Increased Adiponectin Levels Research Articles

Effects of plant-based diets combined with exercise training on leptin and adiponectin levels in adults with or without chronic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies.

The effects of exercise training combined with plant-based diets (PBD) on leptin and adiponectin levels have been studied. However, little is known regarding the impact of exercise training combined with PBD on leptin and adiponectin levels in adults with or without chronic diseases. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched to identify original articles, published until May 2024, to assess the effects of exercise training combined with PBD on leptin and adiponectin levels in adults with or without chronic diseases. Standardized mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using random models. Nine studies comprising 960 participants with overweight and obesity were included in the current meta-analysis. Exercise training combined with PBD reduced leptin [SMD = -0.33 (95% CI: -0.62 to -0.04); p = 0.025] while increasing adiponectin [SMD = 0.93 (95% CI: 0.12 to 1.74); p = 0.024] levels. Exercise training combined with PBD is suggested as a non-invasive intervention for reducing leptin while increasing adiponectin levels to control body mass and other disorders related to obesity in adults.

Relationship between septic acute kidney injury and adiponectin: A retrospective study in patients undergoing continuous plasma exchange with dialysis.

Adiponectin (APN) is a multimeric protein with anti-inflammatory properties that is specifically secreted by adipocytes. Continuous plasma exchange with dialysis (cPED) is a blood purification therapy in which plasma exchange is performed using a selective membrane plasma separator while the dialysate flows outside the hollow fibers. Patients with sepsis were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of acute kidney injury (AKI) complications: AKI and non-AKI group. Plasma APN levels significantly increased after cPED in both groups. The creatinine levels in the AKI group before cPED were significantly higher than those in the non- AKI group. The plasma APN levels in the AKI group before cPED were significantly higher than those in the non-AKI group. cPED increased APN levels in both patients with and without AKI. Therefore, cPED therapy may be a promising intervention for increasing APN levels in patients with sepsis.

In vivo and in silico insights into the antidiabetic efficacy of EVOO and hydroxytyrosol in a rat model

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) has a putative antidiabetic activity mostly attributed to its polyphenol Hydroxytyrosol. In this study, we explored the antidiabetic effects of EVOO and Hydroxytyrosol on an in vivo T2D-simulated rat model as well as in in silico study. Wistar rats were divided into four groups. The first group served as a normal control (NC), while type 2 diabetes (T2D) was induced in the remaining groups using a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks followed by a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 30 mg/kg). One diabetic group remained untreated (DC), while the other two groups received an 8-week treatment with either EVOO (90 g/kg of the diet) (DO) or Hydroxytyrosol (17.3 mg/kg of the diet) (DH). The DC group exhibited hallmark features of established T2D, including elevated fasting blood glucose levels, impaired glucose tolerance, increased HOMA-IR, widespread downregulation of insulin receptor expression, heightened oxidative stress, and impaired β-cell function. In contrast, treatments with EVOO and Hydroxytyrosol elicited an antidiabetic response, characterized by improved glucose tolerance, as indicated by accelerated blood glucose clearance. Systematic analysis revealed the underlying antidiabetic mechanisms: both treatments enhanced insulin receptor expression in the liver and skeletal muscles, increased adiponectin levels, and mitigated oxidative stress. Moreover, while EVOO reduced intramyocellular lipids, Hydroxytyrosol restored adipose tissue insulin sensitivity and enhanced β-cell survival. Molecular docking and dynamics confirm Hydroxytyrosol's high affinity binding to PGC-1α, IRE-1α, and PPAR-γ, particularly IRE-1α, highlighting its potential to modulate diabetic signaling pathways. Collectively, these mechanisms highlight the putative antidiabetic role of EVOO and Hydroxytyrosol. Moreover, the favorable docking scores of Hydroxytyrosol with PGC-1α, IRE-1α, and PPAR-γ support the antidiabetic potential and offer promising avenues for further research and the development of novel antidiabetic therapies.

