Increase In Dry Matter Digestibility Research Articles

Effect of Tea Seed Oil on In Vitro Rumen Fermentation, Nutrient Degradability, and Microbial Profile in Water Buffalo.

Tea seed oil (TSO) was investigated for its effects on rumen fermentation and in vitro parameters of bacterial communities in water buffalo diets containing Siraitia grosvenorii and soybean residues. TSO was added at rates of 0% (control group (CT)), 0.5% (T1), 1% (T2), and 2% (T3) of the in vitro fermentation substrate weight (dry matter (DM) basis). T2 and T3 had significantly lower acetate and total volatile fatty acid contents but a significantly higher microbial crude protein content than CT. The lowest NH3-N content was observed in T1 and T2. Treatment significantly increased DM digestibility, with the highest percentage observed in T2. T2 showed significantly higher crude protein digestibility than CT. TSO supplementation significantly increased the C18:2n6c, C18:2 trans-10, cis-12, and C20:4n6 concentrations compared to those in CT. The total number of bacteria was significantly lower in T2 than in CT. TSO supplementation decreased the total bacteria, fungi, and methanogen populations but increased rumen microorganism diversity and richness. In conclusion, TSO can regulate the number and flora of rumen microorganisms through antimicrobial activity, thereby affecting rumen fermentation patterns, reducing methane production, and improving nutrient digestibility, and an optimal supplementation rate appears to be achieved with 1% TSO (DM basis).

PSVI-18 Effect of Processing Method and Severity for Hybrid Fall rye on dry Matter Intake, Ruminal Fermentation, and Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility in Ruminally Cannulated Beef Heifers

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of processing method and severity of hybrid fall rye on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility for beef cattle. Ruminally cannulated Simmental heifers (n = 8; 327±33 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square (21-d periods) balanced for carry-over effects with a 2×2 factorial treatment. Tempered rye [water added to achieve 80% dry matter (DM)] was compared with dry-rolled rye. Roller gap width of 1.23-mm and 0.8-mm were used for coarse and finely processed rye, respectively. This resulted in processing index values of: 80.9% for dry-rolled and coarse; 72.7% for dry-rolled and fine; 92.9% for tempered and coarse; and 88.2% for tempered and fine processed rye. Diets (DM basis) included hybrid rye grain (86%), barley silage (15%), mineral (6%), and dry distillers’ grain plus solubles (3%). Feeding tempered rye increased (P< 0.01) DMI by 0.87 kg compared with dry-rolled rye, and feeding coarse rye increased (P=0.04) DMI by 0.33 kg compared with fine rye. Cattle fed dry-rolled and finely processed rye had greater (P< 0.04) area that pH was < 5.5 compared with tempered and coarse rye, respectively. Ruminal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and ammonia were not affected (P≥0.12). Feeding dry-rolled rye increased DM digestibility by 2.4% (P=0.02), and crude protein digestibility in 3.0% (P=0.01) compared with tempered rye. Starch digestibility was not affected by processing severity of dry-rolled rye, but increased from 92.8 to 95.9% for tempered rye with increasing severity (interaction, P=0.03). Rolling tempered rye at the same roller gap as dry-rolled rye decreases processing severity but may allow for a greater severity of processing without marked reductions in DMI and ruminal pH, while achieving similar total tract starch digestibility. When increasing processing severity (81 vs. 73%), dry-rolling hybrid rye may reduce DMI and ruminal pH.

