Increase In Average Income Research Articles

Efforts To Improve Alpinia Galanga Production Capability In The Prosperous Plantation Group In Red Mata Village, Banyuasin I Sub-District, Banyuasin District

This study aims to determine and analyze the improvement of alpinia galanga production capabilities in the Makmur Sejahtera Plantation Group, Merah Mata Village, Banyuasin I District, Banyuasin Regency. This program is a flagship Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program of PT PLN Indonesia Power Merah Mata Generating Unit called Kampung Alpinia galanga, which raises the issue of community empowerment. This program aims to develop management activities, production, and distribution of Alpinia galanga agricultural products and support government programs regarding food security in the communities around PLTG Borang. The method used in this research is a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. The Alpinia galanga Village program has been running since 2021 by PT PLN Indonesia Power UP Merah Mata PLTG Borang. Initial planning was carried out to determine the program's roadmap to be implemented through collaboration between PLTG Borang and the alpinia galanga Village Group. The program scheme that is run together is a long-term empowerment program. After the development of alpinia galanga agricultural commodities and the manufacture of alpinia galanga derivative products, farmers are trained to market Alpinia galanga derivatives/product branding, one of the innovations of Alpinia galanga village. PT PLN Indonesia Power UP Merah Mata PLTG Borang runs the Kampung Alpinia galanga mentoring program for residents on an ongoing basis to encourage the economy of residents, as evidenced by the increase in average income from IDR 600,000 to IDR 3,438,679, which reduces poverty by 3.33% in Merah Mata Village in 2023.

Peningkatan Kapabilitas Organisasi melalui Pendampingan Implementasi Gerakan Sumsel Mandiri Pangan (GSMP)

The South Sumatra Independent Food Movement (GSMP) Mentoring aims to improve the organizational capabilities of farmer communities in South Sumatra, through improving Organizational Capability. The main problem faced is the suboptimal field assistance related to plant and fish cultivation. A participatory approach is applied through socialization, formation of working groups, identification of needs, preparation of action plans, training, and technical assistance, as well as development of market access. The results of the study showed a significant increase in farmer welfare, marked by an increase in average income of 25%, an increase in food production of 20%, and strengthening local capacity. This program has also succeeded in increasing farmer access to agricultural technology and wider markets, in accordance with the theory of community empowerment, human capital, and market linkage. Recommendations for the sustainability of this program include the application of a participatory approach and ongoing assistance in other community empowerment initiatives

Quantifying the extent of climate inequality in China

Using individual-level panel data representative of Chinese residents, this study examines in detail the relationship between temperature and subjective well-being (SWB). We first find that a 1 °C increase in temperature anomalies (difference between current and historical temperature) causes a 0.02 decrease in SWB (2% of 1 S.D.). Second, we present evidence of climate inequality along socioeconomic status (SES) as SWB of better educated, and higher-income Chinese residents are less affected by temperature anomalies compared to their lower SES counterparts. Closer examination reveals that adaptation mechanisms such as ownership of air-conditioners, automobiles, and indoor work help to alleviate adverse impacts of temperature anomalies. Lastly, for better comparison, we express our findings as monetized damages. We compute that a 1 °C increase in temperature anomalies causes damages equivalent to around 6.9% of income. However, these damages are mostly driven by Chinese from the lower-SES stratum as their damages are equivalent to around 9.6% of income compared to no damages for the high-SES group. Similarly, when translated into elasticity, we find that temperature-induced damages reduce by around 2% for every 1% increase in average income.

PENYULUHAN TENTANG MANFAAT MINUMAN YOGHURT BAGI TUBUH DI SMP YAPIM BIRU-BIRU

Counseling about the benefits of drinking yogurt for the body is aimed at studying, developing and applying the science and technology that has been obtained or has been studied by students in lectures to the general public. To find out how to process milk properly so that it produces quality yogurt and is safe for consumption for the body, it is possible to realize the benefits of yogurt so that people are aware of the importance of yogurt for the body, and know how to store yogurt properly.Extension training is carried out using the Planning phase. The planning phase is carried out by forming a PKM Team and then preparing a proposal which will then be submitted. The preparation stage is in the form of making a cooperation agreement with residents in the Blue-Blue area. The socialization stage includes an introduction to the benefits and content contained in milk that can be processed into Yoghurt. good. The teaching stage is carried out by forming small groups of as many as groups consisting of members in each group from the community at Yapim Biru-biru Middle School and then a leader from the group is chosen as the person in charge. The teaching stage aims to provide a theoretical understanding of the target community so that the community is ready to carry out the practice of making quality yogurt. The evaluation stage is carried out to provide solutions to the problems faced by the community in the production process to marketing. This stage is measured through the application of yogurt by the community as well as the increase in community members who produce and cultivate milk as a raw material. The indicator of success at this stage is that solutions to these problems are obtained and become a reference for the future and also continue to develop and run this program. In addition, another indicator of success is the increase in average income in the Blue-Blue area.