Dietary apigenin ameliorates obesity-related hypertension through TRPV4-dependent vasorelaxation and TRPV4-independent adiponectin secretion

BackgroundObesity-related hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor. Apigenin, a natural flavonoid in celery, induces vascular dilation via endothelial transient receptor potential channel vanilla 4 (TRPV4) channels. This study aimed to explore apigenin's potential to alleviate obesity-related hypertension in mice and its underlying mechanisms. MethodsThe C57BL/6 and TRPV4 knockout mice were fed a high-fat diet and subjected to dietary intervention with apigenin. Body weight and tail blood pressure of the mice were measured during the feeding. Vascular reactivity was assessed through a DMT wire myograph systems in vitro. The distribution and expression of adiponectin and pro-inflammatory markers in brown fat were detected. Injecting adeno-associated eight (AAV8) viruses into brown adipose tissue (BAT) to determine whether adiponectin is indispensable for the therapeutic effect of apigenin. Palmitic acid (PA) was used in mouse brown adipocytes to examine the detailed mechanisms regulating adiponectin secretion. ResultsApigenin improved vasodilation and reduced blood pressure in obese mice, effects partly blocked in TRPV4 knockout. It also reduced weight gain independently of TRPV4. Apigenin increased adiponectin secretion from BAT; knockdown of adiponectin weakened its benefits. Apigenin downregulated Cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), restoring Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide+ (NAD+) levels and activating the NAD+/Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) pathway, enhancing adiponectin expression. ConclusionsOur study indicates that dietary apigenin is suitable as a nonpharmaceutical intervention for obesity-related hypertension. In mechanism, in addition to improving vascular relaxation through the activation of endothelial TRPV4 channels, apigenin also directly alleviated adipose inflammation and increased adiponectin levels by inhibiting CD38.

Effect of a carbohydrate-restricted diet on weight loss in overweight and obese pediatric population: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundThere are conflicting findings regarding the effect of low-carbohydrate diets on obesity-related factors. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a carbohydrate-restricted (CR) diet on changes in anthropometric indicators of adiposity and fat distribution in pediatrics populations.MethodsA systematic search was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase electronic databases using predefined keywords to identify all randomized controlled trials examining the effects of CR on obesity-related factors. The pooled weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using a random-effects model.ResultsFindings from 11 studies demonstrated significant reductions in weight (WMD: -2.31 kg; 95% CI: -4.44, -0.18), BMI (WMD:-1.08 kg/m2; 95% CI: -1.91, -0.26), and fat mass (WMD: -1.43%; 95% CI: -2.43 to -0.43) as well as a significant increase in adiponectin levels (WMD: 0.74 ng/ml; 95% CI: 0.02, 1.47) in the CR diet group compared to the control group. However, no significant effect was observed on BMI z-score (WMD:-0.10; 95% CI: -0.21, 0.01), waist circumference (WMD:-3.03 cm; 95% CI: -6.57, 0.51) or leptin levels (WMD: -0.82 ng/ml; 95% CI: -2.26, 0.61). Stratified analysis rrevealed a greater effect of CR on weight and BMI reduction in interventions ≤ 12 weeks and in very low-carbohydrate diets.ConclusionsIn conclusion, it appears that CR diet, along with other lifestyle factors, can lead to significant improvements in weight loss on pediatrics with obesity/overweight.

Effects of Exhaustive Exercise on Adiponectin and High-Molecular-Weight Oligomer Levels in Male Amateur Athletes.

