Increase In Aerobic Bacteria Research Articles

Efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical parameters and microbial composition in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients. Seventeen patients were included in this split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) ≥5mm in combination with bleeding on probing in different quadrants were randomized into the control group, the group with a single PDT application right after SRP, and the group with three repeated PDT applications 1week after SRP. The subgingival plaque was collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing at baseline, Week 2, and Week 8. Seventeen patients with 60 sites completed this 8-week follow-up, and 157 subgingival plaques were successfully analyzed by sequencing. Significant improvements were observed in two primary outcomes: PPD at Week 8 and subgingival microbial composition. Compared to the control group, the repeated-PDT group showed a notable improvement in PPD, substantial alterations in the microbial profile, including a reduction in α-diversity and anaerobic bacteria, and an increase in aerobic bacteria at Week 2. Secondary outcomes, such as clinical attachment level and sulcus bleeding index, also showed improvement at Week 8. Furthermore, both the single- and repeated-PDT groups exhibited a decrease in periodontopathogens and an increase in beneficial bacteria compared with baseline. PDT promotes changes in the microbial composition of periodontitis patients' subgingival plaque in a direction favorable to periodontal health, and repeated PDT is a promising adjunctive therapy for periodontal treatment.

Effect of Treatment with Heated Scallop Shell Powder on the Inactivation of Naturally Existing Bacteria and Listeria monocytogenes Inoculated on Chicken Meat

This study investigated the efficacy of heated scallop shell powder (HSSP) treatment in preserving chicken thigh meat. Chicken thigh meat was treated with HSSP slurry (1% and 5%) for 60 min, and the variation in aerobic bacteria and coliform populations was assessed during refrigerated storage (10 °C). There was a substantial increase in aerobic bacteria, reaching nearly 7 log10 colony forming unit (CFU)/g following 7 days of refrigeration, in the untreated chicken meat. Conversely, the aerobic bacterial population of the HSSP-treated chicken was <5 log10 CFU/g. Coliform growth in the untreated chicken reached over 5 log10 CFU/g following 7 days. In contrast, the coliform population of the HSSP-treated chicken did not reach 5 log10 CFU/g at 1% HSSP concentration; it was suppressed to <4 log10 CFU/g at 5% concentration. Listeria monocytogenes, which can grow at low temperatures, was inoculated into the chicken meat (5 log10 CFU/g) treated with alcohol, which was followed by HSSP. In the untreated chicken, L. monocytogenes increased to 9 log10 CFU/g even when refrigerated for 7 days. However, in the chicken treated with 5% HSSP, L. monocytogenes was suppressed to approximately 3 log10 CFU/g. These findings reveal that HSSP treatment is an effective method for disinfecting meat, inhibiting bacterial growth, and enhancing preservation.

Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile of Bacteria Causing Aerobic Vaginitis in Women in Iraq.

Aerobic vaginitis (AV) is a vaginal infectious condition characterized by abnormal vaginal discharge, high inflammatory response, signs of epithelial atrophy, an increase in aerobic bacteria of intestinal origin and a decrease in the normal flora, especially Lactobacillus spp.. It is one of the most common reproductive tract infections among women. This study aimed to analyze the antimicrobial susceptibility levels of the dominant bacterial species found in the vaginae of women infected with AV. A total of 89 high vaginal swabs (HVS) were collected from women aged (18-50) years old attending some hospitals and private gynaecology clinics in Baghdad City. All obtained swabs were cultured on different culture media, and the primary diagnosis was performed according to standard laboratory diagnosis protocols. To confirm the diagnosis and to determine the antibiotic susceptibility profile of bacterial isolates, VITEK 2 Compact Automated System GP and GN colourimetric identification cards and AST GN and AST GP cards were used according to Manufacturer Company constructions (BioMérieux / France). Out of 89swabs, ninety-five pathogenic strains were obtained, including 62 isolates (65.2%), Grampositive and 33 isolates (34.7%), Gram-negative bacteria. Staphylococcus spp. (46.3%) The most represented active strain was Escherichia coli (15.7%). All Gram-positive bacterial strains displayed the highest resistance rates (100%) toward penicillins and cephalosporins, while the highest sensitivity rates were toward daptomycin, followed by vancomycin and gentamicin (P=0.001). Gram-negative bacteria displayed the highest resistance rates toward penicillins, beta-lactam combination, monobactam and cephalosporins, while the highest sensitivity rates were toward amikacin followed by imipenem meropenem and gentamicin (P=0.001). It is worth mentioning that Gram-positive bacteria showed 100% sensitivity toward tigecycline. Thirty-eight (40 %) of all obtained bacterial strains were extensively drug-resistant XDR, 57 (60%) were multidrug resistance MDR and no pan-drug resistance PDR was reported. Gram-positive bacteria include 21% XDR and 44.2% MDR strains, while Gram-negative bacteria include 18.9% XDR and 15.7% MDR strains.

