Increase In Use Efficiency Research Articles

ИНФОРМАЦИОННАЯ МОДЕЛЬ ПОДДЕРЖКИ ПРОЦЕССОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВЕННЫМИ ПОТОКАМИ АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА

In this work the problem of forming to effective information support of processes of mana¬gement of the hierarchical production including operations of completing of a product, nodes, subnodes and so on up to subnodes of the set level, at the set normative levels of number of sets taking into account duration of assembly cycles and levels of complete stocks is formulated. The described scheme implements multilevel management with the operator of the highest level of hierarchy, however do not provide reservation of production capacities on the purpose of management that contradicts problems of a system and causes relevance of this article. The research objective consists in need of increase in efficiency automated information to management systems by production structures on the basis of statistical simulation models. Research methods. Let's consider the basic principles which are been the basis for a method of probabilistic and automatic modeling. The method is based on the automata theory consisting in use of results of a machine experiment during creation of complex self-organizing information systems and also in the systems of automation of productions. The probabilistic and automatic model of an information system represents no other than aggregate model when smashing a system to the smallest one-dimensional units. The basic concepts of automatic modeling are the probabilistic automatic machine and the system of probabilistic automatic machines. Results. With growth of complexity of a production system transition to two-level, and then and to multilevel management provides more effective use of resources (capacities and stocks) for the purpose of streamlining of process of release of finished goods. Conclusion. It is defined that the full harmony of interests of control objects is achievable only at the power of flows equal 1. Two-level management provides achievement of goals of management system even at full disharmony of interests of control objects. For increase in efficiency of use of resources of information support it is necessary to build not two-level, but multilayer system of management in which the number of the “subordinate” operators submitting to one “higher” operator is not enough to provide the required level of harmony of their interests. Thus, multilevel management, along with other tasks, solves the most important problem of ensuring a certain level of harmony of the purposes of a system as whole and its elements.

Development of a methodological tool for internal control to increase the efficiency of use of fixed assets

The basis of the material and technical base of the operation of enterprises are fixed assets. Therefore, the effective organization of accounting and internal control of operations with fixed assets is one of the important tasks facing the management of any enterprise. The purpose of the article consists in development of methodical toolkit of internal control for increase in efficiency of use of the fixed assets. For the development of theoretical bases the article develops the conceptual model of internal control of operations with the fixed assets, which is a logically interconnected system including basic elements of internal control such as purpose, objectives, functions, object, subject, tools, sources of information, regulatory framework, evidence collection, execution of audit results and development of recommendations. In order to improve methodological support, the working papers of internal control were developed in the article. The proposed working documents can be used to identify critical areas of accounting with a high level of risk and determine the means of control necessary to conduct control procedures; to assess the organization and functioning of internal control, the effectiveness of employees responsible for the safety of fixed assets; formation of the information base for management decisions; assessment of risks associated with the acquisition and use of fixed assets.

Waste recycling as direction of increase in efficiency of use of resources

The article investigates the approaches of waste management, studied and analyzed the ways of using waste for further production of goods. Special attention is paid to the study of the main tasks, principles of economic regulation in the field of waste management in the Russian Federation. The directions of ensuring environmentally safe waste management are presented; alternative models of development of ecological strategy of the enterprise are formed.

Comparative evaluation of Russian’s regions innovation capacity

The economy of regions needs cardinal increase in efficiency of use of innovative potential, stimulation of scientific research, creation of effective system of commercialization of results of scientific activity. In work the analysis of genesis of the concepts «innovation», «innovative potential», «innovative activity» is carried out; methodological bases of assessment of innovative potential and innovative activity at the regional level are investigated and the system of indicators of their assessment is developed; to carry out the analysis of innovative potential and innovative activity of regions of the Southern and North-Caucasian federal districts; organizational, financial and standard and legal factors of state regulation of innovative activity of the region are offered.

Potential of irrigated agriculture – the basis of sustainable functioning of the sector

In article approaches to development of methods of steady functioning of the irrigated agriculture from positions of a research of capacity of the irrigated lands are formulated. The possibility of increase in efficiency of use of production potential as basic element of sustainable development of irrigating melioration and functioning of the irrigated agriculture, on the basis of use of separate provisions of the theory of D. Forrester – D. Meadows is considered. Development of methods of steady functioning of the irrigated lands and validity of their application is based on a basis of understanding of a method as the set of methods and operations directed to growth of return from the resources involved in production, and providing steady functioning of the economic entities which are engaged in production of crop production in the conditions of irrigation.