Physical activity promotes metabolic health and prevents lifestyle-related diseases. Adiponectin is specifically produced by adipose tissue and comes in three forms, differing in terms of weight: trimers (LMW), hexamers (MMW), and high-molecular-weight (HMW) oligomers. The oligomers are associated with the beneficial effects of adiponectin. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of a single bout of exhaustive exercise on adiponectin expression in 25 male amateur athletes, divided into two groups, one comprising young adults (YAs) (n = 15), and the other comprising middle-aged adults (MAs) (n = 10). Body fat was estimated through skinfold thickness. Adiponectin levels were assessed at baseline and at 15 min and 24 h post-exercise, while HMW oligomer levels were evaluated at baseline and at 24 h post-exercise. We observed a significant increase in total adiponectin at both 15 min and 24 h after exercise, with there being a more evident effect among the YA subjects. HMW oligomers also increased significantly after exercise both in the total sample and among the YA subjects, but this was not the case in the MA subjects. The increase in adiponectin levels was significantly associated with Powerpeak. Furthermore, a significant inverse correlation was found between basal adiponectin and VO2peak and Powerpeak. In conclusion, a single bout of exhaustive exercise can rapidly and significantly enhance the basal circulating adiponectin concentration, which seems to be negatively associated with maximal aerobic capacity.

New Glycotoxin Inhibitor from Sesuvium sesuvioides Mitigates Symptoms of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes by Suppressing AGE-RAGE Axis in Skeletal Muscle.

The current study intended to investigate the role of new natural compounds derived from the Sesuvium sesuvioides plant in mitigating symptoms of diabetes and insulin resistance in the diabetic mice model. Anti-advanced glycation activity, insulin, and adiponectin were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Glucose uptake was performed using enzymatic fluorescence assay, and glycogen synthesis was measured using PAS staining. Gene and protein expression was assessed using real time PCR (RT-PCR), and immunoblotting and fluorescent microscopy, respectively. The new flavonoid glycoside eupalitin 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside 1 isolated from S. sesuvioides exhibited anti-AGE activity by reducing human glycated albumin in liver cells. In a diabetic mouse model treated with compound 1, we observed improved glucose tolerance, increased adiponectin levels, and decreased insulin resistance. We also observed alleviated AGEs induced reduction in glucose uptake and restored glycogen synthesis in the compound 1-treated diabetic mice muscles. Exploring the molecular mechanism of action in skeletal muscle tissue of diabetic mice, we found that 1 reduced AGE-induced reactive oxygen species and the inflammatory gene in the muscle of diabetic mice. Additionally, 1 exhibited these effects by reducing the gene and protein expression of receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC) delta activation. This further led us to demonstrate that compound 1 reduced serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, thereby restoring insulin sensitivity. We conclude that a new flavonoid glycoside from S. sesuvioides could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of symptoms of insulin resistance and diabetes.

Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk) Merr. (Fabaceae) Inhibits Insulin Resistance in the Adipose Tissue of High Fructose-Induced Wistar Rats.

The twigs and roots of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk). Merr. Was reported to possess antidiabetic activity by reducing the activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine in obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM). It inhibits the action of insulin, causing insulin resistance. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory peptide synthesized in white adipose tissue (WAT) and its high levels are linked with a decreased risk of DM. However, information about the effect of Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk). Merr. on insulin resistance are still lacking. To obtain the effects of the ethanol extract of E. subumbrans (Hassk) Merr. leaves (EES) in improving insulin resistance conditions. The leaves were collected at Ciamis, West Java, Indonesia, and were extracted using ethanol 96%. The effects of EES were studied in fructose-induced adult male Wistar rats by performing the insulin tolerance test (ITT) and assessing blood glucose, TNF-α, adiponectin, and FFA levels. The number of WAT and BAT of the adipose tissues was also studied. The total phenols and flavonoids in EES were determined by the spectrophotometric method and the presence of quercetin in EES was analyzed using the LC-MS method. EES significantly reduced % weight gain, TNF-α levels, and increased adiponectin levels in fructose-induced Wistar rats. EES significantly reduced the FFA levels of fructose-induced Wistar rats and significantly affected the formation of BAT similar to that of metformin. All rats in EES and metformin groups improved insulin resistance as proven by higher ITT values (3.01 ± 0.91 for EES 100 mg/kg BW; 3.01 ± 1.22 for EES 200 mg/kg BW; 5.86 ± 3.13 for EES 400 mg/kg BW; and 6.44 ± 2.58 for metformin) compared with the fructose-induced group without treatment (ITT = 2.62 ± 1.38). EES contains polyphenol compounds (2.7638 ± 0.0430 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoids (1.9626 ± 0.0152 mg QE/g extract), and quercetin 0.246 µg/mL at m/z 301.4744. Erythrina subumbrans (Hassk). Merr. extract may have the potential to be further explored for its activity in improving insulin resistance conditions. However, further studies are needed to confirm its role in alleviating metabolic disorders.