Do Fire Hazard Zones Affect Home Insurance Premiums? Evidence from Los Angeles

This paper investigates the effectiveness of home insurance policies in light of the relationship between home insurance premiums and risk from fire hazards. We analyze the relationship between home attributes, with a focus on hazard class, and insurance premiums. In addition, it presents a comparative analysis of the extent to which these factors contribute to FAIR plan premiums vis-a-vis other voluntary market insurance premiums across Los Angeles County from 2011 through 2016. The estimation results of regression analysis indicate that hazard class has a relatively greater impact on insurance premiums for FAIR plan compared to other voluntary market insurance. However, an Extra Trees classifier model demonstrates that the relative importance of wildfire risk is significantly smaller for both types of insurances when compared to other home attributes. Interestingly, with increase in average income, the premium pool for FAIR plan decreases while that for voluntary market insurance plans increases. Among the other socioeconomic factors, unemployment rate, poverty rate, education level and median age, have similar impact on both FAIR plan and other insurance plans. Recommendations include modifying current fire insurance practices to assist in ushering homeowners away from hazardous areas.

The assessment of purchasing powerof Kazakhstan population in the food and drink market

Food consumption indicators include one of the most important features of the population's quality of life are included in the system of generalizing indicators of socio-economic development of the country and are an integral basis of human life. The quality and structure of food products consumed affect the health of the country's population, determining its economic and food security. The article analyzes the food market of the Republic of Kazakhstan, examines the main trends in its development. A comparison of changes in the price level and real wages is made, and as a result, it is concluded that the price growth indicators exceed the increase in average incomes of the population. Dependence on imports of a large list of food products, the depreciation of tenge against the US dollar, while prices increased, led to a decrease in the purchasing power of the population over the period 2015-2019. In conclusion, the importance of public policies for achieving an optimal level of food balance is emphasized. It is important to implement a policy of stimulating the production of domestic analogues of foreign goods, opening processing enterprises, and developing innovative technologies. To increase the economic availability of food, it is important to take measures aimed at increasing the production of food raw materials and food products within the country. The growth of market offers will lead to stabilization and reduction of prices for them, therefore, to an increase in the purchasing power of the population.

Should we increase average income, or the poor’s income to reduce infant and child mortality?

PurposeThis article examines whether increasing the income of the poor – measured as the income of the lowest quintile – is more beneficial in reducing infant and child mortality rates compared with increases in average income. Given the global importance in reducing infant mortality, the value of this research is important to academics, policymakers and practitioners alike.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 86 countries from 1995–2014 inclusive, our preferred estimation strategy uses an instrumental variable fixed-effects estimator.FindingsOur results propose that the elasticity of the income of the lowest quintile never exceeds that of average income. Therefore, if reducing infant and child mortality is a key policy goal, then boosting average income may be preferable to raising incomes at the lower end of the distribution.Originality/valueGiven these findings, we open a gateway for new literature to add to this unexplored area of research in the income and health relationship.

Growth Accelerations and Reversals in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: External Conditions and Domestic Amplifiers

We investigate how country-specific external demand, external financial conditions, and terms of trade affect medium-term growth in emerging market and developing economies and the occurrence of growth accelerations and reversals. We find that the importance of country-specific external conditions for medium-term growth has increased over time, with external financial conditions accounting for one-third of the increase in average income per capita growth between 1995 and 2004 and 2005–14. Stronger external demand and financial conditions significantly increase the probability of growth accelerations, while a strengthening of any of the three conditions significantly decreases the probability of reversals. Certain domestic policies and structural attributes, including exchange rate flexibility, trade integration, and strong institutional frameworks, can significantly amplify or mitigate the effect that shifts in those external conditions have on growth patterns in emerging market and developing economies.

Does Money Buy Happiness in Turkey?

In this study, we examine the relationship between income and happiness for individuals living in Turkey. Our results are based on approximately 300,000 individuals who took part in the Life Satisfaction Survey conducted annually between 2003 and 2017. We observed a modest positive and statistically significant relationship between household income and happiness. Relative standing in society measured by self-placement on a welfare ladder matters more than absolute income for happiness. In a similar vein, we find that increase in average income of the city in which a person lives reduces happiness substantially, to the extent that it offsets the happiness effect of an increase in absolute income. We complement regression results with people’s self-reports that around 50% of people care about what other people think of their material status. Interestingly, the effect of relative income on happiness is significantly different between men and women. Also, women report less interest in others’ material status or income level compared to men. Congruent with previous findings, we show that the effect of absolute income has dropped over the years with Turkey’s economic growth.

