Increase In Corrosion Resistance Research Articles

Research, Development and Implementation of Methods for Determining Surface Density and Mass Fraction of Elements for Multilayer and Multicomponent Coatings by X-Ray Fluorescence Method

Metal coatings provide products with the necessary technical characteristics; in particular, they increase corrosion resistance and protect against mechanical abrasion. The application of metal coatings is a promising direction and is widely used in mechanical engineering, metallurgy, and other industries. Therefore, studying the properties and improving the technology of applying metal coatings is a significant and sought-after line of activity for metrology researchers. The needs of industry in the field of monitoring the parameters of single-layer and single-component coatings in the Russian Federation are fully satisfied. At the beginning of this study, the Federal Information Fund for Ensuring the Uniformity of Measurements provided a comprehensive list of reference materials of surface density and thickness of single-layer onecomponent coatings that were tested using the State Primary Standard for units of surface density and mass fraction of elements in coatings GET 168-2015. The needs for testing, verification, and calibration of instruments for measuring surface density, thickness, and chemical composition of multilayer and multicomponent coatings remained not fully met, which became the starting point for this research.The research presented in the article was carried out in order to develop methods for determining the surface density and mass fraction of elements for multilayer and multicomponent coatings on GET 168-2015. At the same time, the problem of developing a set of reference materials of surface density and mass fraction of elements in two-layer and two-component coatings for metrological support of the corresponding measuring instruments was solved.The article fully reveals the content of the work to improve metrological support for measuring surface density, thickness, and mass fraction of elements in coatings, taking into account the needs of industry in the field of monitoring coating parameters and the variety of measurement tasks that are constantly expanding.

STUDY LITERATUR : GRAPHENE, NANO TEKNOLOGI SEBAGAI MATERIAL KONSTRUKSI MASA DEPAN

The development of science and technology encourages progress in various fields, especially through academic innovation. In 2010, Andre K. Geim and Konstantin Novoselov won the Nobel for their discovery of graphene; using tape and graphite. Graphen, known as nanotechnology; superior, has conductive, strong and elastic properties, with these superior properties making graphen a material that has great potential for use in construction activities, such as steel wire ropes for bridges. NASA plans a lift to space using graphene; because of his strength. This research analyzes publications from various sources such as Google Scholar, Dimension, and Research Gate, exploring the attributes of graphene and its derivatives to improve the properties of composite cements and future construction. With the same basic properties as Graphene, Graphene oxide (GO) is also able to increase the compressive, tensile and ductility strength of concrete, reduce cracking, provide electrical conductivity, increase corrosion resistance, and improve the workability of the concrete mixture. Although its use in construction has great potential to overcome future construction problems. However, to be able to use graphene in construction activities, it still requires a lot of development and research.

Electrochemical properties and corrosion induced mechanical degradation of biomedical Zn–Cu–Li alloy in simulated body fluid

The electrochemical behavior and corrosion induced mechanical degradation of biodegradable Zn–2Cu–0.03Li alloy were in detail investigated. The results indicated that the corrosion product film presented an increasing corrosion resistance, while the localized corrosion induced by microgalvanic effect was intensified. Corrosion pits, as the typical defect, acted as the crack initiation sites and accelerated the fracture process of the Zn–2Cu–0.03Li alloy. Accordingly, the fracture mode transformed from ductile to brittle failure. Significant loss in ultimate tensile strength and elongation of the alloys occurred due to strong stress concentration at corrosion pit, threatening the mechanical reliability after implantation.