Effect of Swimming Exercise on Levels of Blood Glucose, Adiponectin, Glucose-6-Phosphatase and Lipid Profile in Diabetic Wistar Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition that causes persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin action or secretion. Regular physical exercise has been reported to improve glycemia and lipid profile in diabetes. However, literature is scare on the effects of swimming exercise on the serum levels of adiponectin and glucose 6 phosphatase in Wister rats with diabetes This study therefore, investigated the effects of swimming exercise on adiponectin, glucose 6-phosphatase and lipid profile in male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. This study was carried out on 25 male Wistar rats grouped into five groups (n=5/group): group 1=control, group 2=diabetes, group 3=diabetes treated with metformin, group 4=non-diabetes and swimming exercise, group 5=diabetes and swimming exercise. Animals in groups 2, 3, and 5 were induced with Streptozotocin (STZ) 50 mg/kg intraperitoneally. After 72 hours of diabetes induction, animals with a blood glucose level of ≥ 200 mg/dl were confirmed diabetics and used for the study. Group 3 animals were treated with metformin 200mg/kg giving orally for 28 days. Animals in groups 4 and 5 were subjected to swimming exercises for 5-10 minutes during the first week until they could swim freely for 30 minutes. The animals were then allowed to swim 5 days per week for 28 days. Swimming exercise for 28 days significantly reduced blood glucose, glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Ppase), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Total cholesterol (TC), and Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels but caused significant increase in adiponectin and High-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels in diabetic rats compared with untreated diabetic rats. There was a significant decrease in triglyceride (TG) of diabetic animals caused by swimming for 28 days. This study demonstrated that swimming exercise for 28 days may help lower glucose level and improve insulin sensitivity by increasing adiponectin level and decreasing G6Pase activity in diabetic rats. Also, swimming exercise may help improve lipid profile in diabetic rats.

Modulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis by indomethacin and pantoprazole

Endocrine disruptors are suggested to act as potential “obesogens” by interacting with various metabolic processes in adipose tissue. Besides industrial chemicals that are blamed for acting as endocrine disruptors as well as obesogens, pharmaceuticals can also cause obesogenic effects as unintended adverse effects. However, limited studies evaluated the obesogenic adverse effects of pharmaceuticals. Based on this information, the present study aimed to investigate the possible in vitro adipogenic/lipogenic potential of indomethacin and pantoprazole that are prescribed during pregnancy. Their effects on lipid accumulation, adiponectin level, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) activity, and expression of adipogenic genes and proteins were investigated in 3 T3-L1 cell line. The range of concentrations of the pharmaceuticals was selected according to their Cmax values. Lipid accumulation was increased dependently with indomethacin dose and with pantoprazole at its highest concentration. Both pharmaceuticals also increased adiponectin levels, which was thought to play a role in stimulating the adipogenesis pathway. Moreover, both pharmaceuticals altered the gene and/or protein expression of some adipogenic/lipogenic transcriptional factors, which may lead to disruption of metabolic pathways during the fetal period. In conclusion, indomethacin and pantoprazole may have obesogenic effects through different mechanisms and their potential to cause obesity should be investigated by further in vivo and epidemiological studies.

