Increased Anthocyanin Content Research Articles

Synergistic application of Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense and Trichoderma species improves tolerance of cowpea to aluminum stress by enhancing the antioxidant defense system

The positive effects of Trichoderma on the antioxidant responses of nodulated cowpea plants under aluminum (Al) stress are not well documented. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different microbial consortia of Bradyrhizobium yuanmingense (bradyrhizobia) and Trichoderma species (T. asperelloides T02, T. asperellum T77, or T. harzianum T78) on the growth and antioxidant responses of cowpea under Al stress. Coinoculation with Bradyrhizobia and Trichoderma resulted in greater growth (plant height and root length) and biomass (dry weight of shoots and roots) compared to single inoculations. The dual application of bradyrhizobia and T. asperellum T77 to Al-treated plants increased chlorophyll-a (36 %), chlorophyll-b (210 %), and carotenoid (92 %) contents. Under Al stress, plants inoculated with bradyrhizobia exhibited a 53 % increase in anthocyanin content compared to the unstressed control. The highest levels of reduced ascorbate and ascorbate redox state were observed in plants coinoculated with bradyrhizobia and Trichoderma, whereas oxidized ascorbate accumulated more in plants with single inoculations (bradyrhizobia or Trichoderma). Lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide levels were 50 % lower in plants coinoculated with bradyrhizobia and Trichoderma. Additionally, these plants showed increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and peroxidases under Al stress, particularly in those coinoculated with bradyrhizobia and T. asperelloides T02 and T. harzianum T78. Our results confirm that the presence of bradyrhizobia and Trichoderma in the cowpea rhizosphere mitigates oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species under Al stress and positively influences cowpea growth and development under stressful conditions.

Decoding anthocyanin biosynthesis regulation in Asparagus officinalis peel coloration: insights from integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses

Asparagus is a key global vegetable crop with significant economic importance. Purple asparagus, rich in anthocyanins, stands out for its nutritional value. Despite its prominence, the molecular mechanisms driving purple peel coloration in asparagus remain unclear. This study focuses on three asparagus varieties with distinct peel colors to analyze anthocyanins in both the metabolome and transcriptome, unraveling the regulatory mechanisms. Our findings identify 30 anthocyanins, categorized into five major anthocyanin aglycones across diverse asparagus peel colors. Notably, among the 30 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), 18 anthocyanins displayed significantly up-regulated expression in the ‘Purple Passion’ variety. Key contributors include Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside-5-O-glucoside and Cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside. Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is most abundant in ‘Purple Passion’, while Petunidin-glucoside-galactoside is the least. Analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) displayed 21 structural genes in anthocyanin synthesis, with F3H, DFR, ANS, and one of three UFGTs showing significantly higher expression in the ‘Purple Passion’ compared to ‘Grande’ and ‘Erasmus’. Additionally, transcription factors (TFs), including 38 MYB, 33 bHLH, and 13 bZIP, also display differential expression in this variety. Validation through real-time qPCR supports the idea that increased expression of anthocyanin structural genes contribute to anthocyanin accumulation. Transient overexpression of AoMYB17 in tobacco further showed that it had the vital function of increasing anthocyanin content. This study sheds light on the mechanisms behind anthocyanin coloration in three distinct asparagus peels. Therefore, it lays the foundation for potential genetic enhancements, aiming to develop new purple-fleshed asparagus germplasms with heightened anthocyanin content.

Continuous-Flow High-Pressure Homogenization of Blueberry Juice Enhances Anthocyanin and Ascorbic Acid Stability during Cold Storage.

Blueberries (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus) have a wealth of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanins and other antioxidants, that offer significant health benefits. Preserving these compounds and maintaining the sensory and nutritional qualities of blueberry products such as juice during cold market storage is critical to meet consumer expectations for nutritious, safe, and minimally processed food. In this study, we compared the effects of two preservation processing techniques, high-temperature short-time (HTST) and continuous flow high-pressure homogenization (CFHPH), on blueberry juice quality during storage at 4 °C. Our findings revealed that inlet temperature (Tin) of CFHPH processing at 4 °C favored anthocyanin retention, whereas Tin at 22 °C favored ascorbic acid retention. After 45 days of storage, CFHPH (300 MPa, 1.5 L/min, 4 °C) juice retained up to 54% more anthocyanins compared to control at 0 day. In contrast, HTST treatment (95 °C, 15 s) initially increased anthocyanin concentrations but led to their subsequent degradation over time, while also significantly degrading ascorbic acid. Furthermore, CFHPH (300 MPa, 4 °C) juice had significantly lower polyphenol oxidase activity (>80% less than control), contributing to the overall quality of the juice. This innovative processing technique has the potential to improve commercial blueberry juice, and help meet the rising demand for healthy and appealing food choices.

