Increase In Average Lifespan Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence Applications in Health

General practices (GPs), called family physicians in certain countries, are the cornerstone of primary health care. The increase in average lifespan and, thereby, the number of chronic diseases has recently increased the workload of GPs and decreased the time spent on the patient. Implementations of Artificial intelligence (AI)-powered systems are essential in GPs to facilitate the jobs of health professionals. Implementing AI-driven systems is expected to help health professionals diagnose and treat. AI involves the machine simulation of human cognitive capabilities, encompassing a range of technologies, including deep learning and machine learning. AI is currently being used across various applications in medicine and continues to evolve, and its role in medicine is expected to become increasingly prominent. AI-enhance sensor systems can continuously monitor physiological parameters and generate personalized medicinal therapy. However, the employment of AI in GPs is still in the very early phase. AI is a tool to aid healthcare professionals in improving the accuracy and speed of diagnosis rather than a replacement for their expertise. This review will focus on applying artificial intelligence in general practices (GPs).

Postoperative cognitive disorders and delirium in gynecologic surgery: Which surgery and anesthetic techniques to use to reduce the risk?

Despite their general good health, an increasing proportion of elderly individuals require surgery due to an increase in average lifespan. However, because of their increased vulnerability, these patients need to be handled carefully to make sure that surgery does not cause more harm than good. Age-related postoperative cognitive disorders (POCD) and postoperative delirium (POD), two serious consequences that are marked by adverse neuropsychologic alterations after surgery, are particularly dangerous for the elderly. In the context of gynecologic procedures, POCD and POD are examined in this narrative review. The main question is how to limit the rates of POCD and POD in older women undergoing gynecologic procedures by maximizing the risk-benefit balance. Three crucial endpoints are considered: (1) surgical procedures to lower the rates of POCD and POD, (2) anesthetic techniques to lessen the occurrence and (3) the identification of individuals at high risk for post-surgery cognitive impairments. Risks associated with laparoscopic gynecologic procedures include the Trendelenburg posture and CO2 exposure during pneumoperitoneum, despite statistical similarities in POD and POCD frequency between laparoscopic and laparotomy techniques. Numerous risk factors are associated with surgical interventions, such as blood loss, length of operation, and position holding, all of which reduce the chance of complications when they are minimized. In order to emphasize the essential role that anesthesia and surgery play in patient care, anesthesiologists are vital in making sure that anesthesia is given as sparingly and quickly as feasible. In addition, people who are genetically predisposed to POCD may be more susceptible to the disorder. The significance of a thorough strategy combining surgical and anesthetic concerns is highlighted in this article, in order to maximize results for senior patients having gynecologic surgery.

A collective analysis of lifespan-extending compounds in diverse model organisms, and of species whose lifespan can be extended the most by the application of compounds.

Research on aging and lifespan-extending compounds has been carried out using diverse model organisms, including yeast, worms, flies and mice. Many studies reported the identification of novel lifespan-extending compounds in different species, some of which may have the potential to translate to the clinic. However, studies collectively and comparatively analyzing all the data available in these studies are highly limited. Here, by using data from theDrugAge database, we first identified top compounds in terms of their effects on percent change in average lifespan of diverse organisms, collectively (n = 1728). We found that, when data from all organisms studied were combined for each compound, aspirin resulted in the highest percent increase in average lifespan (52.01%), followed by minocycline (27.30%), N-acetyl cysteine (17.93%), nordihydroguaiaretic acid (17.65%) and rapamycin (15.66%), in average. We showed that minocycline led to the highest percent increase in average lifespan among other compounds, in both Drosophila melanogaster (28.09%) and Caenorhabditis elegans (26.67%), followed by curcumin (11.29%) and gluconic acid (5.51%) for D. melanogaster and by metformin (26.56%), resveratrol (15.82%) and quercetin (9.58%) for C. elegans. Moreover, we found that top 5 species whose lifespan can be extended the most by compounds with lifespan-extending properties are Philodina acuticornis, Acheta domesticus, Aeolosoma viride, Mytilina brevispina and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (211.80%, 76%, 70.26%, 55.18% and 45.71% in average, respectively). This study provides novel insights on lifespan extension in model organisms, and highlights the importance of databases with high quality content curated by researchers from multiple resources, in aging research.

Female Urinary Incontinence - A Revisit on Prevalence of this Problem in Today’s Society, which is Increasing due to Increase in Average Life Span

Female Urinary Incontinence - A Revisit on Prevalence of this Problem in Today’s Society, which is Increasing due to Increase in Average Life Span

Visual Impairment and Mental Health: Unmet Needs and Treatment Options.

