Increase In Bone-implant Contact Research Articles

The Effects of Corona Stimulation on the Osseointegration of Dental Implants: An Experimental Study

Aim: Currently, one of the most promising research areas in dental implantology is the exploration of additional procedures to reduce loading time for implants and enhance osseointegration in cases of poor bone quality. Various techniques have been researched and developed for stimulating bone production, including electrical stimulation of the jawbone and surrounding tissues. However, there is limited research on the direct relationship between electrostimulation and osseointegration. This experimental study aims to investigate the effects of corona stimulation (CS) on the rate and quality of osseointegration, as well as its potential to reduce the waiting period for dental implants. Material and Method: In this experimental protocol, 32 dental implants were inserted into the tibia of four male sheep bilaterally. Implants on the right tibia of each male sheep underwent CS treatment, while the other side served as a control group without any stimulation. The animals were sacrificed on the 15th and 30th days after implantation. Bone segments containing the implants were processed using a noncalcified method. It assessed new bone formation and osseointegration around the dental implants using the undecalcified method and histomorphological analysis. An experienced blinded investigator measured percentages of mineralized bone-implant contact (BIC), bone area (BAr), and bone perimeter (BPm) to evaluate the bone-implant interface. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 21 for Windows, with a significance level set at p<0.05. Results: The histomorphometric parameters revealed a significant increase in BIC, BAr, and BPm values in the CS group compared to the control group on both the 15th and 30th days (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in BIC ratio between the second and fourth stimulation groups. Conclusion: The findings of this experimental study suggest that CS may have a positive impact on the early osseointegration period of dental implants.

A NOVEL OSSEOUS DENSIFICATION APPROACH IN IMPLANT OSTEOTOMY PREPARATION TO INCREASE BIOMECHANICAL PRIMARY STABILITY

Prosthetic rehabilitation of missing teeth (partial/complete) using dental implant has been an established procedure for a long time. Conventionally it involves the use of twisted drills to prepare the implant site. However, the use of modied drills such as Densah burs is relatively new. It works in densifying mode by compacting the bone into a prepared osteotomy site which leads to an increase in primary stability due to an increase in boneimplant contact. This method is based on the principle of bone conservation and it can be used as an essential treatment alternative. The case report presented here describes the utilization of the novel technique for the implant site preparation when there is alveolar ridge deciency and the successful osseointegration of dental implant without the need for any additional surgical procedure to carry out any bone augmentation. The results of this study concluded that, adequate implant stability with preservation of alveolar ridge integrity was achieved, resulting in a shorter duration of restoration for the patient.

Enhancing the bone healing on electrical stimuli through the dental implant

Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different density and amplitude of electric current on the percentage of bone-implant contact (BIC) using the finite element method. Materials and Methods Numerical models were performed on commercially pure titanium grade IV implants connected to a 1.5 V battery with an electrical resistance (R) at 150 kΩ on 10 µA or at 75 kΩ on 20 µA. The percentage of simulated BIC was analysed by varying the electric current from 1 up to 60 µA. The variation of electric current application was simulated for coronal and apical peri-implant regions. Results The findings showed that a direct and constant electric current source below 10 μA does not provide a proper current density for osseointegration (BIC < 55%). Electric current sources ranging from 10 to 20 μA resulted in an increase in BIC above 60% while BIC reached 90% on 30 to 40 μA. Also, the application of the current source on 20 μA at the apical peri-implant region resulted in a high BIC percentage at around 86.1%. Conclusions The location and intensity of the electrical current source can increase the resultant electrical current density at the implant-bone interface and enhance the bone healing process. Although the model is a simplified version of the biological process in the bone-implant interface, such findings can predict a magnitude of electrical current density required to stimulate osseointegration.

Effects of Surface Topography and Chemistry on Polyether-Ether-Ketone (PEEK) and Titanium Osseointegration.

