimensional electrode configurations

Electrokinetic (EK) soil remediation is significantly affected by the electrode configurations. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare the performance of one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) arrays with respect to the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils. A series of laboratory-scale experiments were carried out using two types of soils: kaolinite soil (KS) artificially spiked with heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn) and smelter soil (SS) contaminated with Cu and Pb, obtained near a closed smelting factory. First, stepwise experiments on the KS were conducted to compare the EK performance between the 1D and 2D electrode arrays. More specifically, the effect of the number of anode–cathode pairs was investigated in the experiments on the 1D electrode configuration, and trigonal and hexagonal arrangements were compared in the 2D EK experiments. Additionally, the performance of the trigonal array was evaluated according to changes in the anode positions, to switch the areas of effective and ineffective electric field. The removal efficiencies of the 1D electrode configuration with four anode–cathode pairs (eight electrodes in total) were 69.1% for Cd, 69.2% for Cu, 74.7% for Ni, 28.3% for Pb, and 71.3% for Zn. The removal efficiencies of the 2D hexagonal electrode array, with a similar number of electrodes (six anodes and one cathode for seven electrodes in total), were 79.8% (Cd), 82.6% (Cu), 83.7% (Ni), 34.3% (Pb), and 81.1% (Zn). The total electric power consumptions for the two types of electrode configurations were investigated to be 15.6 and 22.0 kWh/ton, respectively. Despite the increase in electric power consumption in the 2D electrode configuration, it was more efficient than the 1D configuration due to the increased area of effective (active) electric field and subsequently higher removal efficiency. As a result of changing the positions of anodes in the trigonal 2D arrangement, the removal efficiencies of Cu and Pb were increased to a level similar to that obtained with the hexagonal configuration. This study demonstrated that a 2D electrode configuration increased the EK removal efficiency of contaminants compared with a 1D array. However, cost-effectiveness should be taken into account when optimizing electrode design. Furthermore, the performance of the trigonal 2D EK process was improved by changing the positions of anodes, as a result of the increase in the removal efficiency and decrease in the electrode cost and energy consumption.

REDUCING UNEMPLOYMENT MALAISE IN NIGERIA: THE ROLE OF ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT

One of the greatest challenges that Nigeria is confronted with and which on the average has continued to witness a rising trend over the years is unemployment. Its scourge is known to be responsible for a high level of poverty, inequality, increasing rate of criminality and general low level of living in the country. This study examined how electricity consumption and human capital can be used to reduce unemployment in Nigeria. The study obtained secondary data and analysed the data with the Johansen co-integration technique. The study found out that electricity consumption negatively impact unemployment, so also is government education expenditure. The result showed that a 1% increase in electric power consumption will lead to about 0.22% decline in the level of unemployment and 1% increase in education expenditure will bring about 0.17% decrease in the rate of unemployment. Therefore, the study recommends that the government should put in place policies and measures that will enhance the turn-out of quality graduates with skills and competence to chant the course of development by all stakeholders in the education sector.Keywords: Unemployment, Electricity Consumption, Government Education Expenditure.JEL Classifications: E24, L94, H52DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.7590

Performance evaluation of high temperature high current conductors

A rapid increase in electric power consumption is witnessed, there is a demand for the uninterrupted power supply. Newer generation units are being built with the increased installed power. The available transmission lines are reaching critical limits of ampacity and sag; hence there exists an intricacy in finding corridors particularly in densely populated cities to construct new overhead lines in many industrialized countries including India. Most of the times, it becomes impossible to obtain a right of way for the new transmission lines; hence, present circumstances demand the use of available lines representing a cheaper solution than going in for an underground transmission. Increasing the transmission capacity of overhead lines using high temperature low sag (HTLS) conductors, replacing original ACSR conductors with approximately the same diameter is one of the techniques. HTLS conductors are capable of withstanding high-temperature, continuous operation above 200°C without loss of tensile strength or increase in sag. In the present work, a computer program is developed in accordance with IEEE Std.738 to estimate the current and temperature distribution for various HTLS conductors and a graphical user interface has been developed to optimize the selection of various hardware accessories used for HTLS conductors. A novel experimental facility has been built for the present study. Results obtained for both simulation and experimental investigations are analyzed and presented. An attempt has also been made to study the effect of magnetic fields due to higher currents in the conductors.

Online Fault Diagnosis of Automotive Powernets by Kalman Filtering

The paper discusses real-time parameters identification methods of the mechatronics subsystems in the automobile for the on-board diagnostics and adaptive control. In particular, the significant increase in electric power consumption requires predictive management strategy that detects critical loads situations. To accomplish these goals we investigated diverse vehicular powernet circuits and devices. This paper presents the results of the extended Kalman filtering algorithm for the parameters estimation of the wiring harness of a cooling fan system.