PurposeAn estimated 2.2 billion people are visually impaired worldwide. Given that age-related vision loss is a primary cause of vision impairment, this number is projected to rise with increases in average lifespan. Vision loss often results in significant disability and is associated with a substantial economic burden, reduced quality-of-life, concurrent medical issues, and mental health problems. In this review, the mental health needs of people with vision impairment are examined.Patients and methodsA review of recent literature on mental health outcomes and current treatments in people with visual impairment was conducted.ResultsConsiderable data indicate that rates of depression and anxiety are elevated among people with visual impairments. Moreover, individuals of lower socioeconomic status may be at increased risk for vision impairment and subsequent mental health problems. Existing psychosocial interventions for improving mental health in people with visual impairment show some promise, but are limited by low adherence and lack generalizability.ConclusionIn order to improve outcomes, a better understanding of the mechanisms linking visual impairment and poor mental health is needed. It will also be essential to develop more effective interventions and expand access to services to improve the detection and treatment of mental health problems in this population.

Condition-dependent mortality exacerbates male (but not female) reproductive senescence and the potential for sexual conflict.

Disentangling the relationship between age and reproduction is central to understand life-history evolution, and recent evidence shows that considering condition-dependent mortality is a crucial piece of this puzzle. For example, nonrandom mortality of 'low-condition' individuals can lead to an increase in average lifespan. However, selective disappearance of such low-condition individuals may also affect reproductive senescence at the population level due to trade-offs between physiological functions related to survival/lifespan and the maintenance of reproductive functions. Here, we address the idea that condition-dependent extrinsic mortality (i.e. simulated predation) may increase the age-related decline in male reproductive success and with it the potential for sexual conflict, by comparing reproductive ageing in Drosophila melanogaster male/female cohorts exposed (or not) to condition-dependent simulated predation across time. Although female reproductive senescence was not affected by predation, male reproductive senescence was considerably higher under predation, due mainly to an accelerated decline in offspring viability of 'surviving' males with age. This sex-specific effect suggests that condition-dependent extrinsic mortality can exacerbate survival-reproduction trade-offs in males, which are typically under stronger condition-dependent selection than females. Interestingly, condition-dependent extrinsic mortality did not affect mating success, hinting that accelerated reproductive senescence is due to a decrease in male post-copulatory fitness components. Our results support the recent proposal that male ageing can be an important source of sexual conflict, further suggesting this effect could be exacerbated under more natural conditions.

Alzheimer's Disease and Diabetes: Insulin Signaling as the Bridge Linking Two Pathologies.

Alzheimer's (or Alzheimer) disease (AD) is the most prevalent subset of dementia, affecting elderly populations worldwide. The cumulative costs of the AD care are rapidly accelerating as the average lifespan increases. Onset and risk factors for AD and AD-like dementias have been largely unknown until recently. Studies show that chronic type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is closely associated with neurodegeneration, especially AD. Type II DM is characterized by the cells' inability to take up insulin, as well as chronic hyperglycemia. In the central nervous system, insulin has crucial regulatory roles, while chronic hyperglycemia leads to formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). AGEs are the major contributor to insulin resistance in diabetic cells, due to their regulatory role on sirtuin expression. Insulin activity in the central nervous system is known to interact with key proteins affected in neurodegenerative conditions, such as amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP or APP), huntingtin-associated protein-1 (HAP1), Abelson helper integration site-1 (AHI1 or Jouberin), kinesin, and tau. Sirtuins have been theorized to be the mechanism for insulin resistance, and have been found to be affected in neurodegenerative conditions as well. There are hints that all these neuronal proteins may be closely related, although the mechanisms remain unclear. This review will gather existing research on these proteins and highlight the link between neurodegenerative conditions and diabetes mellitus.

Systematic Review of Interventions Designed to Maintain or Increase Physical Activity Post-Cardiac Rehabilitation Phase II.