VvWRKY5 positively regulates wounding-induced anthocyanin accumulation in grape by interplaying with VvMYBA1 and promoting jasmonic acid biosynthesis.

Wounding stress induces the biosynthesis of various secondary metabolites in plants, including anthocyanin. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we reported that a transcription factor, VvWRKY5, promotes wounding-induced anthocyanin accumulation in grape (Vitis vinifera). Biochemical and molecular analyses demonstrated that wounding stress significantly increased anthocyanin content, and VvMYBA1 plays an essential role in this process. VvWRKY5 could interact with VvMYBA1 and amplify the activation effect of VvMYBA1 on its target gene VvUFGT. The transcript level of VvWRKY5 was notably induced by wounding treatment. Moreover, our data demonstrated that VvWRKY5 could promote the synthesis of jasmonic acid (JA), a phytohormone that acts as a positive modulator in anthocyanin accumulation, by directly binding to the W-box element in the promoter of the JA biosynthesis-related gene VvLOX and enhancing its activities, and this activation was greatly enhanced by the VvWRKY5-VvMYBA1 protein complex. Collectively, our findings show that VvWRKY5 plays crucial roles in wounding-induced anthocyanin synthesis in grape and elucidates the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of wounding-induced anthocyanin accumulation.

Simultaneous Application of Several Exogenous dsRNAs for the Regulation of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Plant surface treatment with double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) has gained recognition as a promising method for inducing gene silencing and combating plant pathogens. However, the regulation of endogenous plant genes by external dsRNAs has not been sufficiently investigated. Also, the effect of the simultaneous application of multiple gene-specific dsRNAs has not been analyzed. The aim of this study was to exogenously target five genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, namely, three transcription factor genes (AtCPC, AtMybL2, AtANAC032), a calmodulin-binding protein gene (AtCBP60g), and an anthocyanidin reductase gene (AtBAN), which are known as negative regulators of anthocyanin accumulation. Exogenous dsRNAs encoding these genes were applied to the leaf surface of A. thaliana either individually or in mixtures. The mRNA levels of the five targets were analyzed using qRT-PCR, and anthocyanin content was evaluated through HPLC-MS. The results demonstrated significant downregulation of all five target genes by the exogenous dsRNAs, resulting in enhanced expression of chalcone synthase (AtCHS) gene and increased anthocyanin content. The simultaneous foliar application of the five dsRNAs proved to be more efficient in activating anthocyanin accumulation compared to the application of individual dsRNAs. These findings hold considerable importance in plant biotechnology and gene function studies.

Salt Stress Induces Contrasting Physiological and Biochemical Effects on Four Elite Date Palm Cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from Southeast Morocco.

Understanding the response of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars to salt stress is essential for the sustainable management of phoeniculture in Tafilalet, Morocco. It offers a promising avenue for addressing the challenges presented by the increasing salinity of irrigation waters, especially because farmers in these regions often lack the necessary knowledge and resources to make informed decisions regarding cultivar selection. This study addresses this issue by investigating the performance of the most relied on cultivars by farmers in Tafilalet, namely Mejhoul, Boufeggous, Nejda, and Bouskri. These cultivars were exposed to a sodium chloride treatment of 154 mM, and their performances were evaluated over a three-month period. We examined the growth rate, photosynthesis-related parameters, pigments, water status in plants, and biochemical compounds associated with oxidative stress, osmotic stress, and ionic stress. Principle component analysis (PCA) effectively categorized the cultivars into two distinct groups: salt-sensitive (Mejhoul and Nejda) and salt-tolerant (Boufeggous and Bouskri). These findings provide valuable insights for farmers, highlighting the advantages of cultivating Boufeggous and Bouskri cultivars due to their superior adaptation to salt conditions. These cultivars exhibited moderate decrease in shoot growth (25%), enhanced catalase activity, a smaller increase in anthocyanin content, and greater enhancement in organic osmolytes compared with salt-sensitive cultivars like Mejhoul (experiencing an 87% reduction in shoot elongation) and Nejda (exhibiting the highest reduction in leaf area). Furthermore, the Na+/K+ ratio was positively influenced by salt stress, with Mejhoul and Nejda recording the highest values, suggesting its potential as an indicator of salt stress sensitivity in date palms.

