Increase In Coronary Heart Disease Research Articles

The Effect of Aaerobic Exercise on Functional Capacity Increase in Coronary Heart Disease Patients: A Narrative Review

The heart condition known as coronary heart disease (CHD) is brought on by the narrowing of the coronary arteries as a result of atherosclerosis, spasm, or a combination of both. This results in a disruption in the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardial tissue due to a decrease in coronary blood flow and a reduction in functional capacity. Objective: The study aims to determine the effect of aerobic exercise on functional capacity increase in coronary heart disease patients. Method: The research employed a narrative review method with the PICO framework (Population/Patient/Problem, Intervention, Comparation, and Outcome). The journals were searched from 2 databases, namely Google Scholar with 15,700 articles and Pubmed 639 articles. The inclusion criteria in this study were national or international articles and full text about the effect of aerobic exercise on functional capacity decline in coronary heart patients published in 2012- 2022. Result: After reviewing the title, relevancy of the abstract, and full text of 16,334 papers from 2 databases, 10 journals demonstrated that aerobic exercise was effective to increase the functional capacity in coronary heart disease patients. Conclusion: There is an effect of aerobic exercise on functional capacity increase in coronary heart disease patients.Keywords: Aerobic Exercise, Coronary Heart Disease, Functional Capacity

Associations among carotid plaque progression, cerebrovascular/cardiovascular diseases and LDL-C/non-HDL-C goal achievement in diabetic patients: A retrospective cohort study

BackgroundImpaired glycolipid metabolism can induce vascular injury and plaque formation. It is important to investigate the associations between carotid plaque progression and lipid-lowering goal achievement and cardiovascular disease. MethodsDiabetic patients who underwent at least 2 carotid ultrasound scans with intervals ≥0.5 years and were hospitalized in the Department of Endocrinology at Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital were included. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on carotid plaque progression: the persistent plaque absence, new-onset plaque and persistent plaque presence groups. The primary outcomes were CHD and stroke, while the secondary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) goal achievement. ResultsThere were 304 diabetic patients included, with a median follow-up period of 2.15 years. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, persistent plaque presence was positively associated with a 2.285-fold increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) prevalence, while new-onset plaque was associated with a 3.225-fold increase in stroke prevalence compared to persistent plaque absence in patients with follow-up periods ≥ 0.5 years. The association remained significant in patients with a follow-up period ≥ 1 year and ≥2 years. The velocity of average plaque length change was independently associated with increased ΔLDL-C (last – goal) (β = 0.073, P = 0.048). ConclusionCarotid plaque progression had long-term association with CHD and stroke starting from 0.5 years, while the velocity of average plaque length associated with increased ΔLDL-C (last – goal) might reflect patient response to statins. Repeated carotid plaque measurements might guide lipid-lowering therapies.

A Case Study on Coronary Heart Disease using Machine Learning Techniques

Background/Purpose: We have seen an increase in coronary heart disease and heart attack risk in recent years. This is a case study on Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences and Research, Bengaluru to get a better understanding of the heart related ailments and their related symptoms. The hospital specializes in cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery and paediatric cardiology. Based on the symptoms various ailments are diagnosed and treated with different treatments like angioplasty, placement of stent, lifestyle changes and medicines. As part of the research, various health parameters will be collected and analyzed for diagnosing heart related ailments using Machine Learning methods. Determining the appropriate Machine Learning technique to achieve maximum accuracy is the key to achieve a better treatment and prevention of mortality. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study was undertaken using secondary sources, such as website of Sri Jayadeva Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Research, journals, conference articles, the internet and scholarly articles. The SWOT framework is used to analyse, and present, the information acquired from web articles, scholarly papers and other sources. Findings/Results: Heart ailments can be predicted using a few key parameters which can help in avoiding mortality. For this purpose machine learning algorthims, Neural Networks, Particle Swarm algorithm and many more can be applied on those medicial parameters. Originality/Value: This paper reports an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of Coronary Heart Diseases and the treatment provided by Jayadeva Cardiology Hospital on different data collected. Paper Type: Case study-based Research Analysis

Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Relationship of Metabolic and Morphofunctional Disorders of Thyroid and Adrenal Glands in Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity

Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Relationship of Metabolic and Morphofunctional Disorders of Thyroid and Adrenal Glands in Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity

Management of chronic cardiometabolic conditions and mental health during COVID-19

Management of chronic cardiometabolic conditions and mental health during COVID-19

Association of Body Mass Index With Coronary Artery Calcium and Subsequent Cardiovascular Mortality: The Coronary Artery Calcium Consortium.

