Incorrect Rejection Research Articles

Инструментальный контроль дефектов коренных опор блока цилиндров

When detecting faults in main bearings of the cylinder block, it is important to minimize detection errors that could result in the part being incorrectly accepted or incorrectly rejected. Incorrect rejection of a cylinder block main bearing to the left and right of the tolerance limit will result in the need to replace the cylinder block. Incorrect acceptance of the support according to the smallest size may result in a loose cap-to-support fit and possible breakage. Incorrect acceptance of the support according to the largest size can lead to a gap between the liners and their subsequent play and rotation. In order to reduce the occurrence probability of the mentioned errors during the tolerance control, the authors estimated incorrectly accepted and incorrectly rejected main bearings during

Методика оценки брака: процесс контроля коренных шеек коленчатых валов в ремонтном производстве

Both the actual size of the part and measurement errors influence the results of tolerance control in repair production. For this purpose, the authors developed the mathematical model of reject estimation by probabilistic characteristics of parts sorting, taking into account the specifics of repair production and the shift of the distribution centre relative to the tolerance field. They tested and evaluated the mathematical model of rejects estimation at machining for repair size of crankshaft main journals of the YaMZ‑238 engines. In case of incorrect rejection and incorrect acceptance of main bearing journals, the character of reject losses will be different. Incorrectly rejected crankshafts with journals having irreparable rejects will be sent for recycling. New crankshafts will be purchased to replace them, and there will be reject losses to the left of the scatter zone. Incorrectly rejected crankshafts with journals that have reparable rejects will be sent for remanufacturing. In this case, the loss per crankshaft is determined by the cost of rework, which is the loss to the right of the scatter zone. Incorrect crankshafts with journals having defects to the left and right of the scatter zone will be sent for reassembly. If the largest size limit is exceeded, the liners may rotate and the engine must be rebuilt, which increases losses significantly. In case of violation of the lower size limit, the shaft life will be reduced and losses will occur only for the consumer. In contrast to the existing methodology for calculating the sorting parameters, where the scatter zone coincides with the middle of the tolerance field, the developed methodology for assessing rejects when the scatter zone is displaced relative to the tolerance allowed to form a more differentiated and refined methodological approach to the assessment of losses in disassembly of parts when performing machining operations in repair production.

Technology-Assisted Self-Selection of Candidates for Nonprescription Statin Therapy

BackgroundAlthough statins reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, only about one-half of eligible patients receive treatment. Safe and appropriate consumer access to statins could have a significant positive public health impact. ObjectivesThis study compares the concordance between a participant and clinician assessment of eligibility for statin therapy using a technology-assisted approach. MethodsA total of 500 participants, 83 with limited literacy, completed an at-home Web-based application to assess appropriateness for treatment with rosuvastatin 5 mg. The Web application is designed to assess eligibility for a moderate-intensity statin based on current guidelines and deny access to individuals with contraindications to rosuvastatin. Subsequently, participants visited a research site where clinicians, blinded to the information the participant entered, performed an independent Web application assessment. The Web application is programmed for 1 of 3 rosuvastatin treatment outcomes: “OK to use,” “not right for you,” or “ask a doctor.” The primary endpoint was the percent of participants whose self-selected eligibility for nonprescription rosuvastatin was concordant with clinician assessment. ResultsFor the primary endpoint, participant selection for statin therapy was concordant with clinician selection in 481 (96.2%) of 500 participants (95% confidence interval: 94.1%-97.7%), of whom 23 (4.6%) were deemed appropriate and 458 (91.6%) were deemed inappropriate for treatment. Discordance was due to incorrect self-selection (“OK to use”) in 3 cases, incorrect rejection (“not right for you”) in 14 cases and an incorrect “ask a doctor” outcome in 2 cases. ConclusionsThe use of a technology-assisted approach to consumer self-selection for statin therapy resulted in participant self-selection that showed substantial agreement with clinician selection.