Optimizing the resistance of Cr-advanced steel to CO2 corrosion with the addition of Ni

The findings of this study indicate that Cr-advanced steels exhibit increased corrosion resistance when Ni is incorporated into the alloy. To investigate this phenomenon, the corrosion products and corrosion behavior of chromium-advanced steels with varying Ni contents were evaluated in CO2-saturated NaCl solutions at 90 and 180 °C. The underlying corrosion resistance mechanism can be elucidated from two distinct perspectives. At 90 °C, the addition of Ni into Cr-advanced steels causes the transformation of Fe oxides to NiFe2O4, and it offers superior protection for steel. In addition, the NiFe2O4 phase generated with electronegative properties can enhance the adsorption of Fe2+, thereby promoting the precipitation of FeCO3 crystals. Furthermore, the residual Ni in the inner film continues to serve a pivotal role in the filling of a considerable number of pores and cracks. Upon comprehensive evaluation of the associated costs, the Cr-advanced steel with enhanced corrosion resistance through the incorporation of 1.0 wt.% Ni content provides a potential alternative to a conventional 3Cr steel in a CO2 environment. On the other hand, at 180 °C, the concentrations of Fe2+ and CO32− are significantly higher than the solubility of FeCO3 in initial corrosion, which is conducive to generate a denser nanometer-size FeCO3 layer with a better protectiveness, and thus, the effect of Ni is significantly weakened.

Effects of Sn on Corrosion Resistance of Rare-Earth-Free Mg-2Zn Alloy

Alloys of Magnesium metal have attracted the attention of the automobile industries in the past two decades due to their greater specific strength as well as stiffness. However, increasing the corrosion performance of alloys of magnesium has remained a prime concern in order to attain better performance without using expensive rare-earth elements. In this study, the result of Sn addition (0%, 2%, 4%) to hot rolled binary Mg-2Zn alloy was examined in terms of their corrosion and microstructural properties. To understand microstructural features, optical micrography, and SEM-EDX study were conducted. SEM and EDX analysis confirmed the presence of Sn phase after 2% and 4% addition of Sn. The number of particles increased with the gradual increase in the addition of Sn. However, Sn lowered the melting point of Zn precipitates. Thus, the presence of Zn particles was reduced with the addition of Sn. Electrochemical analyses were conducted in order to study the corrosion performance of the selected alloys by submerging it in NaCl (3.5 wt.%) solution, supported by the SEM micrographs of the corroded surface. It was found that adding tin up to 2% increases corrosion resistance. The addition of 4% Sn, on the other hand, introduced large-size particles of Mg2Sn, leading to local corrosion initiation sites, micro galvanic in nature, and hence, reducing corrosion resistance.

The prospects of applying ionic modification of nitride coatings to high temperature corrosion processes in the oil and gas industry

The use of ion modification methods associated with high-dose irradiation with low-energy ions is one of the promising ways to increase the resistance of materials to external influences, including high-temperature corrosion. The process of ionic modification involves creating a near-surface layer of material with a high dislocation density due to implantation effects. This inhibits destructive processes caused by corrosive oxidation or mechanical influences. In this work, using the ion modification method to improve the resistance to high temperature corrosion, the authors modified nitride coatings of the order of 500 nm thick. The main purpose of using the ion modification method was to increase the strength characteristics of nitride coatings against high-temperature corrosion, as well as to reduce the effects of coating degradation to mechanical softening and wear after corrosion tests. In the course of the studies, it was found that the use of low-energy irradiation with O2+ ions (40 keV) leads to an increase in the stability of strength characteristics during high-temperature corrosion (with prolonged heating in an oxygen-containing environment at a temperature 700 °C), as well as a decrease in wear in comparison with unmodified nitride coatings applied to the surface of 316L steel. The promise of these studies lies in the development of new methods for modifying steel structures, which will improve the efficiency of resistance to corrosion and mechanical damage, as well as increase the wear resistance of the surface under external mechanical influences. The possibility of increasing stability due to deformation inclusions caused by implantation makes it possible to increase corrosion resistance by increasing the resistance of materials to high-temperature oxidation.