Background:Cardiovascular disease (CVD) continues to be the No. 1 cause of death in the United States and globally, and individuals with a history of a cardiac event are at increased risk for a repeat event. Physical inactivity creates health problems for individuals with chronic heart disease. Evidence shows that physical activity (PA), as a central component of cardiac rehabilitation phase II (CRII), decreases hospital readmission and mortality. Yet, individual adherence to PA tends to decline several months following CRII completion.Objective:The purpose of this review was to evaluate current literature for interventions designed to assist individuals diagnosed with myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), coronary artery disease (CAD), and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to maintain or increase PA post-CRII.Methods:A systematic search of 5 electronic databases including hand-searched articles between 2000 and 2019. Key Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search terms included cardiac rehabilitation, intervention, exercise or PA, outcomes, compliance, adherence, or maintenance. Only interventions implemented following CRII program completion were included for review.Results:Based on the inclusion criteria, the search yielded 19 randomized control trials retained for descriptive analysis. Interventions were categorized into 3 domains. The intervention designs varied widely in terms of duration of the intervention and the length of time to outcome measurement. Most interventions were short-term with only 2 studies offering a long-term intervention of greater than 1 year. Interventions using a theoretical approach most often included a cognitive-behavioral model.Conclusions:Interventions offered shortly after completion of CRII may help cardiac patients maintain PA and reduce the risk of experiencing additional cardiac events; however, more quality research is needed. Additional research to examine PA maintenance in older adults (70 years and older) would be valuable based on the increase in average lifespan. Studies with larger and more diverse samples, and less variation in methods and outcomes would greatly increase the ability to conduct a high-quality meta-analysis.

Amalaki as a Rasayan in Geriatric Diseases

Geriatric problems are arising much and more in the present Era. With the increase in average life-span due to medical facilities it resulted in large number of people with old age Worldwide. To overcome this Ayurved advocates healthy ageing through Rasayan Chikitsa. By proper administration of Rasayan Therapy as a preventive tool one can prevent Jarajanit(Geriatic) vyadhis. Many herbs and techniques which provide solution to ageing and their complications are described in Ayurved. The Herbs with their properties slows down the natural process of aging and help in managing geriatric problem and improving the quality of life. Here Amalaki an Rasayan Dravya in Geriatric diseases is brought in focus.

Mitochondrial oxidative stress and cardiac ageing

According with different international organisations, cardiovascular diseases are becoming the first cause of death in western countries. Although exposure to different risk factors, particularly those related to lifestyle, contribute to the etiopathogenesis of cardiac disorders, the increase in average lifespan and ageing are considered major determinants of cardiac diseases events. Mitochondria and oxidative stress have been pointed out as relevant factors both in heart ageing and in the development of cardiac diseases such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. During ageing, cellular processes related with mitochondrial function, such as bioenergetics, apoptosis and inflammation are altered leading to cardiac dysfunction. Increasing our knowledge about the mitochondrial mechanisms related with the ageing process, will provide new strategies in order to improve this process, particularly the cardiovascular ones.

The companion dog as a model for human aging and mortality

SummaryAround the world, human populations have experienced large increases in average lifespan over the last 150 years, and while individuals are living longer, they are spending more years of life with multiple chronic morbidities. Researchers have used numerous laboratory animal models to understand the biological and environmental factors that influence aging, morbidity, and longevity. However, the most commonly studied animal species, laboratory mice and rats, do not experience environmental conditions similar to those to which humans are exposed, nor do we often diagnose them with many of the naturally occurring pathologies seen in humans. Recently, the companion dog has been proposed as a powerful model to better understand the genetic and environmental determinants of morbidity and mortality in humans. However, it is not known to what extent the age‐related dynamics of morbidity, comorbidity, and mortality are shared between humans and dogs. Here, we present the first large‐scale comparison of human and canine patterns of age‐specific morbidity and mortality. We find that many chronic conditions that commonly occur in human populations (obesity, arthritis, hypothyroidism, and diabetes), and which are associated with comorbidities, are also associated with similarly high levels of comorbidity in companion dogs. We also find significant similarities in the effect of age on disease risk in humans and dogs, with neoplastic, congenital, and metabolic causes of death showing similar age trajectories between the two species. Overall, our study suggests that the companion dog may be an ideal translational model to study the many complex facets of human morbidity and mortality.

Estrés oxidativo mitocondrial y envejecimiento cardíaco

According with different international organizations, cardiovascular diseases are becoming the first cause of death in western countries. Although exposure to different risk factors, particularly those related to lifestyle, contribute to the etiopathogenesis of cardiac disorders, the increase in average lifespan and aging are considered major determinants of cardiac diseases events. Mitochondria and oxidative stress have been pointed out as relevant factors both in heart aging and in the development of cardiac diseases such as heart failure, cardiac hypertrophy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. During aging, cellular processes related with mitochondrial function, such as bioenergetics, apoptosis and inflammation are altered leading to cardiac dysfunction. Increasing our knowledge about the mitochondrial mechanisms related with the aging process, will provide new strategies in order to improve this process, particularly the cardiovascular ones.

