Increase In Atmospheric Concentration Research Articles

Bayesian Errors‐in‐Variables Estimation of Specific Climate Sensitivity

AbstractEstimation of climate sensitivity is fundamental to assessing how global climate will warm as atmospheric concentration increases. Geological archives of environmental change provide insights into Earth's past climate, but the incomplete nature of paleoclimate reconstructions and their inherent uncertainties make estimation of climate sensitivity challenging. Thus, quantifying climate sensitivity and assessing how it changed through geological time requires statistical frameworks that can handle data uncertainties in a principled fashion. Here we demonstrate some of the hurdles to estimating climate sensitivity, with a focus on current statistical techniques that may underestimate both climate sensitivity and its associated uncertainty. To solve these issues, we present a Bayesian error‐in‐variables regression model, which can yield estimates of climate sensitivity without bias. The regression model is flexible and can account for data point uncertainties with a known parametric form. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by estimating specific climate sensitivity with uncertainty for the Eocene.

Wpływ zmian klimatu na środowisko zabudowane

We are currently in the period of an intensive climate change, resulting from changes in the heat balance of the earth’s surface and causing an increase in the temperature of the lower troposphere levels. According to the latest IPCC report of 2021, it is human activity that has indisputably caused the increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, responsible for this process. The consequences of climate change under Polish conditions, apart from a rise in temperature especially in the spring and winter months, are also changes in the amount and distribution of precipitation totals. A slight increase in precipitation totals is observed, however heavy rainfall is significantly more frequent, interspersed with periods of droughts and heatwaves. Ground frost-free periods are prolonged, and a negative trend in the duration and thickness of snow cover is recorded in most parts of the country. Although extreme phenomena occurring in Poland are permanently inscribed in its climatic conditions, the threat of strong winds has been increasing in recent years, and the intense precipitation that often accompanies them is the cause of peak discharges and flooding. Forecasts for progressive climate change are not optimistic, either on a global scale or for the country in question. The article examines the impact of climate change on the design, construction and maintenance of engineering structures globally and for Poland. Changes in design standards, selected examples of disasters and solutions to adapt and build resilience to climate change have been analysed. For most building disasters, climatic factors were the direct cause of the disaster, although in the course of the analysis it has usually turned out that the disasters exposed human errors in the design, construction and, to a lesser extent, the improper maintenance of engineering structures. However, there is an increasing number of new approaches to creating a climate change resilient built environment, including the latest one, which proposes to use the grey infrastructure of cities to build resilience to climate change.

Numerical Simulation of Mixed Conducting Membranes for CO2 Capturing Using Synthetic Microstructures

A side effect of the industrial revolution is the significant increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 and subsequent greenhouse effects, which necessitated the need for developing technologies for extracting CO2 from high temperature flue gases [1]. Using dense membranes to separate and transport CO2 is promising because of their high selectivity and ability to operate under high temperatures compared to other methods[2]. CO2 permeation flux through dense membranes can be improved significantly by using multiphase composite materials, one promising example of which is Molten Carbonate/Solid Oxide membranes [2, 3]. The topological characteristics of the composite material’s microstructure has a significant impact on the overall effective conductivity of the membrane as the volume fraction and tortuosity of each phase affect the charge carrier pathways. It is difficult to quantify the impact of different features of the microstructure using homogeneous simulations or experimental methods, which necessitates the use of heterogeneous simulations to provide a better understanding on how the different microstructural features affect the overall macroscopic performance [4, 5, 6].In this work, the effect of microstructure on the performance of Molten carbonate/Solid Oxide mixed oxide-ionic and carbonate-ionic conductor (MOCC) will be studied. Unlike previous work presented in the literature, which was limited to one microstructure obtained experimentally by focused ion beam and scanning electron microscope [7, 8], a range of microstructures will be generated synthetically using Dream3D software. The generated microstructures will have different particle sizes and volume fractions for each phase. In addition, the variations that can occur within the same volume fraction ratio will be also considered. COMSOL will be used to solve the Nernst-Plank equations using Finite Element Method for each phase. The detailed simulation results 1) will be compared to the conventional homogeneous simulations; 2) will be validated by experimental CO2 capturing flux; 3) will be used to assess the effect of the microstructure parameters on the performance of the membrane when paired with a Methane oxidative coupling reactor as shown in Fig. 1.