The effect of Al on the corrosion resistance of binary Mg-Al solid solutions: Combining in-situ electrochemistry with combinatorial thin films

The effect of varying Al concentrations on the electrochemical corrosion resistance of binary Mg-Al solid solutions thin films under alkaline immersion conditions was investigated via a combination of in-situ flow-cell, scanning vibrating electrode technique and microscopy analysis. These spatially resolving characterization techniques are employed along the Al concentration gradient of the combinatorically grown thin films enabling efficient screening of the Al concentration dependent electrochemical corrosion behaviour. The analysis revealed an increasing corrosion resistance with increasing Al concentration, as a consequence of Al induced hydroxide reinforcement. Specifically, the addition of >4 wt.% Al decreases the corrosion current density in the range of 70–90 % compared to pure Mg.

Effect of normalizing treatments on microstructure and electrochemical corrosion properties of U75V-welded joints in an acidic environment

Corrosion poses a significant threat to the structural integrity of steel rails, especially in an acidic environment. In this study, we evaluate the corrosion properties of U75V-welded joints using potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance measurements, and corrosion morphology studies under simulated acidic conditions. Compared to non-normalized joints, the normalized joints exhibit a higher self-corrosion current (4.65 × 10−5 A/cm2) and a more negative self-corrosion potential (−0.56919 mV). The smaller and more uniform grain size obtained after normalizing provides multiple active sites on the surface for polarization reactions. Furthermore, owing to significant erosion caused on the rail surface by the acidic solutions, normalizing treatment enhances the passivation effects on the surface, resulting in increased corrosion resistance (221.96 Ω cm2). Our findings provide insights into the impact of normalizing treatments on the corrosion mechanism of U75V rail joints under acidic conditions.

The current status of zirconium alloys fuel cladding

Properties such as corrosion and radiation resistance of zirconium alloys fuel claddings for nuclear reactors and ways to improve them are considered. The need to ensure high radiation and corrosion resistance and reliability of fuel claddings for the safe operation of pressurized water reactors of NPPs under operating conditions is substantiated. The use of sponge zirconium as the base of the alloys provides safety criteria under LOCA conditions. Optimization of the Fe content in the Zr-1%Nb alloy leads to increased corrosion resistance in the coolant and resistance to radiation growth during irradiation.

Effect of N2 partial pressure on ZrN coating orientation and tribocorrosion behavior and mechanism

The ZrN coatings were prepared using multi-arc ion plating (MAIP) under different N2 partial pressures ranging from 10 % to 80 %. A comprehensive analysis of the microstructure, electrochemical behavior, and tribocorrosion properties of these coatings showed a gradual deposition rate decrease with rising N2 partial pressure. Analysis using GIXRD revealed higher N2 pressure led to a shift in crystal orientation from (111) to (200), initially increasing corrosion resistance but later declining. At 70 % N2 pressure, the ZrN coating exhibited the lowest values of capacitance Cpo (8.89 μF cm−2) and double-layer capacitance Cdl (1.14 × 10−7 F cm−2), with the highest values for the two-time constants τ recorded as 0.274 s and 5.749 s. The tribocorrosion behavior correlated closely with the corrosion performance, with the ZrN-70 % coating demonstrating superior tribocorrosion resistance and a minimal wear rate of 4.25 × 10−5 mm3/Nm. While the ZrN-80 % coating exhibited the lowest wear rate of 2.67 × 10−5 mm3/Nm, but was more susceptible to friction and corrosion synergy, causing localized failure. The outcomes reveal crystal texture significantly affected on the electrochemical and tribocorrosion characteristics of the coatings, primarily attributed to the robust passivation tendency and stability of the passivation film associated with the (200) crystal orientation. The dominant wear mechanism identified involves the interplay of adhesive, abrasive, and corrosion-erosion wear processes. Based on these results, ZrN coatings prepared using MAIP are expected to emerge as candidate materials for critical friction components in marine equipment or other corrosion-erosion environments.