Obesity is associated with higher risk for coronary artery calcium (CAC), but the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and mortality is complex and frequently paradoxical. We analyzed BMI, CAC, and subsequent mortality using data from the CAC Consortium, a multi-centered cohort of individuals free of established cardiovascular disease (CVD) who underwent CAC testing. Mortality was assessed through linkage to the Social Security Death Index and cause of death from the National Death Index. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios for the association of clinically relevant BMI categories and prevalent CAC. Cox proportional hazards regression modeling was used to determine hazard ratios for coronary heart disease, CVD, and all-cause mortality according to categories of BMI and CAC. Our sample included 36 509 individuals, mean age 54.1 (10.3) years, 34.4% female, median BMI 26.6 (interquartile range, 24.1-30.1), 46.6% had zero CAC, and 10.5% had CAC ≥400. Compared with individuals with normal BMI, the multivariable adjusted odds of CAC >0 were increased in those overweight (odds ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.1-1.2]) and obese (odds ratio, 1.5 [95% CI, 1.4-1.6]). Over a median follow-up of 11.4 years, there were 1550 deaths (4.3%). Compared with normal BMI, obese individuals had a higher risk of coronary heart disease, CVD, and all-cause mortality while overweight individuals, despite a higher odds of CAC, showed no significant increase in mortality. In a sex-stratified analysis, the increase in coronary heart disease, CVD, and all-cause mortality in obese individuals appeared largely limited to men, and there was a lower risk of all-cause mortality in overweight women (hazard ratio, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.63-0.98]). In a large sample undergoing CAC scoring, obesity was associated with a higher risk of CAC and subsequent coronary heart disease, CVD, and all-cause mortality. However, overweight individuals did not have a higher risk of mortality despite a higher risk for CAC.

Study comparing the hypolipidemic effects of Terminalia Arjuna with Rosuvastatin on triglyceride and high density lipoprotein- cholesterol levels

Study comparing the hypolipidemic effects of Terminalia Arjuna with Rosuvastatin on triglyceride and high density lipoprotein- cholesterol levels - IJPCA- Print ISSN No: - 2394-2789 Online ISSN No:- 2394-2797 Article DOI No:- 10.18231/j.ijpca.2019.023, International Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis-Int

Comorbid depression and risk of cardiac events and cardiac mortality in people with diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ObjectiveTo examine the association of comorbid occurrence of diabetes and depression with risk of cardiovascular endpoints including cardiovascular mortality, coronary heart disease and stroke. Research design and methodsA systematic review and metaanalysis. We searched PUBMED/MEDLINE, Medscape, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE and Scopus databases assessing cardiac events and mortality associated with depression in diabetes up until 1 December 2018. Pooled hazard ratios were calculated using random- effects models. ResultsNine studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined pooled hazard ratios showed a significant association of cardiac events in people with depression and type 2 diabetes, compared to those with type 2 diabetes alone. For cardiovascular mortality the pooled hazard ratio was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.185, 1.845), p = 0.001, for coronary heart disease 1.37 (1.165, 1.605), p < 0.001 and for stroke 1.33 (1.291, 1.369), p < 0.001. Heterogeneity was high in the meta-analysis for stroke events (I-squared = 84.7%) but was lower for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular mortality (15% and 43.4% respectively). Meta-regression analyses showed that depression was not significantly associated with the study level covariates mean age, duration of diabetes, length of follow-up, BMI, sex and ethnicity (p < 0.05 for all models). Only three studies were found that examined the association of depression in type 1 diabetes, there was a high degree of heterogeneity and data synthesis was not conducted for these studies. ConclusionsWe have demonstrated a 47.9% increase in cardiovascular mortality, 36.8% increase in coronary heart disease and 32.9% increase in stroke in people with diabetes and comorbid depression. The presence of depression in a person with diabetes should trigger the consideration of evidence-based therapies for cardiovascular disease prevention irrespective of the baseline risk of cardiovascular disease or duration of diabetes.