Effects of exercise training on glucose metabolism indicators and inflammatory markers in obese children and adolescents: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Obesity in children and adolescents is a serious problem, and the efficacy of exercise therapy for these patients is controversial. AIM To assess the efficacy of exercise training on overweight and obese children based on glucose metabolism indicators and inflammatory markers. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases were searched for randomized controlled trials related to exercise training and obese children until October 2023. The meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software to evaluate the efficacy of exercise therapy on glucose metabolism indicators and inflammatory markers in obese children. RESULTS In total, 1010 patients from 28 studies were included. Exercise therapy reduced the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) [standardized mean difference (SMD): -0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI): -1.24 to -0.32, P = 0.0008], fasting insulin (FINS) (SMD: -1.55; 95%CI: -2.12 to -0.98, P < 0.00001), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (SMD: -1.58; 95%CI: -2.20 to -0.97, P < 0.00001), interleukin-6 (IL-6) (SMD: -1.31; 95%CI: -2.07 to -0.55, P = 0.0007), C-reactive protein (CRP) (SMD: -0.64; 95%CI: -1.21 to -0.08, P = 0.03), and leptin (SMD: -3.43; 95%CI: -5.82 to -1.05, P = 0.005) in overweight and obese children. Exercise training increased adiponectin levels (SMD: 1.24; 95%CI: 0.30 to 2.18, P = 0.01) but did not improve tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels (SMD: -0.80; 95%CI: -1.77 to 0.18, P = 0.11). CONCLUSION In summary, exercise therapy improves glucose metabolism by reducing levels of FBG, FINS, HOMA-IR, as well as improves inflammatory status by reducing levels of IL-6, CRP, leptin, and increasing levels of adiponectin in overweight and obese children. There was no statistically significant effect between exercise training and levels of TNF-α. Additional long-term trials should be conducted to explore this therapeutic perspective and confirm these results.

Associations of circulating adipokines and coronary artery disease in young adults

Aim. To evaluate the associations of abdominal obesity (AO), adipokines and premature coronary artery disease (CAD) in young people for a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases.Material and methods. A total of 1457 people were examined, including 653 (44,8%) men. Mean age was 36,7±6,0 years. Premature CAD was detected in 46 people, while 4 following subgroups were formed (138 people in total): with CAD and AO; with CAD, without AO; control groups by age and sex: without CAD, with AO; without CAD, without AO.Results. Premature CAD in young people is associated with an increase in non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Univariate analysis found that the probability of CAD increased by 1% with an increase in adiponectin level, and by 0,2% with an increase of 1 ng/ml in resistin level. Multivariate regression analysis, including sex, age, waist circumference, non-HD-C, adiponectin, and resistin, significant associations were obtained for non-HDL-C and adiponectin. With AO, the CAD probability increased by 0,6% with an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 level (PAI-1). However, when non-HDL-C was included in the model, significance for this biomarker was not achieved.Conclusion. In young people, CAD is associated with increased levels of non-HDL cholesterol, adiponectin, resistin and PAI-1. Independent associations with premature CAD were obtained only for adiponectin, which makes this marker promising for study in young people.

Regulation and Role of Adiponectin Secretion in Rat Ovarian Granulosa Cells.

