Incorrect Characters Research Articles

Okhotsk sculpin Icelus ochotensis (Cottiformes: Cottidae) is a complex; redescription of the type series

The genus Icelus Krøyer, 1845 includes 18 valid species from shelf and upper slope of the northern Pacific, Arctic and North Atlantic. The taxonomy of the genus is under development. To solve taxonomic problems, there is a need to clarify the diagnostic characters of already known species. As it turned out, information about the composition of the type series of the Okhotsk sculpin I. ochotensis Schmidt, 1927 from different sources is contradictory, and the diagnostic characters in the latest revision of the genus and in the keys for species identification diverge from the original description. The work clarifies the composition of the type series of the Okhotsk sculpin from the ZIN collection (36 specimens), provides a redescription and diagnosis; the Lectotype No. 21898 is designated. Icelus ochotensis, characterized by the presence of only two rows of large scales on the body (dorsal row Dl and lateral line Ll), was included in the group “I. bicornis”, along with I. spatula Gilbert et Burke, 1912, I. uncinalis Gilbert et Burke, 1912 and I. stenosomus Andriashev, 1937. Contrary to results of the latest revision of the genus and modern identifying keys, on the top of its head there is not one pair of spines, but two pairs (parietal and nuchal ones), in the form of blunt tubercles hidden in the skin. The dorsal row of scales (Dl) in front is complete (reaches the head); lateral line begins under scales 3rd–4th of the dorsal row and does not extend posteriorly onto caudal fin; scales Ll below the canal pore are immersed in the skin and usually not serrated (one or two tiny spinules may present); supraorbital cirrus (skin appendage) is simple. The urogenital papilla of males is cylindrical, in contrast to the spatulate one in I. spatula. Vertebrae 37–40, D VII–IX 15–19, A 13–16, P 17–18, Ll 38–40, Dl 29–34; axillary scales 6–13. The distribution of the Okhotsk sculpin requires revision, since modern keys for Icelus identification contain incorrect characters for this species (one pair of spines on the top of the head).

Real-time Automated Detection and Recognition of Nigerian License Plates via Deep Learning Single Shot Detection and Optical Character Recognition

License plate detection and recognition are critical components of the development of a connected Intelligent transportation system, but are underused in developing countries because to the associated costs. Existing license plate detection and recognition systems with high accuracy require the usage of Graphical Processing Units (GPU), which may be difficult to come by in developing nations. Single stage detectors and commercial optical character recognition engines, on the other hand, are less computationally expensive and can achieve acceptable detection and recognition accuracy without the use of a GPU. In this work, a pretrained SSD model and a tesseract tessdata-fast traineddata were fine-tuned on a dataset of more than 2,000 images of vehicles with license plate. These models were combined with a unique image preprocessing algorithm for character segmentation and tested using a general-purpose personal computer on a new collection of 200 automobiles with license plate photos. On this testing set, the plate detection system achieved a detection accuracy of 99.5 % at an IOU threshold of 0.45 while the OCR engine successfully recognized all characters on 150 license plates, one character incorrectly on 24 license plates, and two or more incorrect characters on 26 license plates. The detection procedure took an average of 80 milliseconds, while the character segmentation and identification stages took an average of 95 milliseconds, resulting in an average processing time of 175 milliseconds per image, or 6 photos per second. The obtained results are suitable for real-time traffic applications.