Insights from outside BJOG

Insights from outside BJOG

Comorbid Depression and Risk of Cardiac Events and Cardiac Mortality in People with Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Objective: To examine the comorbid occurrence of diabetes and depression with clinical CVD endpoints, by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Research Design and Methods: We searched PUBMED/MEDLINE, Medscape, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE and Scopus databases assessing cardiac events and mortality associated with depression in diabetes up until 1 December 2018. Pooled hazard ratios were calculated using random- effects models. Results: Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. The combined pooled hazard ratios all showed a significant risk of cardiac events in people with depression and type 2 diabetes, compared to those with type 2 diabetes alone. For cardiovascular mortality the pooled hazard ratio was 1.48 (95% CI: 1.185, 1.845), p=0.001, for coronary heart disease 1.37 (1.165, 1.605), p<0.001 and for stroke 1.33 (1.291, 1.369), p<0.001. Heterogeneity was high in the meta-analysis for stroke events (I-squared = 84.7%) but was lower for coronary heart disease and cardiovascular mortality (15% and 43.4% respectively). Meta-regression analyses showed the impact of depression was not significantly associated with the study level covariates mean age, duration of diabetes, length of follow-up, BMI, sex and ethnicity (p<0.05 for all models). Only three studies were found that examined the association of depression in type 1 diabetes, there was a high degree of heterogeneity and data synthesis was not conducted for these studies. Conclusions: We have demonstrated a 47.9% increase in cardiovascular mortality, 36.8% increase in coronary heart disease and 32.9% increase in stroke in people with diabetes and comorbid depression. The presence of depression in a person with diabetes should trigger the consideration of evidence-based therapies for cardiovascular disease prevention irrespective of the baseline risk of cardiovascular disease or duration of diabetes. Funding Statement: The authors state: None. Declaration of Interests: The authors stated: None relevant to declare. Ethics Approval Statement: No separate ethical approval was required for the conduct of this study, as any necessary ethical approval was obtained for each of the individual studies contributing data to the meta-analysis. The authors conducted this literature-based review using a protocol registered in the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (ID=CRD42017083968) and in accordance with guidelines of PRISMA.

Review of current global evidences for prevention of coronary heart disease

India is experiencing epidemiologic transition with sharp increase in coronary heart disease (CHD). Fatality rate of CHD is alarmingly high leading to the most common cause of premature mortality in 2016. There is the growing burden of coronary risk factors owing to rapid urbanization and changes in lifestyle, including diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary patterns, central obesity physical inactivity, and psychological factors. These risk factors attribute 90% of CHD in population. The global evidences of preventive strategies is being reviewed in this paper with the aim to get the glimpse of study on CHD and find gaps in the research.

SMOKING INFLUENCE ON THE OUTCOMES AND COMPLICATIONS OF CORONARY BYPASS SURGERY

In the article, the analysis provided, of the literary data on smoking and smoking cessation influence on coronary bypass surgery efficacy and life duration of the patients. Most scientific articles provide data on the increase of both the mortality and complications number in smokers. Meta-analysis of 564 works on the influence of smoking on coronary bypass outcomes, convincing evidence was provided on the necessity to quit smoking. Ten, 20- and 30-year lasting observations post coronary bypass surgery demonstrate the benefits of smoking cessation for life duration increase in coronary heart disease. Meta-analysis of the various approaches efficacy in cardiovascular patients has been done in 2017 and shows the efficacy of medication therapy. Among the drugs for nicotin addiction treatment in cardiovascular patients, the most effective is varenicline, with confirmed safety in chronic stable cardiovascular disorders patients, as in acute coronary heart disease patients. To overcome the psychological component of the addiction it is worthy to conduct cognitive-behavioral therapy that can be done by the specialists of Call Center for smoking cessation organized by the Ministry of Health of Russian Federation.