An in vivo study examining the functional osseointegration of smooth, rough, and porous surface topographies presenting polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) or titanium surface chemistry. To investigate the effects of surface topography and surface chemistry on implant osseointegration. Interbody fusion devices have been used for decades to facilitate fusion across the disc space, yet debate continues over their optimal surface topography and chemistry. Though both factors influence osseointegration, the relative effects of each are not fully understood. Smooth, rough, and porous implants presenting either a PEEK or titanium surface chemistry were implanted into the proximal tibial metaphyses of 36 skeletally mature male Sprague Dawley rats. At 8 weeks, animals were euthanized and bone-implant interfaces were subjected to micro-computed tomography analysis (n = 12), histology (n = 4), and biomechanical pullout testing (n = 8) to assess functional osseointegration and implant fixation. Micro-computed tomography analysis demonstrated that bone ingrowth was 38.9 ± 2.8% for porous PEEK and 30.7 ± 3.3% for porous titanium (P = 0.07). No differences in fixation strength were detected between porous PEEK and porous titanium despite titanium surfaces exhibiting an overall increase in bone-implant contact compared with PEEK (P < 0.01). Porous surfaces exhibited increased fixation strength compared with smooth and rough surfaces regardless of surface chemistry (P < 0.05). Across all groups both surface topography and chemistry had a significant overall effect on fixation strength (P < 0.05), but topography accounted for 65.3% of the total variance (ω = 0.65), whereas surface chemistry accounted for 5.9% (ω = 0.06). The effect of surface topography (specifically porosity) dominated the effect of surface chemistry in this study and could lead to further improvements in orthopedic device design. The poor osseointegration of existing smooth PEEK implants may be linked more to their smooth surface topography rather than their material composition. N/A.

Improving the surface energy of titanium implants by the creation of hierarchical textures on the surface via three-dimensional elliptical vibration turning for enhanced osseointegration.

An increase in bone-implant contact and an increase in surface hydrophilicity are the two important factors involved in improving osseointegration. Therefore, three-dimensional elliptical vibration turning method is applied to increase the hydrophilicity of titanium surface by the generation of hierarchical nano- and micro-textures. That being the case, face turning process at different cutting conditions is carried out in this research. Surface roughness and the contact angle of water drops with machined surfaces were selected to be measured for the analysis of surface hydrophilicity. The results show that an additional surface area can be achieved by the generation of micro- or nano-textures, resulting in a lower contact angle. Furthermore, intermittent movement of cutting tool in vibration cutting causes the process to be more stable, achieving the desired range of surface roughness.

Sandblasted and Acid Etched Titanium Dental Implant Surfaces Systematic Review and Confocal Microscopy Evaluation.

The field of dental implantology has made progress in recent years, allowing safer and predictable oral rehabilitations. Surely the rehabilitation times have also been reduced, thanks to the advent of the new implant surfaces, which favour the osseointegration phases and allow the clinician to rehabilitate their patients earlier. To carry out this study, a search was conducted in the Pubmed, Embase and Elsevier databases; the articles initially obtained according to the keywords used numbered 283, and then subsequently reduced to 10 once the inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The review that has been carried out on this type of surface allows us to fully understand the features and above all to evaluate all the advantages or not related. The study materials also are supported by a manufacturing company, which provided all the indications regarding surface treatment and confocal microscopy scans. In conclusion, we can say that, thanks to these new surfaces, it has been possible to shorten the time necessary to obtain osseointegration and, therefore, secondary stability on the part of implants. The surfaces, therefore, guarantee an improved cellular adhesion and thanks to the excellent wettability all the biological processes that derive from it, such as increases in the exposed implant surface, resulting in an increase in bone-implant contact (BIC).

