Incorporation Of ZrO2 Research Articles

Selective CO2 hydrogenation to methanol over a novel ternary In-Co-Zr catalyst

To address the challenges of global warming and energy shortages, the technology to convert CO2 into methanol is of great significance Indium-cobalt catalysts have attracted widespread attention due to their significant activity and excellent stability. Herein, In-Co and In-Co-Zr catalyst rich in In2O3 were prepared through a citric acid-assisted co-precipitation method. The results show that the In-Co-Zr catalyst can significantly enhance the activity for hydrogenating CO2 to methanol, achieving a CO2 conversion rate of 17.4 % and a methanol selectivity of 77.7 % under the conditions (5.0 MPa, 310 °C, GHSV = 10.28 l·gcat-1·h-1, H2/CO2 ratio of 4). At a GHSV of 48 l·gcat-1·h-1, the space–time yield of methanol was 0.79 gMeOH·gcat-1·h-1, and the catalyst exhibited stable catalytic activity over a continuous reaction period of 120 h. It was revealed that the incorporation of ZrO2 could significantly improve methanol selectivity of In-Co catalyst. Moreover, an increased oxygen vacancy and strong interaction of the In-Co-Zr catalysts are conducive to improving the CO2 adsorption strength and capacity. It is expected that this novel ternary In-Co-Zr catalyst could inspire new opportunities for designing and developing multi-component hybrid catalysts for highly active, stable and selective CO2 hydrogenation to methanol

Flexible and innovative PVA/ZrO2/g-C3N4/CNT nanocomposites film for optoelectronic applications

This study successfully prepared polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer films doped with ZrO2/(g-C3N4/CNT) nanofillers using the solution casting technique. The crystal structure of the nanocomposite films was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing the semi-crystalline nature of PVA and an average ZrO2 crystallite size of 13.17 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the chemical composition and functional groups present in the nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis showed uniform dispersion of the nanofillers without noticeable phase separation, with EDX confirming the successful incorporation of ZrO2, g-C3N4, and CNT into the PVA matrix. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further validated the elemental composition and chemical states, indicating the presence of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and zirconium. Optical analysis demonstrated that increasing ZrO2/(g-C3N4/CNT) content reduced the direct and indirect band gaps from 5.41 eV to 5.25 eV and from 5.18 eV to 4.92 eV, respectively. In addition, the single-oscillator energy (E0) and dispersion energy (Ed) increased, while the static refractive index (n0) decreased. Improvements were also observed in linear optical susceptibility (χ(1)) and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)), enhancing the polarizability of the polymer molecules. These results indicate that PVA films doped with ZrO2/(g-C3N4/CNT) hold promise for optoelectronic applications due to their enhanced optical properties.

Enhanced hydrotreating performance of hierarchical NiMo-S/Al2O3 catalysts through ZrO2 incorporation and template-driven structural modulation

A dual template-assisted approach for optimizing support structures to enhance catalytic efficiency in hydrotreating reactions is presented. Catalysts synthesized using activated carbon (AC) templates exhibited significantly higher activity in both hydrodesulfurization (HDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) compared to those prepared with starch (ST) templates. The unique porous architecture, characterized by well-distributed meso- and macropores, facilitated efficient access of bulky molecules to the active sites. On the other hand, while the reactivity in the selective opening of the naphthenic ring (SONR), which is indicative of hydrocracking functionality, was similar across all catalysts, those modified with Zr exhibited a slight improvement. The catalysts displayed bifunctional characteristics, and their performance was influenced by the amphoteric nature of the support and the specific ratios of active species on the surface. A clear correlation between catalytic activity, selectivity, and the distribution of active sites was established.

Synthesis of biocompatible Ti-6Al-4V composite reinforced with ZrO2 and bioceramic produced by powder metallurgy: Morphological, structural, and biocompatibility analysis.