Microbial mechanisms of using feruloyl esterase-producing Lactobacillus plantarum A1 and grape pomace to improve fermentation quality and mitigate ruminal methane emission of ensiled alfalfa for cleaner animal production

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of feruloyl esterase-producing Lactobacillus plantarum A1 (Lp A1) and grape pomace (GP) alone, or in combination (LG) on ensiling characteristics and bacterial community, in vitro ruminal fermentation, methane (CH4) emission, and the microbiota of ensiled alfalfa. Alfalfa at 42% dry matter (DM) was treated in a 2 × 2 factorial design: with the application of Lp A1 at 0 (control) or 1 × 106 cfu/g of fresh forage, and GP at 0 or 5% of fresh forage. After 60 d of ensiling, a decrease in nonprotein nitrogen (NPN) was observed in GP treated silage. Lp A1 inoculated silage had a lower fiber content than silages without Lp A1. The lowest NPN was found in silage treated with LG, and an obvious increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus paracasei was detected in silages treated with Lp A1 and LG, respectively. In vitro ruminal experiments indicated that, although the application of GP deceased ruminal total gas, CH4 production, nitrogen degradation and the number of methanogenic archaea in alfalfa silage, it also reduced silage DM digestibility. In contrast, inoculation with Lp A1 not only increased DM digestibility and populations of ruminal Ruminococcus flavefaciens and fungi, but also improved ruminal total gas and CH4 production. As expected, LG treatment decreased alfalfa silage ruminal total gas and CH4 production relative to Lp A1 treatment alone, and increased silage DM digestibility compared with GP treated silage. In conclusion, the application of LG before ensiling alfalfa, balanced silage proteolysis, feed digestibility, and CH4 emission, and could be a promising strategy for using food industry by-products to produce a nutritional and environmentally-friendly legume silage that will mitigate N and greenhouse gas emissions from ruminants.

Characteristics of fresh rice straw silage quality prepared with addition of lactic acid bacteria and crude cellulase

<abstract> <p>The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of fresh rice straw silage quality prepared with addition of <italic>Lactiplantibacillus plantarum</italic> 1A-2 and crude cellulase alone or in combination. Quality of the silage was observed through the chemical composition, chemical structure and <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility. Six treatments were used in this study, i.e., 1) rice straw without any treatment as control, 2) rice straw with addition of 0.1% <italic>L. plantarum</italic> 1A-2 (LAB1), 3) rice straw with addition of 1% crude cellulase (E1), 4) rice straw with addition of 0.1% <italic>L. plantarum</italic> 1A-2 and 1% cellulase enzyme. (LAB1 E1), 5) rice straw with addition of 2% crude cellulase (E2), 6) rice straw with addition of 0.2% <italic>L. plantarum</italic> 1A-2 and 2% crude cellulase (LAB2E2). Each treatment was replicated by four times (n = 24). Ensilage was carried out for 60 days. Data obtained were analyzed by using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) according to complete randomized design. The result indicated that the treatments increased dry matter (DM) (p = 0.001), crude protein (p < 0.001) and lactic acid (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, reduced pH (p < 0.001) and organic acids (acetic, propionic and butyric (p < 0.001)). Total crystallinity index (TCI) of rice straw silage varied among treatments and decreased in crystallinity (%) except for LAB2E2, which showed the lowest crystalline size. The treatment increased DM digestibility (p = 0.397) with the highest in LAB2E2. There is significant effect (p < 0.001) on increasing the main SCFA products from <italic>in vitro</italic> rumen fermentation. This study suggests that addition of <italic>L. plantarum</italic> 1A-2 inoculant alone or with crude cellulase improved fresh rice straw silage quality.</p> </abstract>

Evaluation of Digestability and Rumen Parameters Through In-vitro Concentrate Containing Binahong Flour as Secondary Compound

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of binahong flour used in concentrate feed on dry matter digestibility (DMD), organic matter digestibility (OMD), VFA and NH3 concentrations in vitro. The design used was a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments studied were: R0; concentrate feed without binahong flour, R1; concentrate feed contains 10% binahong flour, R2; concentrate feed containing 20% binahong flour, R3; concentrate feed contains 30% binahong flour. Based on the results of the study, the average DMD (%) R0 73.56±0.75, R1 74.50 ±0.61, R2 74.98±0.70, R3 76.65±0.90, OMD (%) R0 69.50±1.10, R1 69.82±1.00, R2 70.07±0.88, R3 72.61±0.99, VFA concentration (mM) R0 108.53±8.52, R1 110.75±6.51, R2 111.40±2.35, R3 112.77 ±14.76, NH3 concentration (mM) R0 9.74±0.74, R1 10.61±0.44, R2 11.55±0.41, R3 11.55±0.33. The results of statistical analysis confirmed that the treatment had a very significant effect on the increase in DMD, OMD, NH3 (P<0,01), but not significant on the total VFA concentration. The conclusion of this study is that the use of binahong flour up to a level of 30% in concentrate feed has an effect on increasing in DMD, OMD, VFA, and NH3 concentrations in vitro.