​Harmful Effect of the Invasive Weed Mikania micrantha with Special Reference to India: A Review

Mikania micrantha is an economically damaging invasive weed, which is widely naturalized in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This weed has reported yield losses in various cash crops and plantation crops in South East Asia including India. M. micrantha was found to change the soil microbial communities (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) as well as the soil chemical properties. It enhances a significant increase in aerobic bacteria but decreases in anaerobic bacteria due to which infested soil were free from other weeds. Similarly, in soil chemical characteristics significant increases in pH, total N and P were observed and a decrease in soil organic matter where M. micrantha is prevalent. It has allelopathic properties which affect neighbouring crops, weeds, insects and pathogens. This weed produces allelochemicals (phenolics, flavonoids, alkaloids and terpenes) that may be released by volatilization and decomposition of plant debris. It was also found that the aqueous leaf extract of invasive weed M. micrantha inhibited seed germination and seedling growth of various cereals, vegetables, and other plants. A similar result was found in test crops but there was no affected case found in the greenhouse experiment. This review will help the researchers and scientists in understanding the harmful effect of this invasive weed.

Evaluation of intestinal microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and immunoglobulin a in diversion colitis

It is reported that an increase in aerobic bacteria, a lack of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and immune disorders in the diverted colon are major causes of diversion colitis. However, the precise pathogenesis of this condition remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine the microbiota, intestinal SCFAs, and immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the diverted colon. Eight patients underwent operative procedures for colostomies. We assessed the diverted colon using endoscopy and obtained intestinal samples from the diverted colon and oral colon in these patients. We analyzed the microbiota and SCFAs of the intestinal samples. The bacterial communities were investigated using a 16S rRNA gene sequencing method. The microbiota demonstrated a change in the proportion of some species, especially Lactobacillus, which significantly decreased in the diverted colon at the genus level. We also showed that intestinal SCFA values were significantly decreased in the diverted colon. Furthermore, intestinal IgA levels were significantly increased in the diverted colon. This study was the first to show that intestinal SCFAs were significantly decreased and intestinal IgA was significantly increased in the diverted colon. Our data suggest that SCFAs affect the microbiota and may play an immunological role in diversion colitis.

Remediation by means of EDTA of an agricultural calcareous soil polluted with Pb.

The dispersion of mine tailings affects ecosystems due to their high content of potentially toxic elements. Environmental risk increases when the soil impacted by tailings is used for agriculture; this use may result in health impacts. This study analyzes the feasibility of remediating a calcareous soil (used for maize cultivation) polluted with lead in the semiarid zone of Zimapán, México, by using EDTA as an extractant. Total geoavailable and bioaccessible concentrations in the gastric and intestinal phases were determined to evaluate lead availability and health risk. The soil was then washed with EDTA, and the geochemical fractionation (interchangeable, carbonates, Fe/Mn oxy-hydroxides, organic matter-sulfides, and residual) and impact on the mesophile bacteria and fungi/yeast populations were analyzed. The results showed total Pb concentrations up to 647 ± 3.50mg/kg, a 46% bioaccessible fraction (297 ± 9.90mg/kg) in the gastric phase and a 12.2% (80 ± 5mg/kg) bioaccessible fraction in the intestinal phase, indicating a health and environmental risk. Meanwhile, the geochemical fractionation before washing showed a Pb fraction mainly consisting of Fe/Mn oxy-hydroxides (69.6%); this reducible fraction may progressively increase its bioaccessibility. Geochemical fractionation performed in the washed soil showed differences from that determined before the treatment; however, the iron and manganese fraction, at 42.4%, accounted for most of the Pb. The soil microbiology was also modified by EDTA, with an increase in aerobic bacteria and a decrease in fungi/yeast populations. Although 44% total lead removal was achieved, corresponding to a final concentration of 363.50 ± 43.50mg/kg (below national and USEPA standards), washing with EDTA increased the soluble and interchangeable lead concentrations. Statistical analysis indicated a significant effect (p < 0.05) of EDTA on the soil's geochemical fractionation of lead.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Bacterial Communities in Sediments from an Infiltration Basin Receiving Highway Runoff