Implementation of the Objectives of Environmental Policy in the Framework of the State-Private Partnership as a Factor of Sustainable Development of Russia

The purpose of this article is to study the possibilities of public-private partnership in the in realization of environmental policy of the Russian Federation and the Concept of sustainable development. Authors consider that the Russian government should be solving in the process of development of the Russian economy problems of ecology (providing the favorable environment; decrease in anthropogenous load of the environment; increase in efficiency of use of energy resources; correction of negative consequences of resource-intensive industrial development). The public-private partnership is investigated as special legal institute and as a form of interaction between government and business. The potential of public-private partnership in solving problems in the sphere of ecology is studied in these planes.Public-private partnership is studied in various aspects: form of investment in environmental protection; mechanism of achievement of ecological interests of the state and society; a way of stimulation of introduction in economy of innovations which are capable to provide interests of ecosystems.Authors support adoption of the comprehensive and integrated programmatic law which will provide a triad of interests: investments - innovations - ecology. The analysis of legal base of public-private partnership and programmatic laws on sustainable development of the Russian Federation has allowed to draw a conclusion on absence between them direct connection. This has a negative impact on the implementation possibilities of state-private partnership to overcome the environmental crisis. Authors offer changes in the legislation for elimination of this inconsistency. They define the problems of public initiative and public oversight in public-private partnership in the field of ecology.Authors approve need of creation of mechanisms of public control for this sphere.

Increase in Efficiency of Use of Pedestrian Radiation Portal Monitors

Most international airports in the world use radiation portal monitors (RPM) for primary radiation control organization. During the exploitation pedestrian radiation portal monitors operators (in the Russian Federation it is a special subdivision of customs officials) have certain problems related to the search of an ionizing radiation source causing the alarm signal of a radiation monitor. Radiation portal monitors at standard (factory) settings have to find out the illegal moving of the radioisotopes moved by physical persons passing through a controlled zone and having a steady radiation by the gamma or neutron channel. The problem is that recently the number of the ownerships who underwent treatment or medical diagnostics with the use of radio pharmaceuticals considerably increased, i.e,. ownerships represent such an ionizing radiation source. The operator of the radiation portal monitor has to define very quickly whether the ownership is a violator (takes unsolved radioisotopes illegally) or is just a patient of the clinic who underwent treatment/diagnostics with the use of radio pharmaceuticals. The research showing the radioisotopes which are most often used in the medical purposes are given in article, it is offered to use the new software developed by the authors allowing the operator of the radiation portal monitor to define the location of the ownership which has such ionizing radiation source by the activity of radiation similar to the radiation from radio pharmaceuticals.

Hydrogen Peroxide Alleviates Nickel-Inhibited Photosynthetic Responses through Increase in Use-Efficiency of Nitrogen and Sulfur, and Glutathione Production in Mustard.

The response of two mustard (Brassica juncea L.) cultivars differing in photosynthetic capacity to different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or nickel (Ni) was evaluated. Further, the effect of H2O2 on photosynthetic responses of the mustard cultivars grown with or without Ni stress was studied. Application of 50 μM H2O2 increased photosynthesis and growth more prominently in high photosynthetic capacity cultivar (Varuna) than low photosynthetic capacity cultivar (RH30) grown without Ni stress. The H2O2 application also resulted in alleviation of photosynthetic inhibition induced by 200 mg Ni kg-1 soil through increased photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE), sulfur-use efficiency (SUE), and glutathione (GSH) reduced production together with decreased lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage in both the cultivars. However, the effect of H2O2 was more pronounced in Varuna than RH30. The greater increase in photosynthetic-NUE and SUE and GSH production with H2O2 in Varuna resulted from higher increase in activity of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) assimilation enzymes, nitrate reductase and ATP-sulfurylase, respectively resulting in enhanced N and S assimilation. The increased N and S content contributed to the higher activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase under Ni stress. Application of H2O2 also regulated PS II activity and stomatal movement under Ni stress for maintaining higher photosynthetic potential in Varuna. Thus, H2O2 may be considered as a potential signaling molecule for augmenting photosynthetic potential of mustard plants under optimal and Ni stress conditions. It alleviates Ni stress through the regulation of stomatal and non-stomotal limitations, and photosynthetic-NUE and -SUE and GSH production.

Water Changing Trends and Water Quota Management in China’s Public Services

China has the largest population in the world, and the available water resources per capita are very limited. The rapid economic growth and urbanization has caused increased water demand in China’s urban areas. Urban water quota management has become a core strategy for establishing a water-saving society. In 2001-2008, the trend of total water consumption has changed obvious in China. And the water consumption of public service has the same trend. Whit the development of the third industry and the increase of use efficiency, in the future the trend of public service water consumption will maintain stable situation. It still need further improve the water management to control the water increasing. The comprehensive water quota as the standard can estimate the water-saving level of the industries. And it can also determine whether the industry meet the water-saving requirements. Compared with the part quota, it simplifies the process of collecting the water data and improving the quota management operation, which avoid the false data. Researching the comprehensive water quota is a critical part of water quota management.