REASON OF PITTING CORROSION OF MARTENSITIC STEELIN SEA WATER

Abstract. The assumption that corrosion of products from X17 martensitic stainless steel in seawater occurs due to incomplete oxidation of chromium atoms in cells on the surface of the products is made in the presented work. Incomplete oxidation of chromium atoms occurs in the cells of X17 steel. This is due to the fact that oxygen molecules at temperatures up to 350 °C not having enough energy for chemical interaction with trivalent chromium atoms entering the cubic body-centeredcells of martensitic stainless steel. There is a significant decrease in the corrosion rate after placing X17 stainless steel products in 5% iodine solution in ethanol after pre-treatment of the product surface with active forms of oxygen. The treatment was carried out during 12 hours with chemically active forms of oxygen (ozone and singlet oxygen) at a temperature of 350 °С. Most of the chromium atoms on the surface of X17 steel samples were completely oxidized as a result of 12 hours exposure to highly active forms of oxygen. The density of the oxide passivation layer on the surface of the products increased significantly as a result of the formation of new bonds CHROMIUM -OXYGEN -CHROMIUM. This resulted in increased corrosion resistance. The rate of interaction with an alcohol solution containing halogen ions was reduced by 71% for the samples with the oxide passivation layer compared to samples of untreated X17 steel.

Corrosion Behaviour of Ni-based Alloys 230, 617 and 601 in CO2 Gas at 750 and 850 °C

This paper investigated the corrosion behavior of three nickel-based alloys (230, 617 and 601) at 750 °C and 850 °C in a carbon dioxide environment for up to 500 h. All three alloys showed good oxidation resistance by forming mainly a protective chromia layer with low weight gains. Internal Al2O3 was precipitated beneath a thin chromia layer in all cases. For 230 and 617 alloys, NiO and Cr-rich spinel outer layers were formed, but for 601 less iron and nickel outward diffusion was observed at both temperatures. Furthermore, some minor alloy elements (Mn, Ti, and Co) were also observed in the chromia layers. Very limited carburization due to the CO2 reaction was revealed in the matrix underneath the oxide scale. Wagner’s theory was applied to examine the critical chromium concentration for forming a protective chromia scale. This prediction indicated that alloy concentrations were marginal for chromia formation at both temperatures and the critical chromium concentration decreased with increasing the oxidation temperature. The presence of other alloying elements, e.g. Al, Mn, Ti, Si etc could increase corrosion resistance of these alloys by forming either additional protective oxide barriers or integrating with chromium oxide to enhance its protection.

Metal Coatings Derived from Modified Silica as Anti-Corrosion

Metal is widely used in various industrial fields such as transportation because of its physical and mechanical strength. However, during its utilization, metal materials are often damaged by corrosion due to chemical reactions between the metal surface and the surrounding environment. Coating is one way to prevent corrosion by isolating metal surfaces from the environment. Conventional anti-corrosion coatings generally use chromate and phosphate-based materials. However, this material has been banned in some countries because it is toxic to the environment. Meanwhile, other methods with the addition of more active metals such as magnesium are considered unaffordable. Therefore, the researchers developed alternative materials that are environmentally friendly and reduce costs by using metal oxide-based materials such as Silicon dioxide (SiO2). The advantage of SiO2 is that it is chemically stable and harmless. SiO2 modification produces hydrophobic properties which increase corrosion resistance. One of the methods to make SiO2 is sol-gel method. The advantages of sol-gel method are simple, affordable, capable of forming a film for attaching chemical properties, flexible for incorporation with other compounds and the coating can be applied in several ways, such as dip coating, spray coating, electrophoretic deposition (EPD), etc. As an anti-corrosion coating, products can be tested for their resistance by analyzing the corrosion rate. This paper reviews silica-based metal coatings as anti-corrosion. The scope of the discussion in this paper is the mechanism, fabrication route, application technique, characterization, and analysis of anti-corrosion ability by studying the corrosion rate of anti-corrosion silica-based coating products for metal substrates.