In this experimental study, the initial phase involved preparing composite structures with various mix ratios using the Ti-6Al-4V alloy, widely used in clinical applications, in conjunction with ZrO2 and hydroxyapatite (HA) synthesized via the precipitation method, employing powder metallurgy techniques. Subsequently, the microstructures of the resultant hybrid composite materials were imaged, and x-ray diffraction (XRD) phase analyses were conducted. In the final phase of the experimental work, tests were performed to determine the biocompatibility properties of the hybrid composites. For this purpose, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assays were carried out. The tests and examinations revealed that structures compatible both morphologically and elementally were obtained with no phase transformations that could disrupt the structure. The incorporation of ZrO2 into the Ti-6Al-4V alloy was observed to enhance cell viability values. The value of 98.25 ± 0.42 obtained by adding 20% ZrO2 gave the highest cell viability result. The addition of HA into the hybrid structures further increased the cell viability values by approximately 10%. All viability values for both HA-added and HA-free groups were obtained above the 70% viability level defined in the standard. According to the genotoxicity test results, the highest cytokinesis-block proliferation index values were obtained as 1.666 and 0.620 in structures containing 20% ZrO2 and 10% ZrO2 + 10% HA, respectively. Remarkably, all fabricated composite and hybrid composite materials surpassed established biocompatibility standards and exhibited nontoxic and nongenotoxic properties. This comprehensive study contributes vital insights for future biomechanical and other in vitro and in vivo experiments, as it meticulously addresses fundamental characterization parameters crucial for medical device development. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Support of optimum doping rates ions on hybrid composites and concentrations. Development of uniform surface appearance and distributions/orientations of microcrystals on ceramic compounds Improvement of cell viability and desired increase in biocompatibility with the doping of HA.

Regulating the microenvironments and the d-band center of hierarchical NiMoS/TS-1 catalyst by ZrO2 to enhance the hydrodesulfurization performance of dibenzothiophene

The microenvironments including the surface hydroxyls, the oxygen vacancies, and the d-band center of hierarchical TS-1 zeolite pickled by hydrochloric acid were regulated by ZrO2, the effect of ZrO2 on the physicochemical properties and the catalytic performances of the corresponding NiMoS supported catalysts were studied. The experimental and theoretical calculation results show that the d-band center, the surface hydroxyl groups, and the oxygen vacancies were regulated after incorporation of ZrO2. Resulting in the modulated acidity of the support and the metal support interaction of the catalysts, further promoting the formation of type-II NiMoS active phases. The catalytic performance evaluations show that catalyst NiMo/1-ZAT exhibits the superior HDS performance, kinetic study further demonstrated that the enhanced catalytic activity was mainly contributed by the improved direct desulfurization activity generated from the moderate support acidity, suitable MSI, highest sulfidation degrees, most type-II NiMoS active phase and highest activity of individual active sites.

Interface structure, mechanics and corrosion resistance of nano-ceramic composite coated steels

Ceramic coating is an effective means to suppress steel corrosion, while the interface performance is far from being understood. Herein, the effects of component doping on the interface structure, multi-scale mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of alumina-based ceramic-coated steels were studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) and experimental characterizations. The DFT results show that electron transfer issues occur significantly between Fe and O atoms at the Fe/Al2O3 interface. The larger valences of Fe and O are promoted by the doping of Ti, Zr, and Ce atoms, and improve the interfacial electrostatic interaction, spacing, and energy. It screens out the well mix proportions, that is, taking titanium doped alumina as the matrix, doped with Zr or Ce. Experiments confirm that incorporation of ZrO2 or CeO2 additives effectively improve the microstructure of the ceramic-coated steel, significantly enhancing both interface bonding and corrosion resistance. In addition, the element diffusion occurs at the interface between nano-ceramic coating and steel, forming an interfacial mutual pinning structure.

Valorization of Furfural to Obtain High Value-Added Products with ZrO2- and Al2O3-Pillared Clays

AbstractTwo phyllosilicates (montmorillonite and saponite) have been selected as starting materials to synthesize ZrO2- and Al2O3-pillared clays by the insertion of polyoxocations and subsequent calcination. These pillared clays display higher surface area, porosity and available acid sites in comparison to their respective raw clays. These samples were tested in the one-pot process to transform furfural into obtain valuable products. The incorporation of ZrO2 allows to reach the highest furfural conversion values, with high yields towards furfuryl alcohol (FOL) at shorter reaction times, whereas the formation of i-propyl furfuryl ether (iPFE) is favored at longer times, attaining iPFE yields of about 50% after 24 h at 170 ºC, using isopropanol as sacrificing alcohol.