Adiponectin is an important adipokine involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, but its secretion and potential role in regulating glucose utilization during ovarian development remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the mechanism and effects of follicle-stimulating hormones (FSHs) on adiponectin secretion and its following impact on glucose transport in the granulosa cells of rat ovaries. A range of experimental techniques were utilized to test our research, including immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, ELISA, histological staining, real-time quantitative PCR, and transcriptome analysis. The immunohistochemistry results indicated that adiponectin was primarily located in the granulosa cells of rat ovaries. In primary granulosa cells cultured in vitro, both Western blot and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated that FSH significantly induced adiponectin secretion within 2 h of incubation, primarily via the PKA signaling pathway rather than the PI3K/AKT pathway. Concurrently, the addition of the AdipoR1/AdipoR2 dual agonist AdipoRon to the culture medium significantly stimulated the protein expression of GLUT1 in rat granulosa cells, resulting in enhanced glucose absorption. Consistent with these in vitro findings, rats injected with eCG (which shares structural and functional similarities with FSH) exhibited significantly increased adiponectin levels in both the ovaries and blood. Moreover, there was a notable elevation in mRNA and protein levels of AdipoRs and GLUTs following eCG administration. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed a positive correlation between the expression of the intraovarian adiponectin system and glucose transporter. The present study represents a novel investigation, demonstrating that FSH stimulates adiponectin secretion in ovarian granulosa cells through the PKA signaling pathway. This mechanism potentially influences glucose transport (GLUT1) and utilization within the ovaries.

Impact of Combined Aerobic Training and Magnesium Supplementation on Serum Biomarkers and microRNA-155 and microRNA-21 Expression in Adipose Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic Rats: An Eight-Week Interventional Study.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Aerobic training (AT) and magnesium supplementation (Mg) have both been independently shown to have beneficial effects on glucose control and insulin sensitivity in individuals with T2DM. However, the potential synergistic effects of combining AT and Mg supplementation have not been extensively studied. This study aimed to investigate the effects of an 8-week AT and Mg supplementation on serum levels of insulin, glucose, leptin, adiponectin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NF-κB, as well as the expression of mir-155 and mir-21 in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) of rats with T2DM. For this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats were induced with T2DM by a high-fat diet combined with a low-dose streptozotocin injection. The rats were randomly assigned to four groups: AT and Mg supplementation (AT + Mg), AT (5 days/week for 8 weeks), Mg supplementation (received daily supplementation of Mg chloride), and diabetic control (C). An 8-week AT program was implemented, with gradually increasing the intensity and duration to reach 25m/min and 60min in the 8th week, respectively. The training intensity was set at 50-60% of VO2max. The Mg groups were provided with rat diets containing 1000mg/kg of Mg. The AT + Mg group received both interventions, while the C group served as the untreated control. Serum biomarkers were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and VAT samples were collected for gene expression analysis using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serum biomarker analysis revealed that the AT + Mg group had a significant decrease in fasting insulin (p = 0.001) and serum glucose (p = 0.001), as well as an increase in adiponectin levels compared to the C group (p = 0.002). Additionally, the AT + Mg group showed a significant reduction in serum leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-κB, as well as downregulation of mir-155 and mir-21 in the VAT compared to the other groups. The AT group also showed improvements in several parameters, while the Mg group had fewer significant differences compared to the C group. The combination of AT and Mg supplementation provides a synergistic effect that improves serum biomarkers and downregulates pro-inflammatory microRNAs in the VAT of T2DM rats. Meanwhile, Mg supplementation alone does not have a significant effect on pro-inflammatory microRNAs in the VAT. These findings suggest that such combined interventions could be a promising strategy for managing T2DM, potentially ameliorating inflammatory states and improving metabolic health.

Effects of moderate-intensity combination exercise on increase adiponectin levels, muscle mass, and decrease fat mass in obese women