Performance of a phylogenetic independent contrast method and an improved pairwise comparison under different scenarios of trait evolution after speciation and duplication

Abstract Despite the importance of gene function to evolutionary biology, the applicability of comparative methods to gene function is poorly known. A specific case which has crystallized methodological questions is the ‘orthologue conjecture’, the hypothesis that function evolves faster after duplication (i.e. in paralogues), and conversely is conserved between orthologues. Since the mode of functional evolution after duplication is not well known, we investigate under which reasonable evolutionary scenarios phylogenetic independent contrasts or pairwise comparisons can recover a putative signal of different functional evolution between orthologues and paralogues. We investigate three different simulation models, which represent reasonable but simplified hypotheses about the evolution of a gene function trait. These are time‐dependent trait acceleration, correlated changes in rates of both sequence and trait evolution and asymmetric trait jump. For each model we tested phylogenetic independent contrasts and an improved pairwise comparison method which accounts for interactions between events and node age. Both approaches lose power to detect the trend of functional evolution when the functional trait accelerates for a long time following duplication for trees with many duplications, with better power of phylogenetic contrasts under intermediate scenarios. Concomitant increase in evolutionary rates of sequence and of trait after duplication can lead to both an incorrect rejection of the null under null simulations of trait evolution, and a false rejection of the orthologue conjecture under orthologue conjecture simulations, by phylogenetic independent contrasts. Improved pairwise comparisons are robust to this bias. Both approaches perform equally well under rapid shifts in traits. Considering our ignorance of gene function evolution, and the potential for bias under simple models, we recommend methodological pluralism in studying gene family evolution. Functional phylogenomics is complex and results supported by only one method should be treated with caution.

Quality assurance of control at machine-building enterprises of repair profile

The quality of repair of the units is significantly influenced by many factors, and this is not only the wear and tear of the parts coming for repair, the low qualification of the personnel, the old technological equipment, but also the poorly functioning system for organizing metrological support for production, from where there is a significant impact of the error of the measurement tools used on the conclusion of the validity of the parts. It is proposed to select control means not only according to the requirements of regulatory documentation, but also taking into account the impact of losses from measurement error. Dependence is given to estimate the economic effect of the replaced measuring instruments by more accurate ones. Using the example of crankshaft neck control under repair production conditions, it is shown that the use of universal measuring instruments with a lower error significantly reduces the level of losses from incorrect rejection and acceptance of critical parts. Features of incoming control of spare parts are disclosed and the feasibility of using only original parts of the manufacturer is justified.

On-Device System for Device Directed Speech Detection for Improving Human Computer Interaction

Voice assistants (VA) are finding a place in many households, with increasing numbers. Nevertheless, for every interaction user invokes VA using a key or wake-up word, which is too common and hinders natural conversation. To solve this, we propose an On-Device solution that listens to the user continuously for only predefined period and classifies the utterance into device-directed or non-device-directed using a deep learning-based model. Since our solution is On-Device, the privacy of the user is maintained. We tried to solve false acceptance of utterance as a command and incorrect rejection of the command as background noise to improve user experience. We calculated the False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR) for different thresholds to evaluate our model. Then we calculated Equal Error Rate (EER) results with the FRR and FAR data. We achieved 3.6% of EER on our best optimized Stage-1 model and EER of 5.1% on Stage-2 model. We have also used accuracy as evaluation metrics during training and testing. We achieved an accuracy of 96.8% on testing data with our Stage-1 model and 95.3% on Stage-2 model.

Artificial intelligence assisted false alarm detection and diagnosis system development for reducing maintenance cost of chillers at the data centre

According to a literature survey, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted fault detection and diagnosis (FDD) for heat, ventilation, and air conditioning equipment can only reach a correct diagnosis rate of 97%–98.8% Yet, for industrial application, even 1% uncertainty may cause serious problems. Therefore, with AI-assisted FDD (AI-FDD), it is difficult to satisfy high-reliability requirements. This study proposed an innovative AI-assisted false alarm detection and diagnosis (AI-FADD) system. The proposed AI-FADD system combines signal preprocessing, a fault-free classifier, and a fault classifier to meet the requirement of Six Sigma and 3.4 defective parts per million opportunities (DPMO); the developed system achieved 14.48 DPMO, approaching the Six Sigma standard; for 1 million opportunities for alarm, the system only guaranteed 14.48 incorrect false alarm rejections. The developed system can be used for chillers at data centres, which have stringent reliability requirements. Operational data for 14 chillers distributed across north, central, and south Taiwan in 2019 indicated that chiller malfunction alarms were triggered 122 times, but the AI-FADD system determined that only 57 were actual malfunctions; the others were false alarms. According to data verification, the system reached a 100% correct rejection rate, yielding a maintenance savings of up to 260 person-hours. These substantial labour cost savings indicate that commercial application of the AI-FADD system can result in financial benefits.