Optimized cost effective and energy efficient routing protocol for wireless body area networks

The increase in average lifespan and huge costs for health treatments have resulted in cost effective solutions for healthcare management. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a promising technology for delivering quality healthcare to its users. Low power devices attached to the body have limited battery life. It is desirable to have energy efficient routing protocols that maintain the required reliability value for sending the data from a given node to the sink. The current work proposes two protocols: Optimized Cost Effective and Energy Efficient Routing protocol (OCER) and Extended-OCER (E-OCER). In OCER, optimization using Genetic Algorithm (GA) is applied to the multi-objective cost function with residual energy, link reliability and path loss as its parameters for selecting the most optimal route from a given body coordinator to the sink. Distance between any two sensor nodes is reduced by applying multi-hop approach. E-OCER extends the work of OCER by considering inter-BAN communication. Performance of OCER is compared with other existing energy aware routing protocols by considering different parameters. A comparison of the performance of E-OCER with OCER is made to study the effect of on-body sensors communication on the energy consumption and throughput of the network. This paper also provides a comprehensive energy model to calculate the total energy consumption of the network. In addition to the radio transmission and receiving energy, other basic energy consumption sources viz. processing energy, sensor sensing, transient energy and transmission/reception on/off energy have also been taken into account. The results show an improved performance of the proposed protocols in terms of energy efficiency.

Analysis of different therapeutic schemes combining cyclophosphamide and doublestranded DNA preparation for eradication of Krebs-2 primary ascites in mice

In the present paper, we report on the series of experiments where multiple regimens of CP and dsDNA injections were tested for targeting the ascites form of murine Krebs-2 cancer in situ. We show that combining CP with cross-linked human and salmon dsDNA results in a synergistic toxicity for ascites-bearing mice, an observation supported by the histopathology analysis of organs and tissues of experimental animals. In contrast, using a composite mixture of native and cross-linked human and salmon DNA after CP injections leads to a significant increase in average lifespan of the treated mice. Further, we demonstrate that repeated rounds of CP+dsDNA injections result in dramatic anticancer effect. The timing of injections is chosen so that they target the cells that were insensitive to the previous treatments as they were in the G2/M phase. 3-4 rounds of injections are needed to eliminate the subpopulation of tumor-initiating cancer stem cells. Our experiments identified the regimen when complete resorption of the primary Krebs-2 ascites occurs in all of the treated animals, followed by a remarkable remission period lasting 7-9 days. Yet, this regimen does not prevent secondary site metastases (either solid or ascites form) from developing, which is likely caused by the migration of ascites cells into adjacent tissues or by incomplete eradication of cancer stem cells. To address these and other questions, we expanded the study and performed histopathology analysis, which indicated that secondary metastases is not the only cause of death. In fact, many animals displayed unfolding systemic inflammatory reaction which was culminated by multiple organ failure. Thus, we developed the concept for treating ascites form of Krebs-2 cancer, which allows elimination of the primary ascites.

Medicina Antiaging: un approccio possibile?

The objective of antiaging medicine is not to increase longevity but eventually to maintain adeguate quality of life throughout the entire lifespan of a person. Modern medicine has focused on curing acute diseases by applying a specialistic and selective approach. It succeeded in many field and contributed at least to some extent to the increase in average lifespan but it has not been effective enough in reducing the incidence of chronic diseases caused by the degenerative processes of the body through the prescription of personalized preventive programs. Today the scientific and methodological knowledge is sufficient to kick off this preventive approach while science will continue to offer us new and more sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic tools. Remaining passively anchored to old ideas and approaches is anenormous risk not only for the health of single individuals for the one of the entire society.

Near-infrared light increases ATP, extends lifespan and improves mobility in aged Drosophila melanogaster.

Ageing is an irreversible cellular decline partly driven by failing mitochondrial integrity. Mitochondria accumulate DNA mutations and reduce ATP production necessary for cellular metabolism. This is associated with inflammation. Near-infrared exposure increases retinal ATP in old mice via cytochrome c oxidase absorption and reduces inflammation. Here, we expose fruitflies daily to 670 nm radiation, revealing elevated ATP and reduced inflammation with age. Critically, there was a significant increase in average lifespan: 100–175% more flies survived into old age following 670 nm exposure and these had significantly improved mobility. This may be a simple route to extending lifespan and improving function in old age.