Effect of non-isothermal aging on microstructure and corrosion behavior of multilayer friction surfaced Al−Mg−Si alloy with Ag additive

The influence of non-isothermal aging on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of multilayer friction surfaced Al−Mg−Si alloy with different amounts of silver additive was investigated. The silver in 4, 8, and 13 wt.% was inserted into the consumable rods by drilling holes in the cross-section of the consumable rods. The coating microstructure was studied by using light and electron microscopy, the mechanical properties of the coatings were studied by using microhardness and tensile tests, and the corrosion resistance of samples was studied by using electrochemical testing. The results show that the grain size of friction surfaced layers decreases from (1.5±0.3) to (1.0±0.3) µm with increasing the silver additive content from 4 to 13 wt.%. The solute silver in the aluminum matrix increases the precipitation kinetics in the Al−Mg−Si alloy. After non-isothermal aging, the yield and tensile strengths of the silver-containing coating are 50.6% and 43.5% higher than those of the silver-free coating, respectively. Non-isothermal aging treatment reduces corrosion current density and increases corrosion resistance of both samples with and without silver additive. The corrosion resistance of the silver-containing coating after non-isothermal aging is 96.5% higher than that of the silver-free coating.

Developing micro-lamellar composites of magnesium-calcium deficient nanohydroxyapatite by powder metallurgy route: in vitro degradation studies

ABSTRACT In the present work, magnesium-calcium deficient nano hydroxyapatite (Mg-CDHA) lamellar composites with 5, 10 and 15 wt. % CDHA of crystallite size 32 nm were produced by ball milling and sintering. The Mg laminas were uniformly covered with CDHA crystals after 20 h of milling as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Enhanced biomineralisation was confirmed from X-ray diffraction method for the composites after 72 h of immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF). Degradation studies carried out by weight loss method and electrochemical tests in SBF clearly indicated the increased corrosion resistance for the composites with 10%HA compared to other combinations. The corrosion current values were observed as decreased (1.98 × 10−5 µA/cm2) for Mg-10%HA compared with other composites and pure Mg. Micro-lamellar structure and the deposited mineral phases from the simulated body fluids made the composite with 10% HA as optimum for biodegradable medical scaffold applications.

Analysis of coated samples containing hydroxyapatite/multiwalled carbon nanotubes on 2205 DSS substrate

For biomedical applications, hydroxyapatite and carbon nanotubes are currently being applied over duplex stainless steel (DSS) alone in order to increase corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. A composite of hydroxyapatite and multi-walled carbon nanotubes was used to improve biocompatibility, osseointegration, and corrosion resistance on 2205 DSS using electrophoretic deposition. The study investigates the effects of potential and time on the properties of the deposited layer in order to determine electrophoretic deposition factor values that are appropriate. The coating properties and effective groups of the phase resulting from this process are determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The antibacterial properties of E. coli bacterial strains are investigated for the coated layer. The adhesion between the hydroxyapatite and multi-walled carbon nanotube layers on the 2205 duplex stainless steel substrate was qualitatively evaluated using the adhesive tape test. It was found that the optimal suspension, which consists of 65 weight percent hydrogen acetate and 35 weight percent multi-walled carbon nanotubes, had a homogeneous morphology, a thick structure, and no cracks when coated at 50 V for two minutes.

Corrosion-Resistive ZrO2 Barrier Films on Selected Zn-Based Alloys.

This work presents the enhanced corrosion resistance of newly developed two-layer composite coatings deposited on low-carbon steel: electrodeposited zinc alloy coatings (Zn-Ni with 10 wt.% Ni (ZN) or Zn-Co with 3 wt.% Co (ZC), respectively) and a top ZrO2 sol-gel layer. Surface morphology peculiarities and anti-corrosion characteristics were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), water contact angle (WCA) measurements, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP) curves, corrosion potential (Ecorr), polarization resistance (Rp) measurements (for a prolonged period of 25 days) and open-circuit potential (OCP). The results were compared with the corrosion peculiarities of usual zinc coating. The zirconia top coatings in both systems were amorphous and dense, possessing hydrophobic nature. The experimental data revealed an increased corrosion resistance and protective ability of the ZC system in comparison to that of ZN due to its smooth, homogeneous surface and the presence of poorly crystallized oxides (ZnO and Co3O4), both later playing the role of a barrier for corrosive agents.