Spatiotemporal dynamics of electric power consumption in Chinese Mainland from 1995 to 2008 modeled using DMSP/OLS stable nighttime lights data

Electric power consumption (EPC) is one of the basic indices for evaluating electric power use. Obtaining timely and accurate data on the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC is crucial for understanding and practical deployment of electric power resources. In this study, an EPC model was developed using stable nighttime lights time-series data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program Operational Linescan System (DMSP/OLS). The model was used to reconstruct the spatial patterns of EPC in Chinese Mainland at the county level from 1995 to 2008. In addition, the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC were analyzed, and the following conclusions were drawn. (1) The EPC model reliably represented the spatiotemporal dynamics of EPC in Chinese Mainland with approximately 70% accuracy. (2) The EPC in most regions of Chinese Mainland was at low to moderate levels, with marked temporal and spatial variations; of high-level EPC, 58.26% was concentrated in eastern China. Six urban agglomerations (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, Shandong Peninsula, middle-south of Liaoning Province, and Sichuan Basin) accounted for 10.69% of the total area of Chinese Mainland but consumed 39.23% of the electricity. (3) The EPC of most regions in Chinese Mainland increased from 1995 to 2008, and 64% of the mainland area showed a significant increase in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC were found in 61.62% of eastern China and 80.65% of central China from 1995 to 2008, whereas 75.69% of western China showed no significant increase in EPC. Meanwhile, 77.27%, 89.35%, and 66.72% of the Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou region, Pearl River Delta, and Shandong Peninsula, respectively, showed high-speed increases in EPC. Moderate increases in EPC occurred in 71.12% and 72.13% of the Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan region and middle-south of Liaoning Province, respectively, while no significant increase occurred in 56.34% of the Sichuan Basin.

Weather conditions and visits to the medical wing of emergency rooms in a metropolitan area during the warm season in Israel: a predictive model

Global climate changes affect health and present new challenges to healthcare systems. The aim of the present study was to analyze the pattern of visits to the medical wing of emergency rooms (ERs) in public hospitals during warm seasons, and to develop a predictive model that will forecast the number of visits to ERs 2 days ahead. Data on daily visits to the ERs of the four largest medical centers in the Tel-Aviv metropolitan area during the warm months of the year (April-October, 2001-2004), the corresponding daily meteorological data, daily electrical power consumption (a surrogate marker for air-conditioning), air-pollution parameters, and calendar information were obtained and used in the analyses. The predictive model employed a time series analysis with transitional Poisson regression. The concise multivariable model was highly accurate (r (2) = 0.819). The contribution of mean daily temperature was small but significant: an increase of 1°C in ambient temperature was associated with a 1.47% increase in the number of ER visits (P < 0.001). An increase in electrical power consumption significantly attenuated the effect of weather conditions on ER visits by 4% per 1,000 MWh (P < 0.001). Higher daily mean SO(2) concentrations were associated with a greater number of ER visits (1% per 1 ppb increment; P = 0.017). Calendar data were the main predictors of ER visits (r (2) = 0.794). The predictive model was highly accurate in forecasting the number of visits to ERs 2 days ahead. The marginal effect of temperature on the number of ER visits can be attributed to behavioral adaptations, including the use of air-conditioning.

Numerical simulation of a new SiC growth system by the dual-directional sublimation method

A new SiC growth system using the dual-directional sublimation method was investigated in this study. Induction heating and thermal conditions were computed and analyzed by using a global simulation model, and then the values of growth rate and shear stress in a growing crystal were calculated and compared with those in a conventional system. The results showed that the growth rate of SiC single crystals can be increased by twofold by using the dual-directional sublimation method with little increase in electrical power consumption and that thermal stresses can be reduced due to no constraint of the crucible lid and low temperature gradient in crystals.

Multidimensional and Reconfigurable Optical Interconnects for High-Performance Computing (HPC) Systems

The increasing demand for higher communication bandwidth, reduced power consumption, and increased reliability combined with fundamental electrical signalling limitations is leading the drive for optics as an interconnect technology of choice for high-performance computing (HPC) systems. However, failure in any optical link can completely disrupt communication by isolating processing nodes in HPC systems. Moreover, while static allocation of wavelengths (channels) provides every node with equal opportunity for communication, it can also lead to network congestion for nonuniform traffic patterns. In this paper, we propose a multidimensional optoelectronic architecture, called nD-reconfigurable, all-photonic interconnect for distributed and parallel systems (ndimensional-RAPID) where n can be 1, 2, or 3. nD-RAPID exploits optical architecture and technology design space that simultaneously tackles both fault-tolerance and dynamic bandwidth reallocation (DBR) of system architecture. Fault-tolerance in nD-RAPID is enabled through a multidimensional architecture. DBR is implemented by the row-column switching matrix using silicon-on-insulator (SOI)-based microring resonators that adapts to changes in communication patterns at runtime. Simulation results indicate that nD-RAPID outperformed other electrical networks for most traffic patterns. Results on DBR show that the proposed row-column switch organization significantly improves throughput and latency with a slight increase in electrical power consumption (~ 0.4% for the worst case traffic).