Western European emission estimates of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CCl4 derived from atmospheric measurements from 2008 to 2021

Abstract. Production and consumption of CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane, CCl3F), CFC-12 (dichlorodifluoromethane, CCl2F2) and CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) are controlled under the regulations of the Montreal Protocol and have been phased out globally since 2010. Only CCl4 is still widely produced as a chemical feedstock. After 2010, emissions of CFC-11 and CFC-12 should therefore mostly originate from existing banks (e.g. from foams, mobile air conditioning units and refrigerators); however evidence has emerged of an increase in global emissions of CFC-11 in the last decade, some of which has not been fully accounted for. The motivation for this work was to assess the emissions of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CCl4 from western Europe. All countries in this region have been subject to the controls of the Montreal Protocol since the late 1980s and, as non-Article 5 Parties, have been prohibited from producing CFCs and CCl4 for dispersive use since 1996. Four different inverse modelling systems are used to estimate emissions of these gases from 2008 to 2021 using data from four atmospheric measurement stations: Mace Head (Ireland), Jungfraujoch (Switzerland), Monte Cimone (Italy) and Tacolneston (UK). The average of the four model studies found that western European emissions of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CCl4 between 2008 and 2021 were declining at 3.5 % yr−1 (2.7 % yr−1–4.8 % yr−1), 7.7 % yr−1 (6.3 % yr−1–8.0 % yr−1) and 4.4 % yr−1 (2.6 % yr−1–6.4 % yr−1), respectively. Even though the emissions were declining throughout the period, the area including northern France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg showed consistently elevated emissions of CFC-11 compared with the surrounding regions. Emissions of CFC-12 were slightly elevated in the same region. CCl4 emissions were the highest in the south of France. France had the highest emissions of all three gases over the period 2008–2021. Emissions from western Europe (2008–2021) were on average 2.4 ± 0.4 Gg (CFC-11), 1.3 ± 0.3 Gg (CFC-12) and 0.9 ± 0.2 Gg (CCl4). Our estimated decline in emissions of CFC-11 is consistent with a western European bank release rate of 3.4 % (2.6 %–4.5 %). This study concludes that emissions of CFC-11, CFC-12 and CCl4 have all declined from 2008 to 2021 in western Europe. Therefore, no evidence is found that western European emissions contributed to the unexplained part of the global increase in atmospheric concentrations of CFC-11 observed in the last decade.

Aerial and underground organs display specific metabolic strategies to cope with water stress under rising atmospheric CO2 in Fagus sylvatica L.

Beech is known to be a moderately drought‐sensitive tree species, and future increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 ([CO2]) could influence its ecological interactions, also with changes at the metabolic level. The metabolome of leaves and roots of drought‐stressed beech seedlings grown under two different [CO2] (400 (aCO2) and 800 (eCO2) ppm) was analyzed together with gas exchange parameters and water status. Water stress estimated from predawn leaf water potential (Ψ pd) was similar under both [CO2], although eCO2 had a positive impact on net photosynthesis and intrinsic water use efficiency. The aerial and underground organs showed different metabolomes. Leaves mainly stored C metabolites, while those of N and P accumulated differentially in roots. Drought triggered the proline and N‐rich amino acids biosynthesis in roots through the activation of arginine and proline pathways. Besides the TCA cycle, polyols and soluble sugar biosynthesis were activated in roots, with no clear pattern seen in the leaves, prioritizing the root functioning as metabolites sink. eCO2 slightly altered this metabolic acclimation to drought, reflecting mitigation of its effect. The leaves showed only minor changes, investing C surplus in secondary metabolites and malic acid. The TCA cycle metabolites and osmotically active substances increased in roots, but many other metabolites decreased as if the water stress was dampened. Above‐ and belowground plant metabolomes were differentially affected by two drivers of climate change, water scarcity and high [CO2], showing different chemical responsiveness that could modulate the tree adaptation to future climatic scenarios.