PSVI-13 Changes in the taxonomic composition of the rumen of ruminants when introducing fat components into the diet

Abstract Fats are concentrated energy sources for cattle growth, but their inclusion in the diet has a huge impact on the taxonomic composition of the rumen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of supplemental linseed oil administration (3% of dry matter (DM) diet) on microbiota and DM digestibility in the rumen. The studies carried out on Kazakh white-headed bull calves, aged 15 months, with chronic rumen fistula (diet - 70% grassland hay, 30% barley grain). Dietary dry matter digestibility (in-vitro in an artificial rumen system, for 24 hours) analyzed daily for 10 days, and microflora (fluid-bound) analyzed using high-throughput 16SrRNA gene sequencing (Illumina). Inclusion of LO showed a slight 3.5% increase in DM digestibility compared to C (52.0% versus 53.9%). The taxonomic composition of the rumen microbiocenosis in group C was mainly represented by the phylum Firmicutes (54.7%) and Bacteroidetes (39.3%), while other phylum numbers were less than 2%. When LO was injected, the dominance of phylum Bacteroidetes (64.2%), phylum Firmicutes (19.3%), and Verrucomicrobia (5.3%) was noted. The calculation of the Shannon index showed an increase in species diversity in the group that received LO. It was H’= 0.76, while in CH’= 0.42. The Simpson dominance index in group C was 0.44, in the group receiving LOD = 0.54. The obtained data show a positive effect. The linseed oil allow to increase the biodiversity of the rumen microbiome and the digestibility of DM feed, which can be used in fattening young cattle. This research performed with financial support from the project 0761-2019-0005.

The multi-level ammoniation on the digestibility of palm press fiber.

Objective:This research aimed to study the multi-level ammoniation on the digestibility of palm press fiber (PPF) through in vitro methods.Materials and Methods:This research was determined using a complete randomized design of three ammoniation treatments on PPF with three replications: (1) untreated PPF (Con), (2) ammonia treatment 4% (A-4), and (3) ammonia multi-levels of 6%, 4%, and 2% (A-Mul). Results:The results showed a significant effect on the chemical composition of feed in the A-Mul treatment compared to Con (p < 0.05) and a non-significant effect when compared to the A-4 treatment. Overall, the content of crude protein, ether extract, and crude fiber in the A-Mul treatment increased. Except in the dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased. The results of the in vitro analysis showed an increase in digestibility of DM, Organic matter digestibility, N-NH3, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) in ammoniation treatment. N-NH3 and VFA showed non-significant differences between treatments A-4 and A-Mul (p > 0.05).Conclusion:Multi-level ammoniation has affected the loosening of the fiber fraction bonding in the PPF, thereby changing the value of the chemical composition and the digestibility of PPF. Multi-level ammonia can be used as an alternative to processing high-fiber feed.