Timing of leaf removal modulates tannin composition and the level of anthocyanins and methoxypyrazines in Pinot noir grapes and wines

This study aimed to investigate the impact of leaf removal on concentrations of anthocyanin, tannin, and methoxypyrazines (MPs) in Pinot noir grapes and wines. Leaf removal after 7 days (LR7), 30 days (LR30), and 60 days (LR60) of flowering were compared with no leaf removal control (LRC). Grapes and resultant wines were analysed for tannin and aroma composition using liquid chromatography and two-dimensional gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. All leaf removal treatments increased anthocyanin concentration in grapes and reduced MP levels in grape stems compared to LRC, indicating the effectiveness of both early and late leaf removal. Leaf removal after 7 days and 30 days were more effective in enhancing colour density, polymeric pigments, and tannin concentration in wines. Higher grape skin tannin and anthocyanin concentrations, along with lower seed tannin concentration in berries, correlated with higher tannin concentrations in wines. LR7 showed significantly higher skin-originated tannin proportion than LRC, suggesting a useful tool to manage tannin extraction. Aroma composition of resultant wines was influenced by leaf removal, although these differences were not evident in the sensory evaluation.

MiR156b-targeted VvSBP8/13 functions downstream of the abscisic acid signal to regulate anthocyanins biosynthesis in grapevine fruit under drought.

Anthocyanins are the primary color components of grapevine berries and wines. In cultivation practices, a moderate water deficit can promote anthocyanin accumulation in red grape skins. Our previous study showed that abscisic acid (ABA) plays a key role in this process. Herein, we identified a microRNA, vv-miR156b, that is generated in grapevine berries in response to drought stress, along with increasing anthocyanin content and biosynthetic structural gene transcripts. In contrast, vv-miR156b short tandem target mimic (STTM) function-loss callus exhibits the opposite phenotype. Results from in vivo and in vitro experiments revealed that the ABA-signaling-regulated transcription factor VvAREB2 binds directly to the ABA-responsive element (ABRE) of the MIR156b promoter and activates miR156b expression. Furthermore, two miR156b downstream targets, VvSBP8 and VvSBP13, exhibited reduced grape anthocyanin content in their overexpressors but there was a contrary result in their CRISPR-edited lines, the decrease in anthocyanin content was rescued in miR156b and SBP8/13 double overexpressors. We further demonstrated that both VvSBP8 and VvSBP13, encoding transcriptional repressors, displayed sufficient ability to interact with VvMYC1 and VvMYBA1, thereby interfering with MYB-bHLH-WD (MBW) repeat transcriptional complex formation, resulting in the repression of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our findings demonstrate a direct functional relationship between ABA signaling and the miR156-SBP-MBW complex regulatory module in driving drought-induced anthocyanin accumulation in grape berries.

Potential of Mychorrizal Biological Fertilizer and Green Beens Intercroping in Increasing The Yield and Anthocyanin of Glutinous Corn

Purple corn is one of the varieties that are widely developed in Thailand and America. Purple corn has a high anthocyanin content so it has potential as an antioxidant. The disadvantage of anthocyanins is that they have low stability depending on sunlight and nitrogen. Data analysis methods are carried out descriptively with literature studies, namely; 1) choose articles that are relevant and in accordance with the theme of writing; 2) conduct qualitative analysis; 3) compile articles. Based on the results of previous studies, it can be seen that the protein content of corn superimposed with orok-orok plants continues to increase and the highest content is in the treatment of 2-row planting patterns, which is 14.42%. The application of mycorrhizal fertilizer as much as 5 g can increase the protein content of sorghum which is 10.75% compared to control (without mycorrhiza) which is 9.10%. Intercropping and mycorrhiza can be the right solution to increase anthocyanin content because they are able to fix N and help absorb N into plants properly and do not cause adverse effects on the environment.