Scent dog identification of samples from COVID-19 patients \u2013 a pilot study

BackgroundAs the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread, early, ideally real-time, identification of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals is pivotal in interrupting infection chains. Volatile organic compounds produced during respiratory infections can cause specific scent imprints, which can be detected by trained dogs with a high rate of precision.MethodsEight detection dogs were trained for 1 week to detect saliva or tracheobronchial secretions of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients in a randomised, double-blinded and controlled study.ResultsThe dogs were able to discriminate between samples of infected (positive) and non-infected (negative) individuals with average diagnostic sensitivity of 82.63% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.02–83.24%) and specificity of 96.35% (95% CI: 96.31–96.39%). During the presentation of 1012 randomised samples, the dogs achieved an overall average detection rate of 94% (±3.4%) with 157 correct indications of positive, 792 correct rejections of negative, 33 incorrect indications of negative or incorrect rejections of 30 positive sample presentations.ConclusionsThese preliminary findings indicate that trained detection dogs can identify respiratory secretion samples from hospitalised and clinically diseased SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals by discriminating between samples from SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and negative controls. This data may form the basis for the reliable screening method of SARS-CoV-2 infected people.

Noisy communities and signal detection: why do foragers visit rewardless flowers?

Floral communities present complex and shifting resource landscapes for flower-foraging animals. Strong similarities among the floral displays of different plant species, paired with high variability in reward distributions across time and space, can weaken correlations between floral signals and reward status. As a result, it should be difficult for foragers to discriminate between rewarding and rewardless flowers. Building on signal detection theory in behavioural ecology, we use hypothetical probability density functions to examine graphically how plant signals pose challenges to forager decision-making. We argue that foraging costs associated with incorrect acceptance of rewardless flowers and incorrect rejection of rewarding ones interact with community-level reward availability to determine the extent to which rewardless and rewarding species should overlap in flowering time. We discuss the evolutionary consequences of these phenomena from both the forager and the plant perspectives. This article is part of the theme issue 'Signal detection theory in recognition systems: from evolving models to experimental tests'.

ROC Modelling Data of the Word Frequency Effect: A Formal Model of Visual Word Recognition

This article presents a formal statistical model for assessing the word frequency effect in recognition memory. This topic is relevant because word frequency is the best predictor of performance in recognition memory tasks. Signal Detection Theory was applied using high-frequency and low-frequency words as item-signals. Signal Detection Theory test assumes orthogonality of responses: hits, false alarms, correct rejections, and incorrect rejections. Ninety-six adult male and female students participated in two experiments: one conducted in the laboratory and the other in the class-room. The selected words for memory contained 3 to 5 letters and 1 or 2 syllables to control for length. Significant differences were found between high-frequency and low-frequency words in the number of false alarms for the two experiments. The differences were statistically significant in two experiments. The Cohen effect size was 0.6 and 0.45 respectively. The word frequency effect in first- and second-experiments was F (1, 46) = 4.13, MCE. = 2.34, p = 0.003 and F (1, 46) = 3.71, MCE. = 12.36, p = 0. 01 respectively. A formal model is presented based on the Receiver Operating Characteristic data to assess data trends for high- and low frequency words. Two differentiated models were obtained: a continuous model based on high frequency stimuli and a threshold model based on low frequency stimuli.

SELECTION CRITERIA AND FINANCIAL CORRECTIONS THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE CASE LAW

According to article 70 from the Law on the management of European Structural and Investment Funds, the financial support with resources form these funds can be entirely or partially revoked with a financial correction for irregularity, which might be a fault in the public procurement process, implemented with an action or inactivity on behalf of the beneficiary and would have as a result a financial damage on the resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds, as well as for other irregularity considered a violation of the applicable legislation of the European Union and/or Bulgarian legislation which is related with an action or inactivity of the beneficiary and might lead to a financial damage of the resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds.The Council of Ministers of Republic of Bulgaria has published an Ordinance for identification of irregularities, which might be considered grounds for financial corrections, together with percentage indicators for defining the scope of financial corrections according to the Law on management of resources from the European Structural and Investment Funds. In this ordinance some of the violations which lead to imposing financial corrections are related with defining the selection criteria for the potential applicants and participants in the procurement process – such as failure to publish the selection criteria on the contract notice, unlawful award criteria, award criteria which are not related with the matter of the contract or are disproportionate to the scope of contract, changing the criteria after opening the tenders which may result in incorrect acceptance or rejection of tenderers, assessing the tenderers and applicants while using unlawful and discriminatory selection criteria.

Non-inferiority studies: is 'better' the enemy of 'good enough'?