Narasin inclusion for feedlot lambs fed a diet containing high amounts of ground flint corn

Narasin is an antibacterial agent that may change rumen fermentation. Two experiments were proposed to evaluate the efficiency of narasin inclusion for lambs fed a diet containing high amounts of ground flint corn. Thirty rumen-cannulated wethers were used to evaluate nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, and rumen metabolism (Exp. 1); and forty-five lambs were used to evaluate performance (Exp. 2) of animals fed with narasin for high flint corn diets. The experimental diets were: control or basal diet without additives (C); 25 mg of monensin kg−1 of dry matter (DM) (M); and inclusion of 5 (N5), 10 (N10), and 15 (N15) mg of narasin kg−1 of DM. The statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Monensin increased DM digestibility compared to C ( p = 0.01) and increasing doses of narasin linearly increased DM digestibility ( p < 0.01). There was a quadratic effect ( p = 0.10) for molar proportion of acetate peaking at N15. Monensin inclusion increased ( p = 0.07) propionate compared to C; however, it did not differ from narasin. The increasing levels of narasin linearly decreased the total volatile fatty acids concentration in the rumen ( p = 0.02). Monensin and C showed a similar performance. The increasing levels of narasin linearly increased ( p ≤ 0.04) average daily gain and feed efficiency. Monensin and narasin changed rumen fermentation and improved overall nutrient digestibility. However, lambs that received narasin showed improved performance when compared with animals that received M.

Improve Quality of Alfalfa Silage Ensiled with Orange Pulp and Bacterial Additive

This study evaluated the effects of Lactobacillus buchneri (LAB) and orange pulp (OP) supplementation on chemical composition, in vitro and in situ degradability, dry matter (DM), pH and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage. Treatments were 1) alfalfa without any additive (control), 2) alfalfa + OP (70% alfalfa mixed with 30% fresh OP, LAB0), 3) treatment 2 with 1.5 g LAB/ton (LAB1), 4) treatment 2 with 3 g LAB/ton (LAB2) and 5) treatment 2 with 4.5 g LAB/ton (LAB3). Treatments were replicated three times in laboratory mini silos for 90 d in a closed barn with a ambient temperature (15 to 18 oC). As a result of this study, the experimental treatments did not affect on DM of silage at the end of the ensiling period. Control treatment had the highest pH (4.5) among the experimental treatments ( P<0.05). Supplementation alfalfa with OP resulted in significant increase in water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) ( P<0.05). Treating alfalfa silage with OP and LAB improved aerobic stabilities of treatments significantly, as compared to LAB0. Supplementation of silage with OP and bacterial inoculant increased DM digestibility. These findings indicated that LAB can improve the aerobic stability and quality of silage in laboratory silos and also, OP and LAB might improve silage quality and cause better silage management in the farm.

PSVI-9 Effects of Hibiscus sabdariffa on dry matter disappearance and greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cow diets

Abstract Greenhouse gases (GHG) emission from agriculture (24%) are an important contributor to climate change. Livestock accounts for an estimated 80% of total agriculture emissions, making abatement of GHG emission from livestock a high-priority challenge facing animal nutritionists. These gases are produced because of ruminal fermentation of feeds resulting in a significant contribution of GHG from this sector. There are potential strategies to reduce GHG emissions in ruminants such as improved farming systems, forage quality, animal genetics, feed additives and dietary fats inclusion, modified microorganisms, etc. The current study evaluated an important nutraceutical plant, Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Malvaceae), for its ability to modulate rumen function to increase dry matter digestibility and reduce GHG emission in dairy cows. The calyces of H. sabdariffa at six different doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/head) were used in an in vitro batch culture study. Two dairy diets—alfalfa hay and total mixed ration were used as substrates. Inoculum was collected from 2 cannulated dairy cows from the CAES farm and substrates were incubated for 3, 6 and 24 h. Gas production was measured and analyzed for methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfite and ammonia. H. sabdariffa reduced (P &amp;lt; 0.05) methane production in all the alfalfa hay treatments except at 6 g/head inclusion level. No effect (P &amp;gt; 0.05) was noted for TMR treatment. We observed small numerical reduction in carbon dioxide in all but two inclusion levels. About 25% increase in dry matter digestibility was noted for 4 g/head treatment. Further studies are planned to validate results.