Negative emission farming

In comparison with levels in 2000, global carbon dioxide (CO2) has increased by 43.5 ppm to 414.4 ppm during 2020, an increase of 12%. Indeed, concentration of atmospheric CO2 now is higher than at any time during the past 3.6 million years (Stein 2021). Similarly, the global average concentration of methane (CH4) for December of 2020 was 1,892.3 ppb, representing an increase of about 119 ppb (6%) since 2000 (Stein 2021). Despite the shutdown caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the increase in atmospheric concentration of CO2 during 2020 may be among the largest for the entire period since the records started. There has also been notable increase in atmospheric concentration of nitrous oxide (N2O), primarily due to the use of nitrogenous fertilizers (WMO 2020). Thus, there is a strong need to identify sources and sinks of these gases, especially those of CH4 and N2O, which are 28 and 285 times more potent, respectively, in trapping heat than is CO2 (IPCC 2007). While known sources include fossil fuel combustion, land use conversion, biomass burning, rice paddies, cattle production, etc., the role of soil processes has not been given the emphasis that is deserves. Whereas science-based and sustainable use of soils of agro-ecosystems and other managed land uses can be a sink for CO2 and CH4, soils prone to degradation by diverse processes (e.g., decline in soil structure, compaction, anaerobiosis, erosion/deposition) can be sources of CH4 through methanogenesis and of N2O through nitrification and denitrification. The impact of soil degradation, difficult and challenging to quantify as it may be, …

Progress in carbon capture technologies

Human factors are one of the key contributors to carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. Since the industrial revolution, the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have increased appreciably. This has been attributed to the utilization of fossil fuels for energy generation coupled with the clearing of forests and extensive manufacturing of some industrial products such as cement. The increase in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide has been widely linked to climate change and the Earth's temperature.A drastic approach is therefore needed in terms of policy formulation to address this global challenge. Carbon capture and storage are reliable tools that can be introduced to the industrial sector to address this issue. Therefore, this review presents a thorough investigation of the various technologies that can be harnessed to capture carbon dioxide. The cost associated with the capture, transport, and storage of the carbon dioxide is discussed. Socio-economic aspects of carbon capture and storage technologies are also presented in this review. Factors influencing public awareness of the technology and perceptions associated with carbon capture and storage should be a point for consideration in future research activities relating to this novel technology. This, in effect, this will ensure effective expert knowledge communication to the general public and foster social acceptance of this technology.

Elevated atmospheric CO2 modifies responses to water-stress and flowering of Mediterranean desert truffle mycorrhizal shrubs.

Predicted increases in atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) coupled with increased temperatures and drought are expected to strongly influence the development of most of the plant species in the world, especially in areas with high risk of desertification like the Mediterranean basin. Helianthemum almeriense is an ecologically important Mediterranean shrub with an added interest because it serves as the host for the Terfezia claveryi mycorrhizal fungus, which is a desert truffle with increasingly commercial interest. Although both plant and fungi are known to be well adapted to dry conditions, it is still uncertain how the increase in atmospheric CO2 will influence them. In this article we have addressed the physiological responses of H. almeriense × T. claveryi mycorrhizal plants to increases in atmospheric CO2 coupled with drought and high vapor pressure deficit. This work reports one of the few estimations of mesophyll conductance in a drought deciduous Mediterranean shrub and evaluates its role in photosynthesis limitation. High atmospheric CO2 concentrations help desert truffle mycorrhizal plants to cope with the adverse effects of progressive drought during Mediterranean springs by improving carbon net assimilation, intrinsic water use efficiency and dispersal of the species through increased flowering events.

Research on the Anthropogenic Impact on Climate Change

The article is a presentation of the results of studies and calculations of climate parameters associated with anthropogenic thermal pollution of the environment. They indicate that the increase of atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide cannot be a cause of climate warming. The article provides information about the working principle of the natural mechanism of automatic maintenance of temperature climate parameters. The authors show that all of the gases molar mass of differs from the molar mass of nitrogen are the working bodies of the procedures for moving heat from the stratosphere to space. Water vapor is the only greenhouse gas, and to deal effectively with water vapor in the atmosphere is impossible. However, the work contains an assessment of the feasibility of some ways to assist the natural mechanism of removing heat to space. Some methods and tools of world energy development are suggested in the article. These methods could lead to a substantial reduction of anthropogenic thermal pollution of the planet.