The ｢Kyehasamok(啟下事目)｣ of Jeongseonggyo(丁聖敎)'s Translation and contents

본고는 丁聖敎(1832~1902)의 「啓下事目」을 脫草 및 飜譯하고 그 構成과 內容 그리고 그 特徵을 밝히는 데 목적을 둔 글이다. 조선 후기의 인물 정성교는 宣武原從功臣 丁蘭祺의 후손이자, 茶山 丁若鏞(1762~1836)의 傍系孫이다. 그는 선무원종공신의 후손으로서 향촌 에서 부당한 대우를 받지 않도록 1885년 1월 1일에 忠勳府에서 작성한 「계하사목」을 받았다. 그런데 이「계하사목」은 정성교의 것만 그러한 것이 아니라 국립중앙도서관 소장 22편의 고서를 살펴보면 그 구성과 내용이 몇 글자를 제외하고는 거의 유사함을 알 수 있다. 국가 기관의 소장 자료뿐만 아니라 각 개인이 가지고 있는「계하사목」또한 비슷할 것으로 충분히 유추할 수 있다. 따라서 정성교의「계하사목」을 탈초하고 번역하며 그 구성과 내용 및 특징을 파악하는 것은 여타의「계하사목」을 이해하는 주춧돌이 될 것이다.「계하사목」의 구성과 내용 및 특징은 다음과 같다. 구성은 크게 세 부분으로 이루어져 있다. 첫째, 충훈부의 誓文. 둘째, 두 개 조목의 조칙. 셋째, 발급대상 등이 그것이다. 내용은 나라에 공이 있는 인물에 대하여 부당한 대우를 받지 않도록 임금의 재가를 받아 忠勳府에서 이를 시정하도록 바로 잡아 주는 謄寫 문서이다. 특징으로는 우선 공문서이기 때문에 吏讀가 적지 않게 사용된다는 점이다. 예컨대 “節(지위) 이번/이때”을 비롯하여, “敎(이시, 이신) 이신/하신”, “段(단) 은·는 段置(단두) 딴도/것도/일도”, “是白去乙(이거늘) 이옵거늘(是去乙의 높임말)” 등이 그것이다. 아울러 등사과정에서 誤記가 발생할 수 있음에 유의해야 한다. 정성교의「계하사목」의 경우, “今此居勳裔丁聖敎, 卽宣祖朝振武功臣之子孫也.”라고 했지만, 선조 대는 宣武功臣이지 振武功臣이 아니다. 실제 宣武原從功臣錄券 을 보면 정성교의 선조인 丁蘭祺가 수록되어 있다. 물론 9,060명의 공신을 일일이 확인하여「계하사목」을 내릴 수 없어 이를 僞書로 볼 여지는 여전히 남아 있다고 할 수 있지만 官印을 매 장마다 찍고 間印한 점이라든지, 당시 지방관의 신분이 확실한 점 등은 실제 발급한 문서임을 방증한다. 결국 정훈뿐 만 아니라 공신에게도「계하사목」이 발급되었음을 알 수 있다.This article describes the composition and contents of the 「Kyehasamok」 of Jeongseonggyo(丁聖敎) by changing the letters and translating them. It is estimated that「Kyehasamok」 is widely distributed all over the country. In the National Library of Korea, eight books 「Kyehasamok」 can be seen, all of which are almost similar in composition and content. Therefore, changing and translating the text of 「Kyehasamok」 of Jeongseonggyo, and understanding its composition and contents will be the center for explaining the other 「Kyehasamok」. 「Kyehasamok」 is a mandate for the improper treatment of the descendants of accomplished peoples and the order to correct them. The wage allowed, and the following department ‘Cunghunbu(忠勳府)’ gave the evidence to the descendants. Nevertheless, it is a document to prevent local officials from being mobilized to the labor force. However, because it is an official document, ‘Idu’ was used in a small number. For example, It is “節(지위) 이번/이때”, “敎(이시, 이신) 이신/하 신”, “段(단) 은·는 段置(단두) 딴도/것도/일도”, “是白去乙(이거늘) 이옵거늘(是去乙의 높임말)” It should also be noted that incorrect characters may occur during the copying process. 「Kyehasamok」 of Jeongseonggyo, “今此居勳裔丁聖敎, 卽宣祖朝振武功臣之子孫也.”, It is not a servant of the age of Jinmukongsin (振武功臣). In fact, Jeongseonggyo ancestor Jeonglanki (丁蘭祺) is included in the Sunmuwonjongkonsindunglok (宣武原從功臣錄券). There is also an error during the copying process. Some people may recognize it as a fake document. However, I stamped each page and stamped it again. In addition, the identity of the person in charge is certain. Therefore, it is difficult to see it as a fake document.

Publisher Correction: Hitchhiking on selective autophagy.

In the version of this News & Views originally published, owing to a technical error some incorrect characters were introduced into the second sentence of the main text, starting "Autophagy can be divided into non-selective...", where "caspringDE@2017n" should have read 'can'. This has now been corrected in all versions of this News & Views.