Amino acid digestibility and energy use by weaned piglets fed yellow corn, sorghum and an exogenous enzymes combination

In weaned piglet diets, about 20% of the total protein and amino acids (AA) comes from the inclusion of sorghum or yellow corn. Therefore, the fraction of digestible amino acids of these ingredients is important for diet formulations. The ileal-cannulated pig model is not used in younger pigs due to difficulties related to implanting T-cannula in the distal ileum and possible subsequent problems. Thus, the present study evaluated the apparent digestibility of yellow corn and sorghum in piglets by total collection and digestibility of amino acids by the slaughter method. Fifty weaned piglets, at 21-d-old, were divided into two assays to determine effects of multi-carbohydrase (MC) preparation (700 U α-galactosidase, 2,200 U galactomannanase, 3,000 U xylanase, and 22,000 U β-glucanase per kg of diet) and phytase (Phy, 500 FTU per kg of diet) supplementation on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ash, digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in yellow corn (YC) and sorghum. Piglets were individually caged and ileal digesta were collected at slaughter (38 d old). A completely randomized experimental design with a 2 × 2 (0 and 200 MC; 0 and 50 Phy) factorial treatment arrangement. A basal diet (BD) was used for an additional group of 5 piglets. Corn BD was used for ATTD determination, and corn-starch BD2 containing 50 g/kg casein was used to estimate AA losses. YC and sorghum replaced 30% of BD. There was no interaction effect (P > 0.05) of the enzyme combination on the apparent digestibility of nutrients, energy, AID and SID of AA of YC and sorghum. The apparent effect from the combination of the enzymes, in fact, was due to the presence of MC, as shown by its isolated inclusion. The supplementation of MC improved ATTD of sorghum DM (P = 0.041) regardless of Phy-supplementation. Piglets weaned at 21 days of age showed lower capacity to use energy and nutrients in the subsequent three weeks, compared to NRC and the Brazilian tables. Isolated or combined, the enzymes did not increase the digestibility coefficients of YC, however, MC increased DM digestibility of sorghum.

Chemical composition and in vitro rumen fermentation of ensiled sugar industry coproducts

he current study aims to compare sugar beet leaves (SBLs) ensiled with sugar beet pulp (SBP), sugarcane molasses (SM), or rock candy juice (RCJ) using an in vitro gas production technique. Treatments in the first group included 10% SBP (control 1) and control 1 plus 5% SM or RCJ. In the second group, there were 3 treatments, including 20% SBP (control 2) and control 2 plus 10% SM or RCJ. The silages with no added soluble carbohydrate (SC) sources had significantly higher (P < 0.001) pH, buffer value index, and ammonia nitrogen values than the other treatments. However, there was no significant difference between RCJ and SM in their effect on these variables. Adding both levels of SC sources caused an increase in dry matter digestibility compared to those that only included SBL and SBP (P < 0.001). Maximal and rate of gas production from slowly fermentable fraction (a$_{2}$) were significantly greater when the substrate contained 85%, 10%, and 5% SBL, SBP, and SC sources, respectively. Using dried SBP and SC sources for the preservation of fresh SBL is recommended; however, with higher levels of SC, the silage may be at risk of spoilage, and it must be less exposed to air.

Effect of Supplementation of Acidifiers with Probiotic on Performance of Broiler Chicken

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of supplementation of acidifiers with probiotic on performance and nitrogen retention of broiler chicken. A total of 300 broilers were reared for six weeks with dietary treatments, T0 (control diet), T1 (control plus sodium-diformate at 0.2%), T2 (control plus sodium diformate at 0.2% plus probiotic at 0.02%), T3 (control plus blends of acidifiers at 0.2%), T4 (control plus blends acidifiers at 0.2% plus probiotic at 0.02%). Each treatment consisted of sixty birds with four replicates containing fifteen birds in each replication. The weekly body weight, body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency was found to be better in all treatment groups as compared to control. However, weekly feed consumption, was found to be unaffected. Also, there was increase in dry matter digestibility and nitrogen retention in all treatment groups as compared to control. It was concluded that the suppleemntation of blends of acidifiers at 0.2% in combination with probiotic @ 0.02% improved the growth performance and nutrients utilization of broiler chicken rearing.