Non-inferiority studies: is 'better' the enemy of 'good enough'?

Label Propagation with Ensemble of Pairwise Geometric Relations: Towards Robust Large-Scale Retrieval of Object Instances

Spatial verification methods permit geometrically stable image matching, but still involve a difficult trade-off between robustness as regards incorrect rejection of true correspondences and discriminative power in terms of mismatches. To address this issue, we ask whether an ensemble of weak geometric constraints that correlates with visual similarity only slightly better than a bag-of-visual-words model performs better than a single strong constraint. We consider a family of spatial verification methods and decompose them into fundamental constraints imposed on pairs of feature correspondences. Encompassing such constraints leads us to propose a new method, which takes the best of existing techniques and functions as a unified Ensemble of pAirwise GEometric Relations (EAGER), in terms of both spatial contexts and between-image transformations. We also introduce a novel and robust reranking method, in which the object instances localized by EAGER in high-ranked database images are reissued as new queries. EAGER is extended to develop a smoothness constraint where the similarity between the optimized ranking scores of two instances should be maximally consistent with their geometrically constrained similarity. Reranking is newly formulated as two label propagation problems: one is to assess the confidence of new queries and the other to aggregate new independently executed retrievals. Extensive experiments conducted on four datasets show that EAGER and our reranking method outperform most of their state-of-the-art counterparts, especially when large-scale visual vocabularies are used.

Spanish Imperfect revisited: Exploring L1 influence in the reassembly of imperfective features onto new L2 forms

This study investigates the acquisition of the Spanish Imperfect by 60 English learners of Spanish at three different proficiency levels (beginner, intermediate and advanced). Two oral production tasks and one interpretation task show that although the Imperfect is used from early on, the full array of interpretations associated with this form (habitual, continuous and progressive) is not completely acquired even at advanced levels. Learners accept the Imperfect in imperfective contexts but have problems rejecting the Preterit. This problem persists even at advanced levels in continuous contexts. The continuous is conveyed in English by Past Tense, which is used in both perfective and imperfective contexts, whereas in Spanish only the Imperfect is appropriate. We argue that the incorrect low rejection of the Preterit signals a mapping problem of aspect-related features present in both English and Spanish onto a new form (the Imperfect). These results support the problematic nature of feature reassembly in the acquisition of the Spanish Imperfect by English speakers.

Multistate Computational Protein Design with Backbone Ensembles.

The ability of computational protein design (CPD) to identify protein sequences possessing desired characteristics in vast sequence spaces makes it a highly valuable tool in the protein engineering toolbox. CPD calculations are typically performed using a single-state design (SSD) approach in which amino-acid sequences are optimized on a single protein structure. Although SSD has been successfully applied to the design of numerous protein functions and folds, the approach can lead to the incorrect rejection of desirable sequences because of the combined use of a fixed protein backbone template and a set of rigid rotamers. This fixed backbone approximation can be addressed by using multistate design (MSD) with backbone ensembles. MSD improves the quality of predicted sequences by using ensembles approximating conformational flexibility as input templates instead of a single fixed protein structure. In this chapter, we present a step-by-step guide to the implementation and analysis of MSD calculations with backbone ensembles. Specifically, we describe ensemble generation with the PertMin protocol, execution of MSD calculations for recapitulation of Streptococcal protein G domain β1 mutant stability, and analysis of computational predictions by sequence binning. Furthermore, we provide a comparison between MSD and SSD calculation results and discuss the benefits of multistate approaches to CPD.

A Probabilistic Automatic Steady State Detection Method for the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

AbstractThe statistical error associated with sampling in the DSMC method can be categorized as type I and II, which are caused by the incorrect rejection and acceptance of the null hypothesis, respectively. In this study, robust global and local automatic steady state detection methods were developed based on an ingenious method based purely on the statistics and kinetics of particles. The key concept is built upon probabilistic automatic reset sampling (PARS) to minimize the type II error caused by incorrect acceptance of the samples that do not belong to the steady state. The global steady state method is based on a relative standard variation of collisional invariants, while the local steady state method is based on local variations in the distribution function of particles at each cell. In order to verify the capability of the new methods, two benchmark cases — the one-dimensional shear-driven Couette flow and the two-dimensional high speed flow past a vertical wall—were extensively investigated. Owing to the combined effects of the automatic detection and local reset sampling, the local steady state detection method yielded a substantial gain of 30-36% in computational cost for the problem studied. Moreover, the local reset feature outperformed the automatic detection feature in overall computational savings.