Short-term exposures to PM2.5 and cause-specific mortality of cardiovascular health in China

BackgroundMany multi-center epidemiological studies have robustly examined the acute health effects of exposure to low concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on cardiovascular mortality in developed counties. However, data limitations have resulted in few related studies being conducted in developing counties with high levels of PM2.5 exposure. In recent years, people in China with a heavy cardiovascular disease burden have been exposed to particularly high levels of PM2.5. ObjectiveWe conducted a multi-county time series study investigating the acute effects of PM2.5 on the increased risk of cardiovascular death across China, and explored subpopulations susceptible to PM2.5 exposure. MethodsAppling a county-specific Poisson regression in 30 Chinese counties, we estimated PM2.5 effects on all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality of cardiovascular health for 2013–2015. We also considered PM2.5 effects on several subpopulations, including males, females, and three age groups (< 65, 65–74 and > 74 years old). We pooled the county-specific results across China using a random effects meta-analysis by cause and by subpopulation. ResultsWe found a 0.13% (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.04–0.22) increase in all-cause mortality, a 0.12% increase (95% CI, 0.001–0.25) increase in cardiovascular disease (CVD), a 0.42% (95% CI, 0.03–0.81) increase in AMI, a 0.17% (95% CI, −0.04–0.40) increase in coronary heart disease, and a 0.13% (95% CI, −0.12–0.33) increase in stroke in association with a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations on the same day. The magnitudes of the associations were less than those reported in developed counties with lower PM2.5 levels. A vulnerable effect on all-cause mortality was observed in the elderly population (older than 65 years) and on CVD in males. ConclusionsThis study showed the positive magnitude of PM2.5 effects with high exposure on all natural, CVD, and cause-specific mortality and on the susceptible populations in China. The findings complemented evidence related to exposure-mortality relationships at the higher end of short-term exposure to PM2.5 on a global scale.

Veterans of Combat

Approximately 2.6 million troops have served or are serving overseas as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation New Dawn in Iraq and Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan, as of September 2013.1 There have been 6664 casualties and 51 904 wounded as of February 2014.2 Although definitions of combat experience vary, 30% of veterans with service in Afghanistan and 71% to 86% of those serving in Iraq have participated in a firefight.3 The rising mental health problems of returning veterans are well documented,4 with ≤20% of returning veterans meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)5 and up to 17% meeting criteria for any psychological disorder (depression, anxiety, or PTSD).3 These mental health problems stem directly from combat, with a dose-response relationship–the more firefights the soldiers had experienced, the higher the rate of PTSD and depression.3 Article see p 1813 However, evidence is emerging for a role of combat in exerting not just a psychological but also a physiologic toll. Previous studies of the long-term physical consequences of combat have shown mixed results. In one prospective longitudinal study enrolling veterans shortly after World War II, those who had experienced combat were more likely to die or report physical decline over a 15-year period.6 In the Atherosclerotic Risk in Communities study, however, no increase in coronary heart disease (CHD) was seen in combat-exposed veterans compared with those who had not seen combat or who …

Explanation for the Japanese Paradox: Prevention of Increase in Coronary Heart Disease and Reduction in Stroke

Explanation for the Japanese Paradox: Prevention of Increase in Coronary Heart Disease and Reduction in Stroke

Coronary Heart Disease in South-Asian Women

ABSTRACT With the demographic transition in the South-Asian region coronary heart disease in post menopausal women is a major challenge. Women with myocardial infarction often have atypical presentation and have a higher mortality. In South-Asia there is high prevalence of coronary heart disease among women and there is an increasing incidence in both urban and rural areas. While obesity and lack of exercise contribute largely to traditional risk factors in South-Asian women in midlife, nontraditional newer risk factors seem to play a major role in increased prevalence and mortality. Early prevention strategies targeting diet, physical exercise and mental stress are important in preventing further increase of coronary heart disease in South- Asian women. How to cite this article Gooneratne MDP. Coronary Heart Disease in South-Asian Women. J South Asian Feder Menopause Soc 2013;1(2):84-87.