Obesity is reported to be strongly associated with low levels of adiponectin, which may be involved in metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and cancer cell proliferation. Meanwhile, physical exercise has been reported to increase adiponectin levels and decrease insulin resistance in obese individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to prove the effects of four weeks of moderate-intensity combination exercise (aerobic and resistance) on increasing adiponectin levels, skeletal muscle mass (SMM), and decreasing fat mass (FM) in obese women. A total of 14 obese adolescent women aged 20-24 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 27.5-36.5 kg/m2 (based on Asia-Pacific BMI classification) were selected as research subjects and divided into two intervention groups: control (CON) and moderate-intensity combination exercise (MCE) groups. The ELISA kit method was used to analyze pre- and post-exercise adiponectin levels, while the mBCA 554 seca was used to measure BMI, FM, and SMM. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent samples t-test with a 5% significance level. The data showed ∆-BMI between CON and MCE (0.54±0.99 vs -1.31±0.19 kg/m2; p = 0.001), ∆-FM (1.56±3.89 vs -3.60±1.16 kg; p = 0.006), ∆-SMM (-0.85±1.91 vs 3.61±0.74 kg; p = 0.001), ∆-Adiponectin (0.55±2.39 vs 15.45±6.21 ng/mL; p = 0.001). The results demonstrate that a 4-week moderate-intensity combination exercise intervention effectively increases adiponectin levels and skeletal muscle mass and reduces body mass index and fat mass in obese women. Keywords: Obesity, combination exercise, adiponectin levels, body composition.

Quercetin declines LPS induced inflammation and augments adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes SIRT-1 dependently.

Inflammation is an important factor contributing to obesity-induced metabolic disorders. Different investigations confirm that local inflammation in adipose issues is the primary reason for such disorder, resulting in low-grade systemic inflammation. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and epigenetic modification are among the varied properties of Quercetin (QCT) as a natural flavonoid. The precise molecular mechanism followed by QCT to alleviate inflammation has been unclear. This study explores whether the anti-inflammatory effects of QCT in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes may rely on SIRT-1. The authors isolated 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte cells and exposed them to varying concentrations of QCT, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and a selective inhibitor of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT-1) called EX-527. After determining the optimal dosages of QCT, LPS, and EX-527, they assessed the mRNA expression levels of IL-18, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, SIRT-1, and adiponectin using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The study showed considerable cytotoxic effects of LPS (200 ng/mL) + QCT (100 µM) + EX-527 (10 µM) on 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes after 48h of incubation. QCT significantly upregulated the expression levels of adiponectin and SIRT-1 (p < 0.0001). However, introducing SIRT-1 inhibitor (p < 0.0001) reversed the impact of QCT on adiponectin expression. Additionally, QCT reduced SIRT-1-dependent pro-inflammatory cytokines in 3T3-L1 differentiated adipocytes (p < 0.0001). This study revealed that QCT treatment reduced crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and increased adiponectin levels following LPS treatment. This finding implies that SIRT-1 may be a crucial factor for the anti-inflammatory activity of QCT.

A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, parallel comparison, phase 3 trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of pioglitazone add-on therapy in type 2 diabetic patients treated with metformin and dapagliflozin.

To investigate the efficacy and safety of pioglitazone compared to placebo when added to metformin plus dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In a multicentre study, with a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 249 Korean patients with T2DM suboptimally managed on metformin and dapagliflozin were assigned to receive either pioglitazone (15 mg daily) or placebo for 24 weeks, followed by a 24-week pioglitazone extension. Primary outcomes included changes in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), with secondary outcomes assessing insulin resistance, adiponectin levels, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, body weight and waist circumference. Pioglitazone administration resulted in a significant reduction in HbA1c levels (from 7.80% ± 0.72% to 7.27% ± 0.82%) compared with placebo (from 7.79% ± 0.76% to 7.69% ± 0.86%, corrected mean difference: -0.42% ± 0.08%; p < 0.01) at 24 weeks. Additional benefits from pioglitazone treatment included enhanced insulin sensitivity, increased adiponectin levels, raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and reduced liver enzyme levels, resulting in improvement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease liver fat score. Despite no serious adverse events in either group, pioglitazone therapy was modestly but significantly associated with weight gain and increased waist circumference. Adjunctive pioglitazone treatment in T2DM inadequately controlled with metformin and dapagliflozin demonstrates considerable glycaemic improvement, metabolic benefits, and a low risk of hypoglycaemia. These advantages must be weighed against the potential for weight gain and increased waist circumference.

Effect of YC-1102 on the Improvement of Obesity in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice.