Bone implant contact and its relationship with strain in the surrounding bone

Objective: The objective of this study is to measure the strain developed in the simulated bone around implants with different percentages of bone implant contact (BIC), namely 50%, 75% and 100%, with loads of 200, 400, 600, and 800 N. Materials and Methods: Thirty implant replicas of dimension 3.75 mm × 11.5 mm were mounted in simulated bone blocks of auto-polymerizing acrylic resin. The difference in the BICs was created by selectively covering the threaded portion with modeling wax. The wax used for covering the implant surface was eliminated by injecting hot water through sprues created in the resin blocks. Radiographs of the prepared acrylic blocks were taken to ensure different BICs. Metal-ceramic crowns were cemented over abutments. Strain gauges were bonded and static loads of 200, 400, 600, 800 N were applied using a universal testing machine. Data were statistically analyzed with factorial ANOVA. Results: An increase in strain was observed when the percentage of bone to implant contact increased. For specimens with 50% BIC, at 200 N load peri-implant strain of 42.8 μe was recorded, and which progressively increased with increase to 94.02 μe with increase in load to 800 N. For the specimens with 75% BIC, at 200 N load peri-implant strain of 208.9 μe was recorded, which increased to 254.5 μe when the load increased to 800 N. Similarly, for the specimens with 100% BIC, at 200 N load peri-implant strain of 347.02 μe was recorded and this increased to 427.7 μe when the load was increased to 800 N. Conclusions: An increase in BIC by 1.5 times, from 50% to 75%, resulted in an increase in peri-implant strain by 3.5 times. On the other hand, when BIC increased 1.3 times from 75% to 100%, an increase in peri-implant strain was 1.6 times. Insignificant effect of load on the peri-implant strain was observed when the load increased by 200 N. Rise in occlusal load by 400 N showed significant increase in the peri-implant strain.

A systematic review and meta-analysis on the influence of biological implant surface coatings on periimplant bone formation.

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the influence of biological implant surface coatings on periimplant bone formation in comparison to an uncoated titanium reference surface in experimental large animal models. The analysis was structured according to the PRISMA criteriae. Of the1077 studies, 30 studies met the inclusion criteriae. Nineteen studies examined the bone implant contact (BIC) and were included in the meta-analysis. Overall, the mean increase in BIC for the test surfaces compared to the reference surfaces was 3.7 percentage points (pp) (95% CI -3.9-11.2, p=0.339). Analyzing the increase in BIC for specific coated surfaces in comparison to uncoated reference surfaces, inorganic surface coatings showed a significant mean increase in BIC of 14.7pp (95% CI 10.6-18.9, p<0.01), extracellular matrix (ECM) surface coatings showed an increase of 10.0pp (95% CI 4.4-15.6, p<0.001), and peptide coatings showed a statistical trend with 7.1pp BIC increase (95% CI -0.8-15.0, p=0.08). In this review, no statistically significant difference could be found for growth factor surface coatings (observed difference -3.3pp, 95% CI -16.5-9.9, p=0.6). All analyses are exploratory in nature. The results show a statistically significant effect of inorganic and ECM coatings on periimplant bone formation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 2898-2910, 2016.

Effect of lentiviral vector overexpression α-calcitonin gene-related peptide on titanium implant osseointegration in α-CGRP-deficient mice

α-Calcitonin gene-related peptide (α-CGRP) plays a significant pathophysiological role in bone development, metabolism and remodeling around dental implants. However, the half-life of α-CGRP in plasma is only 10min, which affects its long-time application and an alternative approach should be developed to deliver α-CGRP over long periods of time. The aim of this study is to investigate whether a lentiviral α-CGRP overexpression vector system can express this target-gene longer at peri-implant sites, thus enhancing osseointegration. Animals were divided to the following groups: α-CGRP−/−, α-CGRP−/− with lentivirus transfection and α-CGRP+/+ mice. IVIS Spectrum imaging observations identified the successful transfection of α-CGRP around experimental implants inserted in the femurs at 5days after injection. Histomorphometrical analysis indicated an increase of bone-implant contact (BIC) at 1-month healing in the transfection group. Moreover, real-time RT-PCR and western blot results of bone-related markers Runx2, Osterix, and BSP levels elevated in lentivirus-transfected mice at 21days, compared to the untreated α-CGRP−/− mice. There was no significant difference between the transfection group and α-CGRP+/+ group. Further α-CGRP protein detection confirmed the persistent expression of this transgene at 21days post-operatively. These results suggest that this lentiviral vector system expresses α-CGRP in an effective, appropriate and sustained manner, which might have a potential application in enhancing titanium implant osseointegration.

Nanotubes Functionalized with BMP2 Knuckle Peptide Improve the Osseointegration of Titanium Implants in Rabbits.