Effects of Humic Substances and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Drought-Stressed Cactus: Focus on Growth, Physiology, and Biochemistry.

Utilizing water resources rationally has become critical due to the expected increase in water scarcity. Cacti are capable of surviving with minimal water requirements and in poor soils. Despite being highly drought-resistant, cacti still faces limitations in realizing its full potential under drought-stress conditions. To this end, we investigated the interactive effect of humic substances (Hs) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cactus plants under drought stress. In the study, a cactus pot experiment had three irrigation levels (W1: no irrigation, W2: 15% of field capacity, and W3: 30% of field capacity) and two biostimulants (Hs soil amendment and AMF inoculation), applied alone or combined. The findings show that the W1 and W2 regimes affected cactus performance. However, Hs and/or AMF significantly improved growth. Our results revealed that drought increased the generation of reactive oxygen species. However, Hs and/or AMF application improved nutrient uptake and increased anthocyanin content and free amino acids. Furthermore, the soil's organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, and potassium contents were improved by the application of these biostimulants. Altogether, using Hs alone or in combination with AMF can be an effective and sustainable approach to enhance the tolerance of cactus plants to drought conditions, while also improving the soil quality.

Response of the antioxidant system of wheat seedlings with different genotypes to exogenous prooxidants: the relationship with resistance to abiotic stressors

Oxidative stress is an important component of heat- and drought-induced damage in plants. However­, information on the relationship between the resistance of cultivated plants with different genotypes to environmental factors and their ability to maintain a pro-/antioxidant balance remains contradictory. This study aimed to compare the growth responses and adaptation ability of the antioxidant system in different wheat cultivars to oxidative stress agents hydrogen peroxide and iron(II) sulfate. Etiolated seedlings of common winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Antonivka and Tobak (heat- and drought-tolerant), and Avgustina and Doskonala (not resistant to heat and drought) were used for the study. Three-day-old etiolated seedlings were exposed to 50 mM H2O2 or 5 mM FeSO4 for one day. It was found that seedlings of Antonivka and Tobak cultivars treated with H2O2 or FeSO4 were able to maintain relatively intensive growth, accumulated significantly lower amounts of endogenous hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation products, significantly increased anthocyanin content and had a higher activity of SOD and catalase as compared with non-resistant cultivars. The non-tolerant cultivars’ response to stress agents was only to increase proline content with a simultaneous decrease in SOD activity and anthocyanins content. The identified varietal markers of the antioxidant system adaptive strategy can be used to develop new approaches for screening wheat cultivars with cross-resistance to major abiotic stressors. Keywords: antioxidant system, drought resistan­ce, ferrous sulphate, H2O2, heat tolerance, oxidative stress, Triticum aestivum seedlings

MdMYB66 Is Associated with Anthocyanin Biosynthesis via the Activation of the MdF3H Promoter in the Fruit Skin of an Apple Bud Mutant

Skin color is an important trait that is mainly determined by the content and composition of anthocyanins in apples. In this study, a new bud mutant (RM) from ‘Oregon Spur II’ (OS) of Red Delicious apple was obtained to reveal the mechanism underlying red color formation. Results showed that the total anthocyanin content in RM was significantly higher than that in OS with the development of fruit. Through widely-targeted metabolomics, we found that cyanidin-3-O-galactoside was significantly accumulated in the fruit skin of RM. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the structural gene MdF3H and MdMYB66 transcription factor were significantly up-regulated in the mutant. Overexpression of MdMYB66 in apple fruit and apple callus significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation and significantly increased the expression level of MdMYB66 and structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis. Y1H and LUC analysis verified that MdMYB66 could specifically bind to the promoter of MdF3H. The results of the double luciferase activity test showed that MdMYB66 activated MdF3H 3.8 times, which led to increased anthocyanin contents. This might explain the phenotype of red color in RM at the early stage. Taken together, these results suggested that MdMYB66 was involved in regulating the anthocyanin metabolic pathways through precise regulation of gene expression. The functional characterization of MdMYB66 provides insight into the biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanins.

Genome-Wide Identification of PAP1 Direct Targets in Regulating Seed Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.