Obesity is one of the major risk factors for metabolic diseases worldwide. This study examined the effects of YC-1102, an extract derived from the roots of Rosa multiflora, on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. In vivo experiments involved the oral administration of YC-1102 (100, 150, and 200 mg/kg body weight) daily to mice for eight weeks. YC-1102 was found to downregulate the expressions of PPARγ and C/EBPα during adipogenesis, inhibiting adipocyte differentiation and upregulating the expression of PGC-1α for energy metabolism to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. It has been shown that daily administration of YC-1102 to mice receiving a HFD prevented an increase in body weight and the accumulation of body fat. YC-1102 administration also reduced TG, TC, and LDL cholesterol levels, as well as glucose and leptin levels, and increased adiponectin levels, thus effectively inhibiting the metabolism of lipids. YC-1102-treated mice showed significant reductions in the mRNA expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα. The levels of PGC-1α involved in energy metabolism increased significantly in the YC-1102-treated mice when compared to the HFD-treated mice. According to the findings of this study, YC-1102 has a dual mechanism that reduces transcription factors that promote the differentiation of adipocytes and increases transcription factors that promote energy consumption.

Efek Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) terhadap Inflamasi dan Disfungsi Endotel

Obesity can cause enlargement and increase in the number of adipose cells in the body as well as a decrease in adiponectin levels. Adiponectin is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Obesity is also associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, which is caused by reduced nitric oxide (NO) availability, as a result of increase production of oxidative stress. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of rosella flowers (Hibiscus sabdariffa Linn) on adiponectin levels and serum NO levels in animal models of fructose-induced obesity. The research method was using a Post Test Only Control Group Design, using male Wistar rats for 60 days. This study consisted of 6 groups, namely the normal group (normal diet), the induction group (normal diet + fructose 60%), the comparison group (normal diet + fructose 60% + orlistat), and 3 test groups (normal diet + fructose 60% + ethanol extract of rosella flowers 125 mg/ kgBW, 250 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW). The results show that the ethanol extract of rosella flowers has a reducing effect on body weight and increases serum adiponectin and NO levels. In conclusion, ethanol extract of rosella flowers at a dose of 250 mg/kgBW can increase adiponectin levels and a dose of 500 mg/kgBW is the best dose in improving endothelial dysfunction.

Comparison of the efficacy of fish oil and probiotic supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Abnormalities in glucose and lipid metabolism contribute to the progression and exacerbation of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Fish oil and probiotics are dietary supplements that have the potential to improve glucose and lipid metabolism. However, their efficacy remains unclear in T2DM patients. PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were retrieved to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the efficacy of fish oil or probiotic supplementation in T2DM patients from the database inception to December 13, 2023. Primary outcome indicators encompassed glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and blood lipid profile (triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC). Secondary outcome indicators included inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α) and adipocytokine (including leptin and adiponectin). The R software was used for statistical analysis, and GraphPad Prism was used for figure rendering. A total of 60 RCTs involving 3845 T2DM patients were included in the analysis. The results showed that the probiotics (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Propionibacterium, etc.) were more effective in reducing HOMA-IR than fish oil (Surca = 0.935). Bifidobacterium demonstrated the highest efficacy in reducing HbA1c levels (Surca = 0.963). Regarding lipid metabolism, fish oil was superior to probiotics in lowering TG and TC levels (Surca values of 0.978 and 0.902, respectively). Furthermore, fish oil outperformed probiotics in reducing TNF-α (Surca = 0.839) and leptin (Surca = 0.712), and increasing adiponectin levels (Surca = 0.742). Node-splitting analysis showed good consistency (P > 0.05 for direct, indirect, and network comparison across various interventions). In T2DM patients, fish oil was more effective than probiotics in regulating lipid metabolism. Probiotics outperformed fish oil in regulating glucose metabolism particularly; specifically, Bifidobacterium showed higher efficacy in reducing blood glucose.