Graphene-Based Coatings for Surface Modification and Their Applications in Fixed Orthodontics: A Scoping Review.

Surface coating technology can assist fixed appliances by reducing friction, improving antibacterial characteristics, and increasing corrosion resistance. The application of functional coatings composed of graphene onto the surfaces of orthodontic brackets and archwires has been shown to enhance their mechanical qualities. The objective of the current study was to carry out a scoping analysis of published recent evidence on the utilization of graphene as a covering material in metallic orthodontic accessories, such as brackets and archwires; Methods: A scoping review was undertaken following the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, Dentistry and Oral Science Source, and Google Scholar were searched between 2003 and 2023; Results: In total, 38 potential references were detected, from which 10 were selected for this review. These articles addressed the benefits of the application of graphene-oxide functional coatings onto the surface of archwires and brackets during fixed orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic graphene-oxide-based coatings provide improved surface characteristics (e.g., reduced friction and anticorrosive effects), antibacterial capabilities, and biocompatibility. These characteristics can increase the effectiveness of orthodontic therapy, improve patient comfort, and lower the likelihood of problems; Conclusion: Orthodontists should be aware of and comprehend the prerequisites for using graphene-oxide-coated archwires and brackets to fulfill needs throughout their clinical practice.

Effect of Ultrasonic Cleaning after Laser Texturizing of Surface of AISI 316L Steel on the Degree of Wetting and Corrosion Resistance

One of the most common current processing methods in various scientific studies is the modification of surfaces of various structural materials via laser radiation (laser ablation technique). The laser texturizing of metal surfaces is one of the promising applications for the creation of hydrophobic surfaces with a high water contact angle, increased corrosion resistance, and other properties. This paper reports the results of experimental studies to determine the effect of ultrasonic surface cleaning after laser texturizing on the degree of wetting and corrosion resistance of AISI 316L steel. The results show that ultrasonic cleaning leads to the removal of micro-/nano-sized particles formed on the surface following the laser texturizing of roughness. This effect, in turn, helps us to obtain higher values for the water contact angle and to increase the corrosion resistance.

ALGORITHM FOR EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDROIMPULSE DEVICE FOR STRENGTHENING PARTS BY DEFORMATION

In the field of mechanical engineering, various methods and techniques are typically employed for the manufacturing of workpieces or machine components. In this context, it becomes necessary to determine the principles of selection and conduct a techno-economic assessment of various possible manufacturing approaches. Typically, the choice of the most optimal technological approach for producing a specific component involves comparing the technological cost of different manufacturing methods. Plastic deformation finds a wide range of applications beyond just restoring shapes and surfaces. It is also used to improve the physical and mechanical properties of the metal's surface, enhance roughness, and increase corrosion resistance. Plastic deformation is often combined with methods of metal buildup, such as welding, cladding, and others, to enhance the yield strength and, consequently, the service life of components. This process significantly enhances the reliability and durability of products and structures subjected to plastic deformation and metal buildup. This article presents a study aimed at identifying patterns that arise when changing the operating parameters of a high-speed hydroimpulse device designed for the deformation strengthening of parts. The influence of adjusting the parameters of the pressure pulse generator on the device's characteristics is investigated. The compliance of the vibration loading parameters of the striker, such as amplitudes and frequencies, with the specified values is verified. The change in the frequency of pressure pulse transmission in the pressure cavity of the drive due to changes in feed rate is analyzed. The capabilities of the technical equipment of the hydroimpulse device for the deformation strengthening of parts are assessed. The compatibility of the hydroimpulse device with the technology of deformation strengthening of parts is studied. Mechanical characteristics of objects before and after processing with the hydroimpulse device are compared. Conclusions are drawn based on the obtained results.