STRUCTURAL AND OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLY (VINYL ALCOHOL) (PVA)/ ZIRCONIUM OXIDE (ZRO2) COMPOSITE FILMS

Nanocomposite membranes of ZrO2-doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with varying amounts of ZrO2 nanoparticles (1, 2, 3 and 5 wt%) have been prepared via a solution casting technique. The ZrO2 nanoparticles are used as a filler synthesized by sol–gel technique. Effects of ZrO2 nanoparticles doping on composites morphological, structural and optical characteristics have been analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,. The XRD studies confirm the successful incorporation of ZrO2 into the PVA matrix and showed improved crystallinity following the doping of ZrO2 in PVA. The UV–visible studies of nanocomposite films show an enhancement in absorption intensity and a slight red shift in peak positions as the ZrO2 concentration increases. The enhancement in absorption intensity suggests the potential applications in filters and solar cells.

Modulating selectivity in CO2 Methanation through Rhodium catalysts supported on Zirconia-Chemically grafted SBA-15

This study presents the impact of ZrO2 incorporation on Rh-supported SBA-15 catalysts for CO2 hydrogenation. ZrO2 was chemically grafted onto the SBA-15 surface, varying concentrations of ZrO2 from 5 to 20 wt.%. The ZrO2-free catalyst favored CO production, leaning towards the reverse water gas shift reaction. The addition of ZrO2 notably enhanced catalytic activity and led to a significant shift in selectivity towards methane production. The selectivity modulation is linked with the modified surface of SBA-15, covered with a ZrO2 phase. The FTIR characterization under reaction conditions evidenced Rh-carbonyls formation in all samples. However, in catalysts materials with ZrO2, formate species are also formed, probably promoted by the Zr-OH groups. A linear relation between formate species and the CH4 selectivity suggests that the methane formation could be associated with the hydrogenation of formate species, while the desorption of carbonyls on Rh can explain the CO generation.

A novel three-stage ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis process for improved bio-oil yield and quality from lignocellulosic biomass

This study aims to improve the quality and yield of bio-oil produced from ex-situ catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass (sawdust) using a combination of stage catalysts with Al-MCM-41, HZSM-5, and ZrO2. The research employed various methods, including thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry, bench-scale experiments, and process simulations to analyze the kinetics, thermodynamics, products, and energy flows of the catalytic upgrading process. The introduction of ZrO2 enhances the yield of monoaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs) in heavy organics. Compared with the dual-catalyst case, the MAHs yield escalates by approximately 344% at a catalyst ratio of 1:3:0.25. Additionally, GC-MS data indicate that the incorporation of ZrO2 promotes the deoxygenation reaction of the guaiacol compound and the oligomerization reactions of PAHs. The integration of ZrO2 as the third catalyst enhances the yield of heavy organics significantly, achieving 16.85% at a catalyst ratio of 1:3:1, which increases by nearly 35.6% compared to the dual-catalyst case. Also, the addition of ZrO2 as the third catalyst enhanced the energy distribution in heavy organics. These findings suggest that the combination of these catalysts improves the fuel properties and yields of the bio-oil.

Enhanced the Electrochemical Stability of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy Through the Dual Incorporation of ZrO2 and V2O5 into the Alumina Layer

This study explores the impact of direct and indirect incorporation of metallic oxide particles namely ZrO2 and V2O5 on the corrosion behavior of the alumina layer obtained by the plasma electrolytic oxidation of Al-Zn-Mg alloy. To achieve this goal, plasma electrolytic oxidation coating was formed in an alkaline-aluminate-ZrO2 electrolyte, without and with NH4VO3. The morphological analysis reveals a porous structure influenced by gas bubble discharge and rapid cooling, featuring micro-pores, oxide nodules, and cracks. The incorporation of V2O5 particles is observed to decrease surface roughness and enhance the compactness of the oxide layer. The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the presence of γ-Al2O3, α-Al2O3, ZrO2, and V2O5 particles exclusively in the sample coated in the electrolyte with NH4VO3. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in a 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution revealed enhanced corrosion resistance, attributed to reduced micro-defects through V2O5 and ZrO2 incorporation.