Microalgal Reactors: A Review of Enclosed System Designs and Performances

One major challenge to industrial microalgal culturing is to devise and develop technical apparata, cultivation procedures and algal strains susceptible of undergoing substantial increases in efficiency of use of solar energy and carbon dioxide. Despite several research efforts developed to date, there is no such thing as "the best reactor system"- defined, in an absolute fashion, as the one able to achieve maximum productivity with minimum operation costs, irrespective of the biological and chemical system at stake. In fact, choice of the most suitable system is situation-dependent, as both the species of alga available and the final purpose intended will play a role. The need of accurate control impairs use of open-system configurations, so current investigation has focused mostly on closed systems. In this review, several types of closed bioreactors described in the technical literature as able to support production of microalgae are comprehensively presented and duly discussed, using transport phenomenon and process engineering methodological approaches. The text is subdivided into subsections on: reactor design, which includes tubular reactors, flat plate reactors and fermenter-type reactors; and processing parameters, which include gaseous transfer, medium mixing and light requirements.

Decline in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency with leaf age and nitrogen resorption as determinants of leaf life span

1 Cost-benefit models predict that leaf life span depends on its initial photosynthetic rate and construction cost and on the rate of decline in photosynthesis with age. Leaf gas exchange rates and N contents were measured in nine woody evergreen Mediterranean species with different leaf life spans to determine the effects of leaf ageing on photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE). N costs of leaf construction were assumed to be in part dependent on N resorption from senescing leaves. 2 Leaf ageing had significant negative effects on photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area. As N content per unit leaf area did not decline until the end of leaf life, PNUE also decreased with age. PNUE generally declined faster in species with a shorter leaf life span. There were no significant interspecific differences in maximum CO2 assimilation rates per unit leaf area and in N resorption that could be related to differences in leaf life span. 3 As PNUE decreases with leaf age, shedding of the older leaves and retranslocation of N to the current year's leaf biomass would result in an increase in the mean instantaneous efficiency of use of the N retranslocated. However, total CO2 assimilation can be improved by such shedding only when the increase in the efficiency of use of the remobilized N compensates for the remaining N lost in the shed leaves. 4 The photosynthesis of the old leaf cohorts exceeded the increase in photosynthesis that would be obtained from the N retranslocated to the younger leaves, given the observed efficiencies of N resorption. The retention of old leaves thus resulted in a higher whole-canopy CO2 assimilation, despite their low PNUE.

Quantitative ruminant nutrition — a green science

Knowledge of quantitative digestion and metabolism in ruminants was developed most rapidly when isotope dilution techniques became easy to apply, facilitated by improved instrumentation and mathematical approaches. The Armidale group led by Professor E. F. Annison and Dr D. B. Lindsay were at the forefront of these developments in the late 1950's. Since then knowledge in this area has developed at an ever increasing rate. The data that accumulated from the quantitative approach led to simple or complex models of animal digestion, metabolism and growth. These in turn led to much questioning of the dogma of feed evaluation and feeding standards as they applied in practice, especially for ruminants fed on poor quality forages. The knowledge that developed has clearly shown that the way toward substantial increases in productivity of ruminants on forage based diets is through the balanced nutrient approach that considers the efficiency of the rumen ecosystem and the availability of dietary nutrients post-ruminally. With increasing emphasis on quality-beef markets at the present time, it seems likely that the time is ripe for application of much of this knowledge. The major breakthroughs have come about by recognition of the nutrients required to balance a ruminant's diet where the animal depends on the end-products of rumen fermentation (i.e. on a forage-based diet). When this is achieved, the increase in efficiency of use of nutrients lifts the overall nutrition of the animal to a level that is well above that predicted from feeding standards, based on the metabolizable energy content of the supplement or the total diet. This understanding, together with the stoichiometry of rumen fermentation, has indicated an important approach to help ameliorate the greenhouse effect, that is, lowering of enteric methane production per unit of feed intake or per unit of animal products from ruminants by strategic supplementation.

Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Effects on Corn Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake

Concern about the fate of N remaining in the soil after harvest has heightened interest in management techniques that will increase the ability of a growing crop to use N. There is considerable interest in sidedressing or split-applying N fertilizer as an inexpensive way to increase fertilization efficiency and thus to reduce the amount of N not used by the crop. The response of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) to (NH4)2SO4 incorporated to a depth of 4 in. was studied during 1986 and 1987 at two sites in Iowa. Preplant and sidedress (V6 growth stage) N applications were combined to create 21 treatments with six rates ranging from 0 to 175 lb N/acre. Nitrogen rate significantly increased grain yield, leaf-N content, grain-N content, and N uptake at both sites in both years. Grain yields in 1986 ranged from 70 bu/acre to 187 bu/acre at Site 1, and from 76 bu/acre to 223 bu/acre at Site 2. Grain yields in 1987 ranged from 77 bu/acre to 146 bu/acre at Site 1 and from 51 bu/acre to 175 bu/acre at Site 2. The difference in maximum yields attained was probably due to differences in growing season rainfall. Two types of regression equations describing the relative effects of preplant and sidedress application of N on the variables studied were fitted to the data. The models had similar R2s and exhibited similar trends. There was no effect of time of N application except for Site 1 in 1986, where sidedress application significantly increased grain yield, N uptake in the grain, and leaf N content compared with preplant application. The data show that response to time of N application was site specific and directly and positively related to growing season rainfall, and that the response was not due to an increase in efficiency of use.