Anthocyanins are widespread water-soluble pigments in the plant kingdom. Anthocyanin accumulation is activated by the MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) protein complex. In Arabidopsis, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor PAP1 activates anthocyanin biosynthesis. While prior research primarily focused on seedlings, seeds received limited attention. This study explores PAP1's genome-wide target genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis in seeds. Our findings confirm that PAP1 is a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seeds. PAP1 significantly increased anthocyanin content in developing and mature seeds in Arabidopsis. Transcriptome analysis at 12 days after pollination reveals the upregulation of numerous genes involved in anthocyanin accumulation in 35S:PAP1 developing seeds. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual luciferase reporter assays demonstrate PAP1's direct promotion of ten key genes and indirect upregulation of TT8, TTG1, and eight key genes during seed maturation, thus enhancing seed anthocyanin accumulation. These findings enhance our understanding of PAP1's novel role in regulating anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis seeds.

Genome-wide identification of IbGRFs in sweetpotato and functional analysis of IbGRF9 in anthocyanin biosynthesis

Growth-regulating factors (GRFs), a small transcription factor family in plant, hold vital biological roles during developmental processes and plant responses. However, little is known about GRF genes in sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.). Here, 10 IbGRFs were identified and cloned from the sweetpotato genome. Four IbGRF genes contained miR396-binding sites. IbGRF9 had a higher expression level in the transgenic sweetpotato line MIM396. The anthocyanin contents increased in both MIM396 and transgenic Arabidopsis and in the hairy roots of sweetpotato overexpressing IbGRF9. The IbGRF9 protein bound to the promoters of anthocyanin-biosynthesis related genes to increase anthocyanin content. These results raise new insights for the biological function of GRF genes in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in sweetpotato.

Performance comparison of anthocyanin-based smart indicator films

Anthocyanins are natural dyes from plants that change color according to environmental changes, allowing for their potential use in real-time freshness-indicator films. In this study, black rice extract (BRE), black soya bean extract (BSBE), black wolfberry extract (BWE), purple sweet potato extract (PSPE), purple cabbage extract (PCE) and roselle extract (RE) were added to soybean isolate protein/chitosan (SPI/CS) films, and their performance was assessed. Results showed the total anthocyanin content of these six extracts were 1.50, 1.13, 1.98, 0.47, 0.33, 2.67 mg/mL, respectively. The presence of the six major anthocyanins was confirmed by mass spectrometry. Spectroscopy revealed that anthocyanin addition did not induce interactions between the extracts and SPI/CS film. Excess of anthocyanins weakened interactions between macromolecules, damaged membrane structure and reduced mechanical properties. Membrane water barrier properties improved with an increase in anthocyanin content, as well as antioxidant properties, but the difference between the indicator films was not significant. Finally, SPI/CS/RE exhibited a significant color change and the sensitivity was up to 50.6%, indicating the best application performance.

Electrospun zein nanofibers containing anthocyanins extracted from red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.).

This study aims to fabricate and characterize the zein nanoribbons loaded with different concentrations (2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5°wt%) of the anthocyanins extracted from red cabbage through the electrospinning technique. It was demonstrated that an increase in anthocyanin concentration caused an increase in viscosity and electrical conductivity without any significant change in the surface tension of the electrospinning solution. It was shown by scanning electron microscopy that an increase in anthocyanins concentration reduced the porosity of the bead-free ribbons compared with blank zein. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis, X-ray diffraction patterns, and differential scanning calorimetry results reflected the presence of significant molecular interactions between zein and anthocyanins. Zein-anthocyanins showed high encapsulation efficiency of close to 100%. As a result, it can conclude that electrospinning is a promising method to encapsulate functional ingredients like anthocyanins.