Substantial twentieth-century Arctic warming caused by ozone-depleting substances

The rapid warming of the Arctic, perhaps the most striking evidence of climate change, is believed to have arisen from increases in atmospheric concentrations of GHGs1 since the Industrial Revolution. While the dominant role of carbon dioxide is undisputed, another important set of anthropogenic GHGs was also being emitted over the second half of the twentieth century: ozone-depleting2 substances (ODS). These compounds, in addition to causing the ozone hole over Antarctica, have long been recognized3 as powerful GHGs. However, their contribution to Arctic warming has not been quantified. We do so here by analysing ensembles of climate model integrations specifically designed for this purpose, spanning the period 1955–2005 when atmospheric concentrations of ODS increased rapidly. We show that, when ODS are kept fixed, forced Arctic surface warming and forced sea-ice loss are only half as large as when ODS are allowed to increase. We also demonstrate that the large impact of ODS on the Arctic occurs primarily via direct radiative warming, not via ozone depletion. Our findings reveal a substantial contribution of ODS to recent Arctic warming, and highlight the importance of the Montreal Protocol as a major climate change-mitigation treaty. Arctic warming is attributed to GHGs and feedbacks, but the specific contribution of ozone-depleting substances (ODS)—also potent GHGs—has never been quantified. Here, model simulations suggest ODS contributed 0.8°C of Arctic warming and led to considerable sea-ice loss during the period 1955–2005. [This summary has been amended to reflect the addendum published 28 January 2020]

DAS seismic monitoring of the shallow CO2 controlled-release experiment at the South West Hub In-Situ Laboratory

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) remains one of the most viable short-term options for halting the increase in atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases. Assurance of storage safety is an essen...

Rapidly increasing ethanol concentrations in rainwater and air

Rainwater and gas phase ethanol concentrations increased approximately fourfold between 2010 and 2017 in Wilmington, NC, USA. This 8-year study demonstrates that the gas phase and rainwater concentrations of ethanol have risen due to increased production and use of ethanol as a biofuel. Rainwater ethanol concentrations are close to equilibrium with local atmospheric gas phase concentrations and have increased in proportion to increased air concentrations. Ethanol emissions are important because they impact the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere due to the reactivity of the alcohol towards hydroxyl radical. Gas phase ethanol contributes to air pollution through oxidation to acetaldehyde, with subsequent production of ozone, and in high NOx regions production of peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN). However, combustion of ethanol can also lower emissions of acetaldehyde precursors such as alkenes, suggesting that the potential impact of ethanol combustion is complex. The large increase in the concentration of ethanol in both the gas and condensed phases indicates that existing sinks are not sufficient to remove the excess alcohol being added to the atmosphere from biofuel use. This suggests that the projected growth of ethanol as a biofuel will result in considerable increases in atmospheric concentrations within the next few years with direct ramifications on a host of fundamentally important atmospheric processes.

A Modeling Approach Combining Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Effects on Protein, Iron and Zinc Availability with Projected Climate Change Impacts on Global Diets

Background. Increases in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (eCO2) affect global nutrition through impacts on agricultural productivity and nutrient content of food crops. Methods. We used a global economic model of the agricultural sector to project per capita availability of protein, iron, and zinc in 2050. Estimated changes in productivity of individual agricultural commodities were used to model effects on production, trade, prices, and consumption. The resulting food supply was combined with two sources of data on eCO2 effects on nutrient content. Findings. While technological change, market responses, and the productivity effects of CO2 yield fertilization are projected to increase global availability of dietary protein, iron, and zinc, these increases are dampened by negative effects of climate change impacts on productivity and eCO2 impacts on nutrient content. Both datasets show projected eCO2 decreases global availability of nutrients in crops by enacting a 2·4% to 4·3% penalty on expected gains by mid-century. The penalty on nutrient content of wheat is ~3 times larger. Many countries currently experiencing high levels of nutrient deficiency would continue to be disproportionately affected. Interpretation. This approach represents an improvement in estimating future impacts on global food security by simultaneously projecting climate change impacts on crop productivity and changes in nutrient content under eCO2, which accounts for a much larger effect on nutrient availability than CO2 fertilization. Regardless of the scenario used to project future consumption patterns, the net effect of rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will slow progress in achieving reductions in global nutrient deficiencies. Funding: This research was funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency under contract EPBPA16H0002. Support was also provided through the CGIAR Research Programs on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM) and Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). The views expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of their affiliated institutions including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency or the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Declaration of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.

Soils in high-land landscapes of Santa Isabel (Tolima, Colombia), are they a carbon sink?