A DISCUSSION ABOUT EFFECTIVE WAYS OF BASIC RESIDENT REGISTER ON GIS

In Japan, each municipality keeps a database of every resident’s name, address, gender and date of birth called the Basic Resident Register. <br><br> If the address information in the register is converted into coordinates by geocoding, it can be plotted as point data on a map. This would enable prompt evacuation from disaster, analysis of distribution of residents, integrating statistics and so on. Further, it can be used for not only analysis of the current situation but also future planning. However, the geographic information system (GIS) incorporating the Basic Resident Register is not widely used in Japan because of the following problems: <br><br> – Geocoding In order to plot address point data, it is necessary to match the Basic Resident Register and the address dictionary by using the address as a key. The information in the Basic Resident Register does not always match the actual addresses. As the register is based on applications made by residents, the information is prone to errors, such as incorrect Kanji characters. <br><br> – Security policy on personal information In the register, the address of a resident is linked with his/her name and date of birth. If the information in the Basic Resident Register were to be leaked, it could be used for malicious purposes. <br><br> This paper proposes solutions to the above problems. The suitable solutions for the problems depend on the purpose of use, thus it is important that the purpose should be defined and a suitable way of the application for each purpose should be chosen. In this paper, we mainly focus on the specific purpose of use: to analyse the distribution of the residents. <br><br> We provide two solutions to improve the matching rate in geocoding. First, regarding errors in Kanji characters, a correction list of possible errors should be compiled in advance. Second, some sort of analyses such as distribution of residents may not require exactly correct position for the address point. Therefore we set the matching level in order: prefecture, city, town, city-block, house-code, house, and decided to accept up to city-block level for the matching. <br><br> Moreover, in terms of security policy on personal information, some part of information may not be needed for the distribution analysis. For example, the personal information like resident’s name should be excluded from the attribute of address point in order to secure the safety operation of the system.

Erratum: Reinforcement learning in professional basketball players

Nature Communications 2: Article number: 569 (2011); Published: 6 December 2011; Updated: 15 January 2013. This Article contains typographical errors in Equation (2), in which incorrect characters are displayed. Equation (2) should read:

Visually and Phonologically Similar Characters in Incorrect Chinese Words

Information about students’ mistakes opens a window to an understanding of their learning processes, and helps us design effective course work to help students avoid replication of the same errors. Learning from mistakes is important not just in human learning activities; it is also a crucial ingredient in techniques for the developments of student models. In this article, we report findings of our study on 4,100 erroneous Chinese words. Seventy-six percent of these errors were related to the phonological similarity between the correct and the incorrect characters, 46% were due to visual similarity, and 29% involved both factors. We propose a computing algorithm that aims at replication of incorrect Chinese words. The algorithm extends the principles of decomposing Chinese characters with the Cangjie codes to judge the visual similarity between Chinese characters. The algorithm also employs empirical rules to determine the degree of similarity between Chinese phonemes. To show its effectiveness, we ran the algorithm to select and rank a list of about 100 candidate characters, from more than 5,100 characters, for the incorrectly written character in each of the 4,100 errors. We inspected whether the incorrect character was indeed included in the candidate list and analyzed whether the incorrect character was ranked at the top of the candidate list. Experimental results show that our algorithm captured 97% of incorrect characters for the 4,100 errors, when the average length of the candidate lists was 104. Further analyses showed that the incorrect characters ranked among the top 10 candidates in 89% of the phonologically similar errors and in 80% of the visually similar errors.

生体計測応用 注視点マスキング法による文字情報獲得機構の分析

To clarify the human mechanism that controls the relation between information processing and eye movements, we propose a fixation masking method that detects fixations and masks only those fixations. This paper describes how we examined the time required to obtain information on Japanese characters as well as the quantity of information acquired at each fixation point. Subjects were instructed to recognize incorrect characters from text they read. The results indicated that at least 67 ms were required to obtain visual information after viewing the stimulus. However, the masking affected the character recognition process in brain. From the distribution of fixation duration, approximately 130 ms were required to invoke the saccade once the subject had perceived the mask. Our results were different from Rayner's results. We assume that more complex information processing is required to read Japanese than to read English.