To determine the effects of surface modification on implant osseointegration in vivo, we first immobilized polydopamine onto 70-nm diameter TiO2 nanotubes as an intermediate layer, and then conjugated a 21 amino acid peptide sequence (the so-called "knuckle peptide") of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) onto the nanotubes created by electrochemical anodization. We inserted these implants into the tibiae of rabbits and measured the gene expression and bone formation around them. The successful fabrication of BMP-2 knuckle peptide was confirmed by contact angle measurement, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The histological features and the amount of bone fluorescence around the implants on non-decalcified sections were investigated at 3, 5, 8, and 12 weeks after implantation using traditional light and fluorescence microscopy, and the gene expression of alkaline phosphatase, osterix, collagen-I, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was examined by real-time PCR at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after implantation. The results demonstrated a significant increase in bone-implant contact, quantity of fluorescence, and gene expression levels of the bone attached to implants with immobilized BMP-2 knuckle peptide compared with the other two control groups. In conclusion, the surface functionalization of TiO2 nanotubes with BMP-2 knuckle peptide was beneficial for osseointegration and this approach could be further developed to improve Ti-based implants for various applications.

A histological and biomechanical study of bone stress and bone remodeling around immediately loaded implants.

Immediate loading (IL) increases the risk of marginal bone loss. The present study investigated the biomechanical response of peri-implant bone in rabbits after IL, aiming at optimizing load management. Ninety-six implants were installed bilaterally into femurs of 48 rabbits. Test implants on the left side created the maximal initial stress of 6.9 and 13.4 MPa in peri-implant bone and unloaded implants on the contralateral side were controls. Bone morphology and bone-implant interface strength were measured with histological examination and push-out testing during a 12-week observation period. Additionally, the animal data were incorporated into finite element (FE) models to calculate the bone stress distribution at different levels of osseointegration. Results showed that the stress was concentrated in the bone margin and the bone stress gradually decreased as osseointegration proceeded. A stress of about 2.0 MPa in peri-implant bone had a positive effect on new bone formation, osseointegration and bone-implant interface strength. Bone loss was observed in some specimens with stress exceeding 4.0 MPa. Data indicate that IL significantly increases bone stress during the early postoperative period, but the load-bearing capacity of peri-implant bone increases rapidly with an increase of bone-implant contact. Favorable bone responses may be continually promoted when the stress in peri-implant bone is maintained at a definite level. Accordingly, the progressive loading mode is recommended for IL implants.

Gene Expression Profiling and Histomorphometric Analyses of The Early Bone Healing Response Around Nanotextured Implants

While in vitro studies have shown that nanoscale surface modifications influence cell fate and activity, there is little information on how they modulate healing at the bone-implant interface. This study aims to investigate the effect of nanotopography at early time intervals when critical events for implant integration occur. Untreated and sulfuric acid/hydrogen peroxide-treated machined-surface titanium alloy implants were placed in rat tibiae. Samples were processed for DNA microarray analysis and histomorphometry. At both 3 and 5 days, the gene expression profile of the healing tissue around nanotextured implants differed from that around machined-surface implants or control empty holes, and were accompanied by an increase in bone-implant contact on day 5. While some standard pathways such as the immune response predominated, a number of unclassified genes were also implicated. Nanotexture elicits an initial gene response that is more complex than suspected so far and favors healing at the bone-implant interface.

Osseointegration of biochemically modified implants in an osteoporosis rodent model

The present study examined the impact of implant surface modifications on osseointegration in an osteoporotic rodent model. Sandblasted, acid-etched titanium implants were either used directly (control) or were further modified by surface conditioning with NaOH or by coating with one of the following active agents: collagen/chondroitin sulphate, simvastatin, or zoledronic acid. Control and modified implants were inserted into the proximal tibia of aged ovariectomised (OVX) osteoporotic rats (n=32/group). In addition, aged oestrogen competent animals received either control or NaOH conditioned implants. Animals were sacrificed 2 and 4 weeks post-implantation. The excised tibiae were utilised for biomechanical and morphometric readouts (n=8/group/readout). Biomechanical testing revealed at both time points dramatically reduced osseointegration in the tibia of oestrogen deprived osteoporotic animals compared to intact controls irrespective of NaOH exposure. Consistently, histomorphometric and microCT analyses demonstrated diminished bone-implant contact (BIC), peri-implant bone area (BA), bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) and bone-mineral density (BMD) in OVX animals. Surface coating with collagen/chondroitin sulphate had no detectable impact on osseointegration. Interestingly, statin coating resulted in a transient increase in BIC 2 weeks post-implantation; which, however, did not correspond to improvement of biomechanical readouts. Local exposure to zoledronic acid increased BIC, BA, BV/TV and BMD at 4 weeks. Yet this translated only into a non-significant improvement of biomechanical properties. In conclusion, this study presents a rodent model mimicking severely osteoporotic bone. Contrary to the other bioactive agents, locally released zoledronic acid had a positive impact on osseointegration albeit to a lesser extent than reported in less challenging models.