Microstructure, wear and corrosion resistances of Ni–ZrO2–CeO2 nanocoatings

This study focused on the fabrication of Ni, Ni–ZrO2 and Ni–ZrO2–CeO2 nanocoatings using ultrasonic pulse electrodeposition. The research delved into examining the surface morphology, microhardness, abrasion, and corrosion resistance of these coatings. The results indicated that the Ni coatings displayed coarse grains and an irregular structure. Among the three, the Ni–ZrO2–CeO2 nanocoatings exhibited the most dense, flat and fine microstructure among all three coatings, and the average diameters of Ni grains, ZrO2 and CeO2 nanoparticles were 68.6 nm, 21.1 nm and 23.4 nm, respectively. The Ni, Ni–ZrO2, and Ni–ZrO2–CeO2 nanocoatings displayed high micro-hardness values, measuring an average of 363.1 Hv, 421.6 Hv, and 543.8 Hv, respectively. Moreover, the friction coefficient of Ni–ZrO2–CeO2 nanocoatings was approximately 0.31. When exposed to a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution at room temperature, the Ni–ZrO2–CeO2 nanocoatings displayed minimal corrosion damage, exhibiting the lowest corrosion rate of 0.06 mm/year compared to the other coatings. The incorporation of ZrO2 and CeO2 nanoparticles in the Ni–ZrO2–CeO2 coating led to grain size reduction and a more uniform, compact microstructure, contributing to enhanced corrosion resistance when compared to both Ni and Ni–ZrO2 coatings.

Characterization of wear rate of Al-12 wt%Si alloy based MMC reinforced with ZrO2 particulates

The primary objective of this study is to fabricate an Al-12 wt% Si Alloy/ZrO2 composite using the Stir Casting technique, with a specific focus on assessing its performance, particularly in terms of wear characteristics. This research presents a unique approach by utilizing Al-12 wt% Si Alloy as the matrix material, aiming to develop tailored Al Alloy matrix composites suitable for applications requiring enhanced tribological properties. The composites are systematically manufactured with varying percentages of micro-sized ZrO2 reinforcements, specifically 0.5, 1, and 3 wt%. The incorporation of ZrO2 results in significant improvements in wear resistance, a critical attribute for Al-12 wt% Si Alloy-based composites. These composites find extensive utility across industries such as marine, aerospace, automotive, and the power sector, where they are indispensable for producing vital components like electrical sliding contacts, gears, bearings, bushes, pistons, piston rings, and clutches. Despite the availability of various promising reinforcement materials, researchers persistently explore novel combinations of matrices and reinforcements to tailor properties and enhance cost-effectiveness. ZrO2 has emerged as a notable reinforcement material in metal matrix composites, as evidenced by numerous research endeavours. The composites fabricated with ceramic reinforcement’s exhibit enhanced tribological characteristics. The study observes that the wear rate decreases up to 3 wt% of reinforcements, beyond which it increases due to reinforcement agglomeration. The optimal wear-resistant combination is found at 3 wt% of ZrO2, attributed to robust micro-coring and interstitial metal-oxygen bonding facilitated by the Si content in the Al-12%Si matrix. The results are further optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) techniques and validated using the ANOVA table to elucidate the behaviour of the composites under different operational conditions. The hardness results further ascertain the decrease in the wear rate due to the inclusion of ZrO2 reinforcements owing to micro coring and strengthening.

The role of ZrO2 as glass-network former on radiation transmission properties of aluminoborosilicate (ABS) glasses: A glass type for nuclear waste immobilization

We report the gamma-ray shielding properties, transmission factors and, effective removal cross section values of several aluminoborosilicate glasses that have been synthesized through various glass-forming materials such as Al2O3, B2O3, SiO2, and ZrO2. The study utilized the elemental compositions and densities of eight different glass samples as input variables in theoretical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations. According to the results obtained, it was seen that the network-forming type used in aluminoborosilicate glasses had a direct effect on the radiation absorption properties of the glasses. The utilization of ZrO2 and Cs2O at the highest concentration as the network former and glass network modifier in the NCBZ-6 sample yielded the most advantageous results in relation to its gamma-ray absorption capabilities. The benefit is intrinsically related to the heightened density of glass and the incorporation of compounds with increased atomic numbers, both of which are fundamental characteristics desired in materials designed for the purpose of gamma-ray absorption. However, the enhanced capability of ZrO2 to absorb gamma-rays excludes the absorption of high-energy neutrons. The absence of boron trioxide (B2O3) in the NCBZ-6 sample can be ascribed to its restricted availability against fast neutrons. The continued existence of ZrO2 as a network forming in the investigated ABS glasses is likely to result in improved material homogeneity and progressive enhancement of gamma-ray absorption characteristics. It can be concluded that the incorporation of ZrO2 as a network-former component may be an appropriate strategy to enhance the gamma-ray shielding capabilities of aluminoborosilicate glasses.