Current Resources for Evidence‐Based Practice January/February 2013

Current Resources for Evidence‐Based Practice January/February 2013

The dynamics of life expectancy over the last six decades in elderly people with diabetes

AimTo investigate the historical changes in survival with diabetes in elderly people with diabetes. Research design and methodsWe analyzed 6504 deaths (44.5% males) registered in a large urban population, aged ≥65 years, and deceased between 1943 and 2009. We split the analysis into three time periods according to year of death: 1943–1965, 1966–1988 and 1989–2009. The parallel changes in the corresponding general population were available. ResultsThe mean age at diabetes onset was 70.8±4.7 years, with mean disease duration at death 7.5±5 years, and mean age at death 78.3±5.9 years. The mean survival loss due to diabetes (expected minus observed survival) was 4.5±5.1 years (4.9±5.1 years for females versus 4.1±5.2 years for males, p<0.001). The mean disease duration at death was 6.4±5.7 years in the period 1943–1965, followed by a significant (p=0.019) rise to 7±5 years in 1966–1988, and 8.3±4.9 years (p<0.001) in 1989–2009. There was a significant increase in coronary heart disease and stroke, and a significant decrease in infections and end-stage renal disease as causes of death. ConclusionsWe found a significant increase in age at onset and survival with diabetes leading to a significant increase in age at death. Females had a higher survival loss due to diabetes compared with males.

Reduction of cardiovascular risk in patients with metabolic syndrome in a community health center after a pharmaceutical care program of pharmacotherapy follow-up

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a pharmaceutical care (PC) program in a sample of public outpatients with metabolic syndrome (MS) who were being treated in Brazil's health system; the patients were randomized into PC or standard care. The pharmacotherapy follow-up (PF) was performed in a total of 120 patients with type 2 diabetes for 6 months. Adherence to treatment (measured with the Morisky test), negative outcomes associated with medication (NOM) and anthropometric and biochemical parameters were measured before and after PF. The Framingham scoring method was used to estimate changes in 10-year coronary heart disease risk scores in all patients. Ninety-six of 120 patients had characteristics of MS and were randomized into two groups (G): the control group (CG: 36) and the intervention group (IG: 38). Among the MS patients, 100% were taking a glucose-lowering drug; many were also taking anti-hypertensive drugs (CG: 72%; IG: 73%), and some patients were also taking hypolipemic drugs (CG: 12.0%; IG: 14.7%). Only 20.7% of the IG patients were considered adherent to their prescribed drugs. In the CG, an increase of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk (22±2 to 26±3; p&lt;0.05) was observed, while in the IG, there was a reduction in CHD risk (22±2 to 14±2%; p&lt;0.01). The PC program administered to patients with MS monitored through the primary healthcare services of the Brazilian public health system improved patient health, resulting in clinical improvements and a decrease in cardiovascular risk in IG patients over a period of ten years.

Dilemmas of Blood Pressure Management for Heart Failure Prevention

More than 5.5 million individuals in the United States have heart failure (HF), more than a half-million individuals are diagnosed annually, and more than 1 million HF hospitalizations occur yearly.1 Outcomes remain poor, with approximately 50% of patients dying within 5 years of diagnosis.2 These trends will worsen when aging of the 78 million baby boomers will result in 1 in 5 Americans to be over the age of 65 years by the year 2050.3 HF incidence and prevalence are highest in the elderly. Incidence rate is 10 per 1000 individuals after age 65 years, and 80% of patients hospitalized with HF are over 65 years of age.1 A recent statement from the American Heart Association suggests that if the current trend continues, then by 2030 HF prevalence will increase by 25%, as opposed to 16.6% and 9.9% increase in coronary heart disease and hypertension, respectively, leading to a rise in estimated direct and indirect cost of care to 95 billion dollars annually.4 These trends underscore the importance of population-based strategies to prevent HF. Patient 1 was a 66-year-old woman with a body mass index of 24, who was examined at a routine annual visit to her primary care physician. Her blood pressure was 148/94 mm Hg after 5 minutes in sitting position. She did not have diabetes mellitus or history of cardiovascular (CV) disease, and she did not smoke. Her routine laboratory tests were unremarkable, including normal renal function. She was asymptomatic. Patient 2 was a 74-year-old man with a body mass index of 32, who was examined at a routine clinic visit to his cardiologist. His blood pressure was 148/94 mm Hg after 5 minutes in sitting position. He did not have diabetes mellitus. He had a history of non–Q-wave myocardial infarction 3 …