86 Influence of Protease Supplementation to Corn-Soybean Meal Based High and Low Energy Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Blood Profiles, and Gas Emission in Growing Pigs.

A total of 140 growing pigs [Duroc × (Yorkshire × Landrace)] with an average body weight (BW) of 24.10 ± 1.66 kg were used in a 6-wk trial to determine the effect dietary protease supplementation in different energy diets in growing pigs. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design, with 2 levels of nutrient density (low or high nutrient density) and protease (0 or 125 g protease/ton) according to their sex and BW (7 pens with 3 barrows and 2 gilts/pen). Individual pig BW and pen feed consumption were recorded at the end of sixth week to calculate average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain to feed ratio (G:F). Fresh fecal samples were collected at the sixth week for calculation of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) digestibility. All data were subjected to the mixed procedure of SAS for a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Pigs fed the high density diets increased (P < 0.05) ADG, G:F, and energy digestibility compared with the low density diets during 6 weeks. The supplementation of protease in the diet did not have significant effect on BW, ADG, and digestibility of DM and N. However, at week 6, pigs fed the diet with protease supplementation increased energy digestibility (P < 0.05). In addition, trends in increased DM digestibility and G:F) (P = 0.08, P = 0.09 respectively) were observed. With regards to blood profiles, a significant increase in the level of creatinine at the 6th week and trends in increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (P = 0.06) and reduction in nor-epinephrine levels (P = 0.07) were also observed. Further more, ammonia gas emission, tended (P = 0.06) to reduce in the faeces of pigs fed protease supplemented diets. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementation of growing pigs diet with protease significantly increased energy digestibility and creatinine levels, tended to increase G:F, DM digestibility, BUN, and decreased ammonia gas emission and norepinephrine levels. Key Words: digestibility; growth performance; pigs; protease. Table. Effect of different energy diet supplementations of protease on growth performance in growing pigs, wk 0 to 6 Table. Effect of different energy diet supplementations of protease on growth performance in growing pigs, wk 0 to 6

Supplementation of molasses and branched-chain amino acid to increase in vitro digestibility of ammoniated corn cob in ruminants feed

&lt;p&gt;Corn cob contains high fiber and lignin which causes low nutritive value. The objective of the study was to improve the digestibility of ammoniated corn cob (CC) by supplementation of molasses and branched-chain amino acid (BCAA: valine, leucine and isoleucine). CC was processed by addition 3% urea. The first stage of in vitro test was done with 4 levels of molases 0, 5, 10 and 15% of dry matter (DM) of CC. The experiment was carried out using complete randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications. The second stage was also in vitro study of supplementation of two levels each for valine = V, leucine = L and isoleucine = I namely 0.1 and 0.2% of DM of ammoniated CC. There were 8 treatments combination of the BCAA as follow: A = V0.1 L0.1 I0.1; E = V0.2 L0.1 I0.1; B = V0.1 L0.1 I0.2; F = V0.2 L0.1 I0.2; C = V0.1 L0.2 I0.1; G = V0.2 L0.2 I0.1; D = V0.1 L0.2 I0.2; H = V0.2 L0.2 I0.2 and 1 control (V0.0 L0.0 I0.0). The experiments were done using completely randomized design with 9 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that treated CC with urea was able to increase protein content by 78% (increased from 3.34% to 5.95%) while neutral detergent fiber (NDF) decreased by 15.4%, acid detergent fiber (ADF) by 7.9% and lignin 16.7%. Addition of molasses in ammoniated CC increased DM digestibility (P &amp;lt;0.05) by 7.5% (41.9 vs 43.51-46.26%) and NDF by 17.7% (38.41 vs 43.76 – 46.31%). Supplementation of BCAA resulted in the highest DM, OM and NDF digestibility (P &amp;lt;0.05) in the treatment of A, C, D and G. Compare to treament I, the digestibility of DM, OM and NDF in G treatment increased by 31.4%, 27.5% and 36.5%, respectively and produced the highest total population of rumen bacterial of 12.4 x 109 colonies /ml. It can be concluded that the digestibility of ammoniated CC increased by the supplementation of 5% molases and BCAA combination consisted of 0.2% valine, 0.2% leucine and 0.1% isoleucine.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Kata kunci: Tongkol jagung, amoniasi, molases, asam amino bercabang.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;b&gt;Fine mesquite pod meal on performance, palatability and feed preference in lambs