The Use of Polymers for Intraocular Lenses in Cataract Surgery

According to the World Health Organization, cataract remains the leading cause of the curable visual impairment worldwide. Cataract can only be cured by surgery during which the cloudy lens is replaced with an artificial intraocular lens. It is one of the most common surgeries being performed worldwide. There are age-related, congenital, traumatic and metabolic types of cataract which have been distinguished. Age-related cataract is the most common one and it affects people over 60 with the greatest frequency. In reference to patients whose cornea does not fulfill the requirements for a standard refractive surgery, the number of refractive intraocular lens replacement is increasing. Manufacturers aim to enhance materials in order to minimize surgical complication while increasing the patient’s eyesight. The increase in average lifespan along with patients’ expectations stimulate competition among manufacturers who bring new products and solutions into to the market. There is an augmented demand for premium lenses such as toric, multifocal or accommodating. These lenses bring patients the promise of life without the need for wearing glasses. As far as the main materials used in the production of intraocular lens are concerned, there are hydrophobic, hydrophilic, acrylic and silicone lenses in use. In this paper the author discusses characteristics as well as advantages and disadvantages of the above-mentioned materials. The associated surgical complications and the new areas of development regarding the materials used in lenses manufacturing are also examined.

Individual and Societal Wisdom: Explaining the Paradox of Human Aging and High Well-Being

Objective: Although human aging is characterized by loss of fertility and progressive decline in physical abilities, later life is associated with better psychological health and well-being. Furthermore, there has been an unprecedented increase in average lifespan over the past century without corresponding extensions of fertile and healthy age spans. We propose a possible explanation for these paradoxical phenomena.Method: We reviewed the relevant literature on aging, well-being, and wisdom.Results: An increase in specific components of individual wisdom in later life may make up for the loss of fertility as well as declining physical health. However, current data on the relationship between aging and individual wisdom are not consistent and do not explain increased longevity in the general population during the past century. We propose that greater societal wisdom (including compassion) may account for the notable increase in average lifespan over the last century. Data in older adults with serious mental illnesses are limited, but suggest that many of them too experience improved psychosocial functioning, although their longevity has not yet increased, suggesting persistent stigma against mental illness and inadequate societal compassion.Conclusions: The proposed construct of societal wisdom needs more investigation. Research should also focus on the reasons for discrepant findings related to age-associated changes in different components of individual wisdom. Studies of wisdom and well-being are warranted in older people with serious mental illnesses, along with campaigns to enhance societal compassion for these disenfranchised individuals. Finally, effective interventions to enhance wisdom need to be developed and tested.

Comparative analysis of efficiency of syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation without irradiation of the EGFP+ mice bone marrow cells with the microspectral fluorescence method

The results of experiments on syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation of the whole fraction of mice bone marrow cells without irradiation are presented. The data were obtained on the dynamic of donor cell colonization of bone marrow, spleen, thymus, and blood of the recipient mice. The degree of immunogenicity of the donor cells for both syngeneic and allogeneic transplantation of bone marrow was determined based on the method of microspectral fluorescence analysis. The low immunogenicity degree of donor cells was demonstrated for both transplantation variants within the framework of the conducted experiment. It is important to note that the allogeneic transplantation did not cause any reduction in the mean lifespan of the mice. These results, in combination with the results of our previous studies in which an increase of average lifespan by 34% was shown with syngeneic transplantation within the C57BL/6 EGFP+ strain allow one to anticipate the development of various methods of cellular therapy without risk of fatal consequences of immunological incompatibility between donor and recipient.

Cell-Culture Models of the Blood–Brain Barrier

With the increase in average life span, the percentage of patients with neurological diseases is getting higher and higher.1 Thus, developing effective neuropharmaceuticals is critically important and urgent. Sadly, many promising candidates fail to show expected effects because of their inability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a dynamic interface that separates the central nervous system (CNS) from the circulation system.1 BBB maintains the homeostasis of CNS microenvironment and proper neurological functions by regulating the exchange of substances between the 2 systems.2 Perturbation of BBB has been found in many neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases,3–6 trauma,7,8 brain tumors,9,10 and stroke.11–13 Restoring BBB integrity in pathological conditions to maintain brain homeostasis and opening BBB temporarily to allow efficient delivery of drugs to the CNS are potential therapeutic options for patients with these disorders. For these purposes, a lot of research has focused on the regulation of BBB permeability. Because of the complexity of the in vivo BBB, many simplified in vitro BBB models have been developed and studied, including the monolayer models, coculture models, dynamic models, and microfluidic BBB models. Because no in vitro BBB models can fully replicate the in vivo conditions, there is no perfect in vitro BBB model. Understanding the limitations of these in vitro BBB models would be critical to the design of experiments and interpretation of data. There have been a large number of excellent reviews on in vitro BBB models in the literature. For example, Gumbleton and Audus14 reviewed immortalized cell lines and primary cells used in in vitro BBB models and suggested that an ideal model should have low permeability, possess endothelial-like morphology, express functional transporters, and be easy to …