The Impact of Community Based Critical Land and Water Resources Management Program on Community Welfare (Case in Nagari Tanjuang Bonai, Lintau Buo, Tanah Datar, West Sumatera)

Community Based - Critical Land and Water Resources Management Program is a program to handle critical land and poverty alleviation in Indonesia. The objective of this program is to improve the condition of the poor living surrounding critical land forests. Participatory approach is employed in this program by involving multi-stakeholders to improve critical land to become productive land in order to increase income and welfare of the community. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of Community Based - Critical Land and Water Resources Management Program on community’s income who were directly involved in managing the critical land. This study uses a case study approach with application of descriptive quantitative and qualitative method in data analysis. Nagari Tanjuang Bonai, Lintau Buo Utara District, Tanah Datar District, West Sumatra Province was purposively selected as research location. The respondents were 32 farmers who are members of Sago Lestari farmer group (Poktan) as program implementers from 2012 to 2016. The primary data were collected using questionnaires from farmers, while interview guide was used to obtain information from key informants. The results of this study indicate that the program has been able to provide benefits to community in form of increasing in farmers’ income. The average income increases by 34.11% of the total farmers’ income participating in the program. This implies that the program has been able to improve the community’s welfare. It indirectly reduces the area of critical land and change it into productive land.

DAMPAK OBJEK WISATA BUKIT KASIH TERHADAP PENDAPATAN MASYARAKAT DI DESA KANONANG DUA KECAMATAN KAWANGKOAN BARAT

This study aims to look at the impact of Bukit Kasih tourism objects on the income of the people of Kanonang Dua Village who did business on the tourist attraction area. This research was carried out for 3 months from namely May to July 2018. The data used was primary data, through direct interviews with 30 respondents, namely those who run businesses in the Bukit Kasih Tourism Area. Secondary data obtained through the internet by using google searching to access scientific journal articles and thesis from other universities that relevant with the research. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. This study used an analysis of the average difference through the t-test, the impact was measured by comparing income before and after doing business in the tourism area. The results showed that there was a significant increase in income for the people who doing business at the Bukit Kasih Tourism Area. The average income of the community before doing business in the tourist area was Rp. 883,333 per month and increased to Rp. 2,390,000 per month after doing business in the Bukit Kasih Tourism Area. This means that the average income increases by 1.506.667,00,- *ghmk+eprm*

Early-Life Assets in Oldest-Old Age: Evidence From Primary Care Reform in Early Twentieth Century Sweden

Do early-life effects of investments in public health persist to the oldest-old ages? This article answers this question by using the primary care reform in rural Sweden that between 1890 and 1917 led to the establishment of local health districts, together with openings of hospitals and recruitments of medical personnel, as a natural experiment in early-life environmental conditions. The initiatives undertaken within these districts targeted control of infectious diseases, including various isolation and disinfection measures. This study applies a difference-in-differences method combined with propensity score matching to register-based individual-level data for Sweden from 1968 to 2012 and to multisource, purposely collected data on the reform implementation. Providing pioneering evidence for such a distal relationship (ages 78–95), this study finds that treatment through primary care in the year of birth leads to a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (4 % to 6%) and mortality from cardiovascular diseases (5 % to 6 %) and to an increase in average incomes (2 % to 3 %). The effects are universal and somewhat stronger among individuals from poor socioeconomic backgrounds and at higher baseline levels of disease burden.

What came first, the chicken or the egg?

Current empirical evidence does not seem to confirm that an improvement in living conditions is the cause of the shift in the human mindset toward innovation and long-term risky investment. However, it may well be one of the conditions for greater tolerance of income inequality in exchange for a steady increase in average income.

Growth Accelerations and Reversals in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: The Role of External Conditions

This paper investigates how country-specific external demand, external financial conditions, and terms of trade affect medium-term growth in Emerging Market and Developing Economies and the occurrence of growth accelerations and reversals. The importance of country-specific external conditions for medium-term growth has increased over time—in particular, the growing contribution of external financial conditions accounts for one-third of the increase in average income per capita growth between 1995–2004 and 2005–14. Stronger external demand and financial conditions significantly increase the probability of growth accelerations, while a strengthening of any of the three conditions significantly decreases the probability of reversals.

Growth Accelerations and Reversals in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: The Role of External Conditions

This paper investigates how country-specific external demand, external financial conditions, and terms of trade affect medium-term growth in Emerging Market and Developing Economies and the occurrence of growth accelerations and reversals. The importance of country-specific external conditions for medium-term growth has increased over time—in particular, the growing contribution of external financial conditions accounts for one-third of the increase in average income per capita growth between 1995–2004 and 2005–14. Stronger external demand and financial conditions significantly increase the probability of growth accelerations, while a strengthening of any of the three conditions significantly decreases the probability of reversals.