We evaluated the effect of inclusion of fine mesquite pod meal (FPM) in the diet on performance, preference and palatability of diets in feedlot lambs. Five diets were formulated with increasing levels of FPM (0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0%). For performance evaluation, the design was completely randomized with five treatments and seven replications. For palatability and preference analysis, the same design was used, but the treatments consisted of diets with 0 and 3% FPM and fourteen replications. The palatability was assessed considering the amount of feed consumed within 30 min., and the preference, considering the feed intake after 24 hours. FPM had no influence on weight gain, but caused a reduction in intake and an increase in dry matter digestibility for inclusion level above 2.4%. The greatest contribution of FPM inclusion is due to the increase in neutral detergent fiber digestibility. The preference and palatability in feedlot lambs is not affected by the inclusion of 3% FPM.

Effect of exogenous lignolytic enzyme-treated ragi straw on DM intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and rumen enzymes in sheep

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous lignolytic enzymes harvested from immobilized Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidium on body weight, in vivo digestibility, rumen fermentation and rumen enzymes in sheep. Four groups of sheep (6-each) were fed 350 g concentrate mixture to meet the energy and protein requirement as per ICAR standards. The control sheep received ad lib. ragi straw treated with production media devoid of enzyme (G1). Test group 1 (G2) received ad lib. ragi straw treated with C. versicolor enzyme media (Enz.1) in a 1:2.5 (w/v) ratio, group 2 (G3) received ad lib. straw treated with G. lucidium enzyme media (Enz.2) in a 1:2.5 (w/v) ratio. Group 3 (G4) received ad lib. amount of straw treated with a combination of Enz.1 and Enz.2 in an equal volume in a 1:2.5 (w/v) ratio. After 40 d feeding an ADG (gd-1) of 112.5 and 107.5 was recorded in G2 and G3 as compared to 97.5 of control. A 5% increase in dry matter digestibility (DMD) of 77 .36±4.28 and 77.04±5.69% was obtained in G2 and G3. Treatment of straw with a combination of enzymes (G4) failed to show increase in either ADG or DMD. Rumen fermentation pattern did show any significant difference. The fiber degrading enzymes elicited enhancement of activity in sheep fed the supplemental enzymes. Applying lignin degrading enzymes as feed supplements for enhancing digestibility of crop residues holds promise in the immediate future.

Effect of duodenal infusion of leucine and phenylalanine on intestinal enzyme activities and starch digestibility in goats

The present research evaluated the effect of duodenal infusion of leucine (Leu) and phenylalanine (Phe) on the activity of α-amylase, trypsin, and lipase, and starch digestibility in the small intestine of goats. Sixteen yearling ewes (body weight=29.7±1.4Kg) fitted with duodenal catheters were used in a completely randomized design experiment. All goats were fed the same diet (700g/d, dry matter (DM) basis) twice daily at 0800 and 1800, and were randomly assigned to one of the following four treatments for 21d: duodenal infusion of water, 3g/d Leu, 9g/d Leu, or 2g/d Phe. On day 21, all goats were slaughtered for collecting samples of the blood and the digesta. The total length of the small intestine from the distal region of the pylorus to the ileal-cecal junction was defined as 100%. Digesta samples at the 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% relative sites along the small intestine were collected and frozen at −80°C for the subsequent analysis. The α-amylase activity was increased (P<0.05) with the infusion of 3g/d Leu at the 0% relative site, 9g/d Leu at the 0, 20 and 80% relative sites, and 2g/d Phe at the 0 and 80% relative sites of the small intestine. The 9g/d Leu also improved (P<0.05) the trypsin activity at the 0, 20 and 40% relative sites, and the lipase activity at the 0 and 20% relative sites of the small intestine. Duodenal infusion of Leu and Phe showed no significant effects on intestinal digestibility of DM (P=0.223) or starch (P=0.116), Leu and 2g/d Phe numerically increased DM digestibility by 4.3 and 6.5%, and starch digestibility by 6.0 and 5.7%. Linear relationships (P<0.05) were identified between digesta α-amylase activity and intestinal digestibility of DM and starch. These data indicate that duodenal supply of Leu and Phe may increase digesta α-amylase activity, and numerically improved starch digestion in the small intestine.