The M/G ratio of alginate oligosaccharides: The key to enhance the coloration of strawberries

Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) have various biological activities in the regulation of plant growth and development. However, little is known about the effect on fruit coloration. We assessed the impacts of varying Mannuronate/Guluronate ratio (M/G ratios) of AOS, namely oligoguluronate (GAOS), oligomannuronate (MAOS), and heterogeneous AOS (HAOS), and delved into the structure-function relationship, as well as the mechanisms of regulation. The promotion of strawberry coloration was observed in HAOS (M/G ratio ≈ 1.58; Mw = 2800 Da) and MAOS (M/G ratio ≈ 6.77; Mw = 6000 Da), whereas GAOS (M/G ratio ≈ 0.2; Mw = 5500 Da) did not exhibit any significant effect. The metabolomics analysis revealed that the impact of AOS was predominantly observed on the biosynthesis of flavonoids. The predominant flavonoids present in strawberries were anthocyanins. The application of HAOS and MAOS on strawberries increased anthocyanin content. This was accompanied by an up-regulation of genes related to the JA synthesis pathway. Additionally, transcription factors and structural genes related to anthocyanin synthesis and transport were up-regulated. The findings suggest that HAOS and MAOS may trigger the JA pathway, leading to an elevation in anthocyanin metabolism and consequent enhancement of strawberry coloration.

Role of an ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter MdABCI17 in the anthocyanin accumulation of apple

As a key colorant and antioxidant in human diets, anthocyanin is biosynthesized in cytosols and transported to vacuoles and other sites for storage. Therefore, the tonoplast transporters of anthocyanin play a key role in the anthocyanin storage and accumulation of plants. In this study, an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter MdABCI17, which is located in the tonoplast, was identified. There was a positive correlation between the MdABCI17 expression and the anthocyanin accumulation during apple fruit ripening. Transgenic analysis showed that up-regulation of MdABCI17 expression in apple fruit and calli significantly increased anthocyanin content. Additionally, the expression of multiple anthocyanin biosynthesize genes, such as MdANS, MdCHS, MdCHI, MdDFR, and MdUFGT, was remarkably upregulated in apple fruit and calli with upregulated expression of MdABCI17, further demonstrating the critical role of MdABCI17 in the anthocyanin accumulation of apple. In summary, the expression of MdABCI17 had positive effects on anthocyanin accumulation, which will be useful for improving the quality of apple and other plants.

ChMYB1-ChbHLH42-ChTTG1 module regulates abscisic acid-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Cerasus humilis

Cerasus humilis is a kind of economic fruit tree peculiar to China, which is widely used in the food, landscape, and pharmaceutical industries. Anthocyanins are a phenolic metabolite that plays an essential role in fruit coloration. However, the regulatory network of C. humilis in anthocyanin biosynthesis is still unclear. In this study, the R2R3-MYB transcription factor ChMYB1 was isolated from the full genome of the species. Yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase assays, and GUS staining showed that ChMYB1 significantly increased anthocyanin contents in C. humilis fruit by promoting the expression of ChCHS and ChUFGT by binding MBS (MYB-binding elements). ChMYB1 interacted with ChbHLH42 and ChTTG1 to form the MBW complex and further enhanced the expression of ChUFGT. In addition, abscisic acid (ABA) treatment promoted the expression of ChMYB1 and anthocyanin accumulation in C. humilis fruit. Interestingly, ABA treatment enhanced the interaction between ChMYB1 and ChbHLH42. Furthermore, ChABI5 inhibited the interaction between ChMYB1 and ChbHLH42. Our data elucidated the primary molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in C. humilis fruit, deepening the understanding of the regulatory network affecting anthocyanin metabolism in edible fruit crops.

Enhancing Bioactive Compound Bioaccessibility in Tapirira guianensis Juices through Ultrasound-Assisted Applications

This study evaluated the chemical profile and bioactive compounds in Tapirira guianensis juice samples under high-intensity ultrasound (US) effects. T. guianensis juices were produced and processed using the US with varying ultrasound energy (0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, and 3.6 kJ·cm−3) for 10 min. The treated juices were evaluated for total acidity, color, pH, total phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, carotenoids, antioxidant capacity, in vitro digestibility, as well as quantification of bioactive compounds by HPLC-DAD. The hydromethanolic extract obtained from T. guianensis exhibited the presence of two major categories of polyphenols, specifically galloylquinic acids and flavonols. Overall, US technology was responsible for inducing some negative changes, such as carotenoid degradation, but also some positive changes in the chemical profile of the beverages, such as increased phenolic content, improved antioxidant capacity, and increased anthocyanin content. However, the beneficial effects were prominent, thus opening opportunities to develop new functional beverages using this fruit with limited scientific studies.