El cambio climático global es uno de los problemas más graves de la humanidad, causado, principalmente, por el aumento de CO2 y otros gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera . Se reconoce que las emisiones de estos gases pueden ser reducidas disminuyendo su emisión o aumentando su remoción y depósito, en sumideros terrestres . El suelo es el mayor sumidero de carbono (C) y mitiga su creciente concentración atmosférica . Los paisajes rurales alto-andinos retienen importantes cantidades de C orgánico del suelo (COS), teniendo un papel fundamental en su ciclo global, pero ha sido poco valorado . El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar el COS en los principales usos de la tierra y los impactos del cambio de uso en paisajes alto-andinos en Santa Isabel - Tolima, Colombia . Se evaluaron tres usos del suelo: (i) cultivos agrícolas (CA), (ii) sistemas silvo-pastoriles de pasturas con árboles dispersos (SSP) y (iii) bosques nativos (BN), estimando la densidad aparente, por el método del cilindro y la concentración de COS, a una profundidad de 0-40cm . La densidad aparente, se incrementó notablemente, al cambiar de BN a CA y SSP (0,35 a 0,61 y 0,65g/cm3, respectivamente) . Contrastando, la concentración de COS, se redujo al convertir BN a usos agropecuarios (8,9 a 5,8%) . Los BN almacenaron más C que los CA y SSP (122,4; 79,6 y 79,8t/ha, respectivamente), causando una emisión potencial de 157 t CO2/ha, en caso de deforestación . Procesos contrarios implican captura de C atmosférico . La conservación de BN alto-andinos debe estar altamente considerados en las políticas nacionales y regionales.

Techno-economic assessment of integrated power plant with methanation

Greenhouse gaseous (GHG) emissions increment is driven by economic and population growth which are getting higher. This has led to the increase of atmospheric concentration of CO2. Due to this situation, carbon capture utilisation and storage (CCUS) seems to be promising approach to reduce emission of CO2. Among all the carbon utilisation strategies available, methanation is promising. In the perspective of integrated power plant with methanation, the process is appropriate and relatively simpler due to availability of hydrogen as its main constituent. Prior to the goal of abatement of greenhouse gases emission, hydrogen production by using renewable energy technology which is electrolysis seems to be one of the solution towards future energy security. This study performed a techno economic assessment of integrated power plant with methanation with a case study in Iskandar Malaysia. From the economic assessment results, highest profit is generated when PEM is used in electrolysis process and CIS is used as solar panel due to its high efficiency and low capital expenditure (CAPEX). This cost competitiveness can be enhanced selling O2 by product produced from electrolysis process and recycling the catalyst for methanation process. Further studies can be extended by including variation of parameter for a better optimisation superstructure.

Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> Increase: A Potential for Primary Production Enhancement in Lake Kinneret

Due to precipitation reduction, nutrient inputs into Lake Kinneret through Jordan river discharge declined. Nitrogen (N) supply into the Kinneret ecosystem is mostly external and that of Phosphorus (P) is partly internal and dust deposition. Therefore, decline of N and slight elevation of P concentrations occurred in the Kinneret Epilimnion. As a result, suppression of Peridinium biomass and enhancement of Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Diatoms were recorded. The Peridinium decline caused Primary Production (PP) reduction and although increased later, it accompanied the nano-plankton elevation. It is suggested that the PP enhancement is partly due to the natural photosynthetic capacity of nano-plankton and partly to global increase of atmospheric concentration of CO2. The suggestion of atmospheric CO2 increase and consequently PP, was supported by the pH (and obviously Alkalinity) increase. The enhancement of CO2 diffusion was an incentive factor which enhanced PP capacity.

A review on biogeochemical linkages of climate change and change in intensity of ultra violet radiation

Changes in climate and intensity of ultraviolet radiation can both have substantial impacts on the biological, geological, chemical, and physical processes that control the exchange of matter and energy between the major components of the environment-the atmosphere, the biosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere. The carbon cycle is of central importance in the climate change issue because human disruption of the natural carbon cycle, through the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests, is largely responsible for the modern increase in atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide, the most abundant anthropogenic greenhouse gas. One of the more important links in the carbon cycle from an atmospheric perspective is the so-called “marine biological pump”. This is a process in which plankton, the microscopic plants and animals that live near the surface of the oceans and freshwater lakes remove carbon from the air and then transfer it to the ocean bottoms and lakebeds when they die. Ozone depletion, particularly severe episodes such as the spring ozone holes in the Antarctic, present a potentially serious threat to this process, because plankton cannot take shelter from solar radiation. A serious decline in their numbers as a result of exposure to more intense ultraviolet radiation could therefore decrease the rate at which carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. Similarly, biological changes initiated by changes in climate might have some effect on ozone depletion. Methyl chloride and methyl bromide are two ozone-depleting compounds. However, because natural sources of these gases are larger than the human industrial sources, anything affecting the ecosystems and natural processes that produce these gases could also have consequences for the ozone layer. Coastal marshes appear to be important contributors of natural source. Fungi, crops such as rapeseed, and soils rich in organic matter are also thought to be substantial sources. Warming of the atmosphere and oceans or changes in sea level could affect all of these sources by altering the ecosystems and climatic conditions that support the natural production of these gases. Climate change could also affect the rate at which these gases are removed from the atmosphere by the oceans. Studies of the natural production and removal of these gases are still in their early stages, however, and it is not yet possible to predict how climate change might affect the quantities of these gases in the atmosphere.