Rejection odds and rejection ratios: A proposal for statistical practice in testing hypotheses

Much of science is (rightly or wrongly) driven by hypothesis testing. Even in situations where the hypothesis testing paradigm is correct, the common practice of basing inferences solely on p-values has been under intense criticism for over 50 years. We propose, as an alternative, the use of the odds of a correct rejection of the null hypothesis to incorrect rejection. Both pre-experimental versions (involving the power and Type I error) and post-experimental versions (depending on the actual data) are considered. Implementations are provided that range from depending only on the p-value to consideration of full Bayesian analysis. A surprise is that all implementations–even the full Bayesian analysis–have complete frequentist justification. Versions of our proposal can be implemented that require only minor modifications to existing practices yet overcome some of their most severe shortcomings.

HIV Serostatus Disclosure to Sexual Partners Among Sexually Active People Living with HIV in South Africa: Results from the 2012 National Population-Based Household Survey

This paper explores the prevalence and correlates of HIV seropositive status disclosure to sexual partners by people living with HIV (PLHIV) in South Africa. Secondary analysis of the 2012 South African National HIV Prevalence, Incidence and Behaviour Survey was conducted on data obtained from 934 sexually active PLHIV aged 15years and older who responded to the question about HIV seropositive status disclosure. Overall, a large majority of respondents (77.1%) reported disclosing their HIV-positive status to all their current sex partners. Multiple regression analysis, after adjustments for sex, marital status and locality type, revealed that those who were living together, going steady, and those who were single were all 60% [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.4, 95% CIs 0.20-0.78; AOR=0.4, 95% CIs 0.24-0.77; and AOR=0.4, 95% CIs 0.19-1.00, all ps<0.05] less likely to disclose their HIV positive status to their partners compared to those who were married. Those who lived in rural formal areas were 70% less likely to disclose their HIV status to their partners compared to those who stayed in urban formal areas (AOR=0.3, 95% CI 0.17-0.69, p<0.001). Those who had correct HIV knowledge and rejection of myths were 2.0 times more likely to disclose their HIV status to their partners compared to those who did not have correct HIV knowledge and rejection of myths (AOR=2.0, 95% CI 1.04-3.68, p<0.05). In conclusion, intervention programmes which help improve HIV seropositive status disclosure are needed by PLHIV who are not married, live in rural formal areas, and have incorrect HIV knowledge and rejection of myths.

Line-up Member Similarity Influences the Effectiveness of a Salient Rejection Option for Eyewitnesses

Visually salient line-up rejection options have not been systematically studied with adult eyewitnesses. We explored the impact of using a non-verbal, salient rejection option on adults' identification accuracy for line-ups containing low- or high-similarity fillers. The non-verbal, salient rejection option had minimal impact on accuracy in low-similarity line-ups, but in high-similarity line-ups its inclusion increased correct rejections for target-absent line-ups as well as incorrect rejections in target-present line-ups, relative to a verbal rejection condition. The improved performance in target-absent line-ups suggests that adults, like children, may experience pressure to choose and guess during difficult tasks. This pressure is reduced when a prominent non-verbal rejection option is displayed in the line-up. However, the salient rejection option also appears to increase the attractiveness of avoiding a difficult choice between the target and highly similar fillers. Implications of these findings for the experimental literature and justice system are discussed.

Noisy visual feedback training impairs detection of self-generated movement error: implications for anosognosia for hemiplegia.

Anosognosia for hemiplegia (AHP) is characterized as a disorder in which patients are unaware of their contralateral motor deficit. Many current theories for unawareness in AHP are based on comparator model accounts of the normal experience of agency. According to such models, while small mismatches between predicted and actual feedback allow unconscious fine-tuning of normal actions, mismatches that surpass an inherent threshold reach conscious awareness and inform judgments of agency (whether a given movement is produced by the self or another agent). This theory depends on a threshold for consciousness that is greater than the intrinsic noise in the system to reduce the occurrence of incorrect rejections of self-generated movements and maintain a fluid experience of agency. Pathological increases to this threshold could account for reduced motor awareness following brain injury, including AHP. The current experiment tested this hypothesis in healthy controls by exposing them to training in which noise was applied the visual feedback of their normal reaches. Subsequent self/other attribution tasks without noise revealed a decrease in the ability to detect manipulated (other) feedback compared to training without noise. This suggests a slackening of awareness thresholds in the comparator model that may help to explain clinical observations of decreased action awareness following stroke.