Measuring True Income Inequality in Mexico

Recent literature on income distribution in Mexico has found evidence of underestimation in inequality. There is a growing consensus that household surveys in Mexico do not capture total household income, but there is no consensus on a methodological proposal to estimate a more‐realistic distribution. This article offers a proposal for adjusting household income, crossing information from household surveys, national accounts, economic censuses, and tax incidence from the Tax Administration System. It shows evidence of a high, persistent income‐distribution inequality, with emphasis on factorial and intracompany inequality. The usual adjustment implies that entire average income increases, but this article identifies the main cause of underestimation in distribution, focusing on noncaptured capital income in the wealthiest households surveyed.

Development, Poverty and Inequality: A Spatial Analysis of South African Provinces

The literature that relates average income rise of the economy with increase in average income of the poorest population is well established. However poverty continues to be predominant in Africa indicating that income rise is not sufficient to decrease poverty. As a middle-income country, South Africa has consistently held the unappealing record of the country with the most unequal income distribution in the world. The increasing inequality in South Africa represents a substantial policy challenge to policymakers as it affects socio-political stability and economic development. This paper investigates the relation between growth, poverty and inequality in South Africa at the regional level using data over the annual period of 1996-2013. We adopt a spatial econometric model motivated by two noteworthy facts: (i) the high rate of poverty in South Africa and (ii) the high levels of poverty and inequality in the studied regions. In addition we account for the spatial dependence between regions which might affect the relationship between growth and poverty. Also, we develop and test five hypotheses and account for the possible endogeneity in specified model. The results reveal that the autoregressive parameter, lagged poverty is positive and statistically significant in all cases, which supports the use of a dynamic panel data model. Furthermore it reveals poverty increases along the period and the autocorrelation poverty variable is also found to be positive and statistically significant. The trend also reveals that poverty increases but at a decreasing rate, with the latter indicated by the square trend term. Log per capita income increases poverty and is statistically significant. Log GDP Growth is also statistically significant but only in the Arellano-Bond model, signifying that it is an endogenous variable. Log Employment increases poverty and is statistically significant. The Gini indicator (a measure of inequality) is found to increase poverty; signifying that poverty and inequality are affecting each other. This result signifies that poverty is increasing in South Africa at decreasing rate. Moreover the economic variables (for example, income per capita, GDP growth and employment) are also decreasing poverty. Therefore it appears that South Africa is on the right road to decrease poverty, but the spatial slipovers on poverty implies that the government needs an active anti-poverty policy to attack this persistent problem, since it cannot rely on economy growth to overcome it.

Increasing health inequality in China: An empirical study with ordinal data

This paper employs a recently introduced method of income-health matrix to study health inequality in China. The method overcomes the problems associated with ordered self-reported health (SRH) responses when the conventional tools of inequality analysis are used. Applying the new method to the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data, we find that over the study period of thirteen years, health inequality has increased by more than one hundred percent in spite of the multifold increase in average income. We conclude that the most likely explanations for the recent increase in China’s health inequality are: aging population, worsening income inequality and poverty, division between urban and rural, and environment deterioration.

Sector-Specific Human Capital and the Distribution of Earnings

This paper incorporates assignment frictions and sector-specific training into the Roy model of occupational choice. Assignment frictions represent the extent of the market whereas differences in sector-specific training reflect worker specialization. This framework thus captures Adam Smith's idea that the extent of the market determines the division of labor. The paper demonstrates the way in which the relationship between assignment frictions and specialization affects the level and composition of human capital acquisition, aggregate output, and the distribution of income. Not surprisingly, economywide training, output, and specialization increase as the extent of the market increases. The distribution of these gains, however, is uneven. Within group or residual income, distribution does not converge monotonically as search frictions diminish. Comparisons across groups reveal that these effects can become more pronounced as average income increases.

The Role of Infrastructure in Mitigating Poverty Dynamics: The Case of an Irrigation Project in Sri Lanka

Abstract While it is known that access to physical infrastructure enhances household welfare, there are very few micro-econometric studies that analyze its role in mitigating chronic and transient poverty. This paper aims to bridge this gap in the existing literature by evaluating the impact of a large-scale irrigation infrastructure project implemented in Sri Lanka. It identifies the treatment effect of irrigation access by exploiting a situation where the government used lotteries to distribute irrigated plots. Furthermore, in order to disentangle the channels through which the irrigation reduces poverty, we extend the seasonal consumption smoothing model of Paxson (1993; “Consumption and Income Seasonality in Thailand.” Journal of Political Economy 191(1):39–72) by introducing endogenous credit constraints. Using unique household level monthly panel data over a year, it is shown that with irrigation accessibility, not only the average income increases but also the patterns of income fluctuation changes and the probability of binding credit constraint declines through which transient poverty is mitigated. These empirical results suggest that irrigation infrastructure has a positive impact on reducing both chronic and transient poverty directly and indirectly by improving income and relaxing credit constraints.