Increased root herbivory under elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations is reversed by silicon‐based plant defences

Summary Predicted increases in atmospheric concentrations of CO2 may alter the susceptibility of many plants to insect herbivores due to changes in plant nutrition and defences. Silicon plays a critical role in plant defence against herbivores, so increasing such silicon‐based defences in plants may help remediate situations where plants become more susceptible to herbivores. Sugar cane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) was subjected to fully factorial treatment combinations of ambient (aCO2) or elevated (eCO2) atmospheric CO2 concentrations; ambient silicon or silicon supplementation; insect‐free or subject to root herbivory by greyback canegrub (Dermolepida albohirtum). A glasshouse study was used to determine how these factors affected rates of photosynthesis, growth, chemistry (concentrations of silicon, carbon, nitrogen and non‐structural carbohydrates). Changes in canegrub mass were determined in the glasshouse pot study, together with more detailed assessment of how eCO2 and silicon supplementation affected performance and feeding behaviour (relative growth rate and relative consumption) in a 24‐h feeding efficiency assay. Elevated CO2 and silicon supplementation increased rates of photosynthesis (+32% and 14%, respectively) and sugar cane biomass (+45% and 69%, respectively). Silicon supplementation increased silicon concentrations in both leaves and roots by 54% and 75%, respectively. eCO2 caused root C : N to increase by 12%. Canegrub performance and consumption increased under eCO2; relative growth rate (RGR) increased by 116% and consumed 57% more root material (suggestive of compensatory feeding). Silicon application reversed these effects, with large decreases in mass change, RGR and root consumption (65% less root mass consumed). Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest future atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations could lead to increased crop damage by a below‐ground herbivore. Increasing bioavailable silicon in soil stimulated silicon‐based defences which dramatically decreased herbivory and herbivore performance. Our findings suggest future pest management strategies could benefit from characterising deficiencies in bioavailable silicon in agricultural soils and targeted application of silicon fertilisers. Moreover, future breeding programmes should exploit variation in silicon uptake between cultivars to enhance silicon uptake in new crop varieties. Silicon‐based plant defence proved to be highly beneficial for remediating the negative effects of atmospheric change on sugar cane susceptibility to herbivory and could be applicable in other crops.

Spatiotemporal Monitoring of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> over Pakistan Using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) are two most potent greenhouse gases and are major source of climate change. Human activities particularly fossil fuels burning have caused considerable increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. CO2 contributes 60% of anthropogenic greenhouse effect whereas CH4 contributes 15%. Ice core records also show that the concentrations of Carbon dioxide and methane have increased substantially. The emission of these gases alters the Earth’s energy budget and are drivers of climate change. In the present study, atmospheric concentration of CO2 and CH4 over Pakistan is measured using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Time series and time averaged maps are prepared to measure the concentrations of CO2 and CH4. The results show considerable increase in concentration of Carbon dioxide and methane. The substantial increase in these concentrations can affect human health, earth radiative balance and can damage crops.

Spatiotemporal Monitoring of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> over Pakistan Using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4) are two most potent greenhouse gases and are major source of climate change. Human activities particularly fossil fuels burning have caused considerable increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases. CO2contributes 60% of anthropogenic greenhouse effect whereas CH4contributes 15%. Ice core records also show that the concentrations of Carbon dioxide and methane have increased substantially. The emission of these gases alters the Earth’s energy budget and are drivers of climate change. In the present study, atmospheric concentration of CO2and CH4over Pakistan is measured using Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS). Time series and time averaged maps are prepared to measure the concentrations of CO2and CH4. The results show considerable increase in concentration of Carbon dioxide and methane. The substantial increase in these concentrations can affect human health, earth radiative balance and can damage crops.