Early‐stage osseointegration capability of a submicrofeatured titanium surface created by microroughening and anodic oxidation

The role of nanoscale/submicron morphological features in the process of osseointegration is largely unknown. This study reports the creation of a unique submicrofeatured titanium surface by a combination of anodic oxidation and sandblasting and determines how the addition of this submicrofeature to a microroughened surface affects the early-stage process of osseointegration. Nonmicroroughened implants were prepared by machining Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a cylindrical form (1mm diameter and 2mm long). Microroughened implants were prepared by sandblasting machined implants, while submicrofeatured implants were created by anodic oxidation of the sandblasted implants. Implants were placed into rat femurs and subjected to biomechanical, interfacial, and histological analyses at 1 and 2weeks post-implantation (n=6). The submicrotopography was characterized by 50-300nm nodules and pits in addition to other submicron-level irregularities formed entirely within the sandblast-created microstructures. The biomechanical strength of osseointegration increased continuously from week 1 to 2 for the submicrofeatured implants but not for the microroughened implants. A significant increase in bone-implant contact and bone volume, as well as a reduction in soft tissue intervention, were commonly found for the microroughened surface and the submicrofeatured surface compared with the nonmicroroughened surface. However, there were no differences in these parameters between the microroughened surface and the submicrofeatured surface. An extensive area of bone tissue at the submicrofeatured implant interface was retained intact after biomechanical shear testing, while the microroughened implant-tissue interface showed a gap along the entire axis of the implant, leading to clear separation of the tissue during the shear procedure. This study demonstrates that a submicrofeatured titanium surface created by a combination of sandblasting and anodic oxidation enhances the strength of early-stage osseointegration, primarily because of the increased resistance of peri-implant bone tissue against external force rather than modulation of bone morphogenesis.

Effects of predrilling on the osseointegration potential of mini-implants

To determine a reliable method of drilling a pilot hole when using a self-tapping surface-treated mini-implant and to evaluate stability after placement. Implant sites were predrilled in 12 rabbits with two devices: a conventional motor-driven handpiece and a newly developed hand drill. Mini-implants were then inserted in a complete random block design. Samples were divided into 1-week and 6-week groups to investigate osseointegration capacity in relation to the two time intervals. Mechanical and histomorphometric assessments were performed. Mechanical analysis revealed no difference in maximum removal torque or total removal energy between the motor-driven predrilling group and the hand-drilling group. No difference was found between the 1-week group and the 6-week group. Histomorphometric evaluation showed no difference in the bone-implant contact (BIC) ratio or the bone volume (BV) area. For the time interval, a statistically significant increase in BIC and BV area was found in the 6-week group when compared to the 1-week group. The osseointegration potential of the motor-driven predrilling method was not different from that of the manual predrilling method with the newly developed hand drill. Hand drilling may be an attractive predrilling method in preference to the conventional motor-driven pilot drilling.

Biological functionalization of dental implants with collagen and glycosaminoglycans—A comparative study

Biological implant surface coatings are an emerging technology to increase bone formation. Such an approach is of special interest in anatomical regions like the maxilla. In the present study, we hypothesized that the coating of titanium implants with components of the organic extracellular matrix increases bone formation and implant stability compared to an uncoated reference. The implants were coated using collagen-I with either two different concentrations of chondroitin sulfate (CS) or two differentially sulfated hyaluronans. Implant coatings were characterized biochemically and with atomic force microscopy. Histomorphometry was used to assess bone-implant contact (BIC) and bone-volume density (BVD) after 4 and 8 weeks of submerged healing in the maxilla of 20 minipigs. Further, implant stability was measured by resonance frequency analysis (RFA). Implants containing the lower CS concentration had significantly more BIC, compared to the uncoated reference at both times of interest. No significant increase was measured from week 4 to 8. Differences in BVD and RFA were statistically not significant. A higher concentration of CS and the application of sulfated hyaluronans showed no comparable increase in BIC. This study demonstrates a positive effect of a specific collagen-glycosaminoglycan combination on early bone formation in vivo.