The bacterial community diversity of highway runoff-contaminated sediment that had undergone 19 years of acetate-based de-icing agents addition followed by three years of acetate-free de-icing agents was investigated. Analysis of 26 sediment samples from two drilled soil cores by means of 16S rDNA PCR generated 3,402 clones, indicating an overall high bacterial diversity, with no prominent members within the communities. Sequence analyses provided evidences that each sediment sample displayed a specific structure bacterial community. Proteobacteria-affiliated clones (58% and 43% for the two boreholes) predominated in all samples, followed by Actinobacteria (12% and 16%), Firmicutes (7% and 12%) and Chloroflexi (7% and 11%). The subsurface geochemistry complemented the molecular methods to further distinguish ambient and contaminant plume zones. Principal component analysis revealed that the levels of Fe(II) and dissolved oxygen were strongly correlated with bacterial communities. At elevated Fe(II) levels, sequences associated with anaerobic bacteria were detected in high levels. As iron levels declined and oxygen levels increased below the plume bottom, there was a gradual shift in the community structure toward the increase of aerobic bacteria.

Changes in Soil Microbial Community Associated with Invasion of the Exotic Weed, Mikania micrantha H.B.K

Invasions of exotic plant species are among the most pervasive and important threats to natural ecosystems. However, the effects of plant invasions on soil processes and soil biota have not been adequately investigated. Changes were studied in soil microbial communities where Mikania micrantha was invading a native forest community in Neilingding Island, Shenzhen, China. The soil microbial community structure (assessed by phospholipid fatty acid [PLFA] profiles) and function (assessed by enzyme activities), as well as soil chemical properties were measured. The results showed that the invasion of M. micrantha into the evergreen broadleaved forests in South China changed most of the characteristics in studied soils. Microbial community structure and function differed significantly among the native, two ecotones, and exotic-derived soils. For PLFA profiles, we observed a significant increase in aerobic bacteria but a decrease in anaerobic bacteria in the M. micrantha monoculture as compared to the native and ecotones. The ratio of cy19:0 to18:1ω7 gradually declined but mono/sat PLFAs increased as M. micrantha became more dominant. Both ratios were significantly related to pH according to regression analysis, therefore, pH was a sensitive indicator reflecting the invaded soil subsystem succession. The microbial community composition clearly separated the native soil from the invaded soils by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). For enzyme activities, 7 of 9 enzymes (β-glucosidase, invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and phenol oxidase) showed the similar trend that the activities were highest in the exotic, intermediate in the two ecotones, and lowest in the native community. In most cases, enzyme activities were influenced by soil chemical properties, especially by pH value and soil organic matter. Differences in the structural variables were well correlated to differences in the functional variables as demonstrated by canonical correlation analysis (CCA). It was concluded that M. micrantha invasion had profound effects on the soil subsystem, which must be taken into account when we try to control its invasions.

Changes in Duodenal Bacterial Flora after Cholecystectomy with or without Papillotomy in Rabbits

The number of bacteria in the duodenal contents increased in six of seven rabbits after cholecystectomy. After cholecystectomy with papillotomy the bacterial number increased in seven of eight animals. The increase in aerobic bacteria was higher than that of anaerobic bacteria. No statistical difference between these two groups was found.