Fuel reduction potential of energy management for vehicular electric power systems

In the near future a significant increase in electric power consumption in vehicles is to be expected. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, smart strategies for the generation, storage/retrieval, distribution and consumption of the electric power can be used. This paper considers a vehicle configuration with a conventional drive train. Two energy management strategies that control the alternator power are analysed: a regenerative braking strategy and a more advanced strategy based on optimisation techniques. The potential behind these strategies is analysed by studying the typical characteristics of components that are directly related to the energy flow in the vehicle. It is shown that operating the internal combustion engine at the highest efficiency will not inherently lead to the lowest fuel consumption. Subsequently, engineering rules are presented to evaluate the performance that can be expected for each strategy. The component characteristics are included as input parameters to make the method generally applicable. To show the value of the engineering rules, the potential fuel reduction is computed for a specific vehicle configuration and driving cycle and compared with simulations results.

Energy Management Strategies for Vehicular Electric Power Systems

In the near future, a significant increase in electric power consumption in vehicles is expected. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, smart strategies for the generation, storage/retrieval, distribution, and consumption of electric power will be used. Inspired by the research on energy management for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), this paper presents an extensive study on controlling the vehicular electric power system to reduce the fuel use and emissions, by generating and storing electrical energy only at the most suitable moments. For this purpose, both off-line optimization methods using knowledge of the driving pattern and on-line implementable ones are developed and tested in a simulation environment. Results show a reduction in fuel use of 2%, even without a prediction of the driving cycle being used. Simultaneously, even larger reductions of the emissions are obtained. The strategies can also be applied to a mild HEV with an integrated starter alternator (ISA), without modifications, or to other types of HEVs with slight changes in the formulation.

ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN A VEHICLE WITH A DUAL STORAGE POWER NET

In the near future, a significant increase in electric power consumption in vehicles will occur. To limit the associated increase in fuel consumption and exhaust emissions, smart strategies for the generation, storage/retrieval, distribution, and consumption of electric power will be used. This paper deals with an advanced power net with two storage devices: a lead-acid battery and a super capacitor, whose advantages can be combined. Two methods to control such a power net are presented: global optimization using full knowledge of the future driving pattern and an online implementable strategy doing without future knowledge. Both methods involve mixed integer optimization. The performance of the real-time strategy is close to the global optimum.

The battery designer's challenge — satisfying the ever-increasing demands of vehicle electrical systems

The automotive battery designer of the 1990s and beyond will encounter an unprecedented array of complex challenges imposed by consumer desires, governmental mandates, and vehicle manufacturers' specifications. It is predicted that enhanced feature content in the areas of safety, convenience, performance, and guidance will result in a three- to six-fold increase in electrical power consumption in vehicles by the year 2000. In the absence of major break-throughs in vehicle electrical systems, these new loads will significantly modify the duty cycle to which the battery is subjected. The micro- and macro-environment in which the battery must survive will significantly impact the product's design and material specifications. Severe weight and size limits will be imposed on batteries in an attempt to meet mandated Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) requirements and additional pre-start electrical loads may be introduced to reduce objectionable emissions. Finally, quality and reliability levels of vehicles and their component parts must undergo continuous improvement. In order to respond to these diverse and sometimes contradictory demands, the battery designer must participate as an integral part of the vehicle electrical system development team. Design considerations for the future must include elevated and multiple voltages, multiple batteries per vehicle designed for specific functions, and further improvements in power and energy density, as well as cycle-life.

Usefulness of Permanent Power Fuse in Control Centers with Molded Case Circuit Breakers

The increase in electric power consumption in industry has led to the development of modern distribution systems such as control centers having high kVA ratings and high prospective fault current. In such a situation, the improvement of the system usefulness such as reliability and cost effectiveness is the essential requirement. An index is presented to evaluate the system usefulness using the cost effectiveness for fault protection in a system of given bank kVA. The index is estimated on four different system structures of control centers, including one which utilizes Permanent Power Fuses (PPF). It is presented that the PPF combined with molded case circuit breaker in main circuit effectively improves the cost effectiveness in control centers with high fault current. Operating principles of the PPF and the control center utilizing the PPF are briefly outlined.