Optimisation of inoculum concentration and incubation duration for an in vitro hindgut dry matter digestibility assay

The aim was to optimise inoculum concentration and incubation duration for a published in vitro hindgut digestibility assay using ileal digesta (sampled from the chicken or rat) pertaining to a mixed human diet as the substrate. The study also sought to investigate the digestibility of the inoculum itself and the importance of correcting for this in the in vitro hindgut digestion assay. For two assays, hindgut dry matter digestibility (DMD) generally increased with inoculum concentration. A sharp increase in DMD observed at high inoculum concentrations may have been related to problems with filtering the inoculum. An inoculum concentration of 160g/L was considered optimal based on close agreement of observed values with previously published in vivo hindgut dry matter digestibility for similar diets. One of the methods was chosen for optimisation of the duration of incubation. Ileal substrate organic matter digestibility (OMD) increased with increasing time of incubation for all diets. An incubation duration of 18h using a mean inoculum digestibility value for calculation purposes was considered optimal based on observed in vivo hindgut DMD values in humans, but there was little difference in estimated in vitro hindgut DMD between 18 and 24h incubation durations. Although considerably lower than the OM digestibility of the substrate (no less than 51% after 48h), the OM digestibility of the inoculum (13% after 48h) itself was of significance in calculating estimated digestibility. The optimised assay gave realistic hindgut OMD values ranging from 55% to 79% (Wheat Bran Diet and Pectin Diet, respectively) using an 18-h incubation duration.

Effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculant and beet pulp addition on fermentation characteristics and in vitro ruminal digestion of vegetable residue silage

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of beet pulp (BP) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) on silage fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal dry matter (DM) digestion of vegetable residues, including white cabbage, Chinese cabbage, red cabbage, and lettuce. Silage was prepared using a small-scale fermentation system, and treatments were designed as control silage without additive or with BP (30% fresh matter basis), LAB inoculant Chikuso-1 (Lactobacillus plantarum, 5mg/kg, fresh matter basis), and BP+LAB. In vitro incubation was performed using rumen fluid mixed with McDougall's artificial saliva (at a ratio of 1:4, vol/vol) at 39°C for 6h to determine the ruminal fermentability of the vegetable residue silages. These vegetable residues contained high levels of crude protein (20.6–22.8% of DM) and moderate levels of neutral detergent fiber (22.7–33.6% of DM). In all silages, the pH sharply decreased and lactic acid increased, and the growth of bacilli, coliform bacteria, molds, and yeasts was inhibited by the low pH at the early stage of ensiling. The silage treated with BP or LAB had a lower pH and a higher lactic acid content than the control silage. After 6h of incubation, all silages had relatively high DM digestibility (38.6–44.9%); in particular, the LAB-inoculated silage had the highest DM digestibility and the lowest methane production. The vegetable residues had high nutritional content and high in vitro DM digestibility. Also, both the addition of a LAB inoculant and moisture adjustment with BP improved the fermentation quality of the vegetable residue silages. In addition, LAB increased DM digestibility and decreased ruminal methane production.