A study of the bone healing kinetics of plateau versus screw root design titanium dental implants

This study was designed to compare the bone healing process around plateau root from (PRF) and screw root from (SRF) titanium dental implants over the immediate 12 week healing period post implant placement. 32PRF and 32SRF implants were placed in 8 beagle dogs at 12, 8, 5 and 3 weeks prior to enthanisation using a bilaterally balanced distribution. Undecalcified ground sections were prepared from the biopsies taken and histometric measurements of bone implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) were made on the middle 5 mm portion of each 8 mm implant root length. The analysis showed that although measurements of bone to implant contact (BIC) and bone area fraction occupancy (BAFO) tended to be greater for the SRF implants at all four time points, the differences in measurements between implant types did not reach statistical significance (P=0.07, P=0.06). The effect of time on BIC and BAFO was found to be strongly significant for both implant types thus indicating a statistically significant increase in BIC and BAFO overall with time (P=0.004, P=0.002). Furthermore, both PRF and SRF implants behaved similarly over time with measurements of BIC and BAFO progressing in parallel. Histomorphologic analysis of these sections demonstrated the prominent role of woven bone (callus) in the bone healing process around PRF implants. The results can be interpreted to indicate a comparable development of secondary stability for both PRF and SRF implant designs. However, as these parameters reflect the structural connection between implant and bone and not the functional properties of the bone to implant interface, they cannot be regarded as comprehensive measures of osseointegration. This particularly relevant given the reduced load bearing capacity of woven bone.

Suitability of differently designed matrix‐based implant surface coatings: An animal study on bone formation

The aim of the present study was to assay how bone formation around dental implants is influenced by differently composed collagen matrices and RGD peptide as implant surface coatings compared to a sandblasted titanium surface. Five different implant surface coatings were designed: titanium (sandblasted), collagen type I, collagen type I&III, RGD-peptide, and mineralized collagen. Sixty experimental implants of a square-shaped design were inserted into the mandibles of 12 minipigs, 3 months following extraction of the premolar teeth. During the 6-month study period, sequential polyfluorochrome labeling was performed. After sacrifice, bone implant contact (BIC) was evaluated using histologic and histomorphometric methods. New bone formation was observed against all implant surfaces. Polyfluorochrome labeling showed that bone growth started from the host bone in the majority of samples. The highest BIC was measured for collagen I and collagen I/III coated implants; however, significant differences between the coatings could not be found. Osseointegration was achieved for all implant surfaces. Although a statistically significant increase in BIC could not be demonstrated for the experimental coatings after the 6 months study period, there was also no discernible detrimental effect of the coatings in comparison to the uncoated titanium surfaces.

Local application of rhTGF-β2 enhances peri-implant bone volume and bone-implant contact in a rat model

Orthopedic and dental implant fixation depends upon bone regeneration. Growth factors such as transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) have been shown to enhance bone repair and strengthen the mechanical connection between implant and host skeleton in canine models. To provide a platform for studying molecular mechanisms of growth factor stimulated bone regeneration and implant fixation, the present study examined peri-implant bone volume as a response to TGF-β treatment in a rodent model. The rat femoral ablation model in which an implant is placed in the medullary cavity of the femur was used to examine the dose response to TGF-β2 applied to the implant (0, 0.1, 1.0, or 10 μg). The study included a total of 40 rats (10 per dose) examined at 28 days. Peri-implant bone volume and bone-implant contact were assessed through microcomputed tomography and implant fixation strength was determined by a mechanical pullout test. Treatment of the implant with 10 μg TGF-β2 led to a 2-fold increase in bone volume ( P < 0.001) and a 1.5-fold increase in bone-implant contact ( P < 0.01) with a trend of increasing fixation strength (non-significant increase of 1.4-fold). TGF-β2 treatment with 10 μg led to uniform peri-implant bone volume and bone-implant contact along the length of the implant, whereas the other groups had less bone at the mid-point compared to the proximal and distal aspects of the implant. About 50% of the variance in implant fixation strength was explained by a regression model involving both bone-implant contact and peri-implant bone volume.