Investigation of structural, thermal, and electrical characteristics of zirconium-doped lithium-phosphate glasses

Zirconium-lithium-phosphate glasses were elaborated through the melting-quenching technique. The primary objective of this research is to investigate how the replacement of lithium oxide with zirconium oxide impacts the physical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the fabricated glasses. The result showed that the vitreous materials were obtained with a ZrO2 content lower than 1 mol%. Furthermore, it is found that incorporating ZrO2 in the glassy phosphate framework affects mal compatibility and increases the durability of the glassy samples. Analyzing the mechanical performance reveals that the incorporation of ZrO2 leads to enhancements in the elastic constants of the glasses, including the longitudinal modulus, shear modulus, Young's modulus, bulk modulus, and Poisson coefficient. The bond strengths are used to calculate and explain the glasses' Vickers hardness values. On the other hand, the infrared (IR) spectroscopy results reveal that replacing Li2O with ZrO2 oxide in the glassy matrix causes significant structural changes. Finally, the dielectric features of the prepared glasses versus frequency and temperature are analyzed. The significance lies in the fact that the replacement of lithium with zirconium leads to a reduction in the ionic conductivity of the glasses.

Preparation and Characterization of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/ZrO2 Composite Membranes

Nanocomposite membranes of ZrO2‐doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with varying amounts of ZrO2 nanoparticles (5, 9, and 13 wt%) have been prepared via a solution casting technique. The ZrO2 nanoparticles are used as a filler synthesized by sol–gel technique. Effects of ZrO2 nanoparticles doping on composites’ morphological, optical, luminescence, and structural characteristics have been analyzed using atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray photo electron spectroscopy, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The XRD studies confirm the successful incorporation of ZrO2 into the PVA matrix and showed improved crystallinity following the doping of ZrO2 in PVA. The average size of ZrO2 nanoparticles calculated by XRD agrees well with the particle size measured by transmission electron microscopy. The UV–visible studies of nanocomposite membranes show an enhancement in absorption intensity and a slight red shift in peak positions as the ZrO2 concentration increases. The enhancement in absorption intensity suggests the potential applications in filters and solar cells. The maximum PL intensity observed for 5 wt% of ZrO2 in the PVA/ZrO2 composite membrane suggests that this concentration is most suitable for optoelectronic applications.

Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidized Al2O3-ZrO2 Coatings Utilizing Nano-Scratch Technique

Al2O3 coatings, which can be produced by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on aluminum substrates, provide an excellent protection against corrosion and wear. However, due to the brittle nature of the oxide ceramic, the fracture toughness is limited. One approach to enhance the tolerance to fracture is the incorporation of ZrO2 to form zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA). In addition to its use as a bulk material, the application as a coating material enables a broader field of application. In this study, an Al2O3-ZrO2 composite coating was applied on a 6082 aluminum alloy using an aluminate-phosphate-based electrolytic solution containing a Zr-based salt. Polarization measurement as an indicator of the passivability of a given system revealed that Zr-based salt improves the passivation of the aluminum alloy. The coatings’ characteristics were evaluated by SEM, EDS, and XRD. ZrO2 incorporated into alumina as a metastable high-temperature modification led to a thicker coating with new morphologies including lamellar and dendritic structures. Nano-indentation showed that the incorporated Zr increase the average hardness of the compact layer from 16 GPa to 18 GPa. The fracture toughness of the coatings was investigated locally with nano-scratches applied on the compact outer layer of the coatings’ cross-sections. The Zr-containing electrolytic solution resulted in a coating with significantly higher fracture toughness (6.9 MPa∙m1/2) in comparison with the Zr-free electrolytic solution (4.6 MPa∙m1/2). Therefore, it is shown, that the PEO process stabilized a high-temperature allotrope of zirconia at room temperature without the need for rare-earth dopants such as Y2O3. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the nano-scratch method is a suitable and accurate technique for the investigation of the fracture toughness of coatings with inherent cracks.

Effect of ZrO2 incorporation on the mechanical behavior of an AlSi alloy

AlSi–ZrO2 composite was prepared by stir casting method using a vortex technique. Micrograph observations exhibit a microstructure containing primary Si particles, eutectic silicon cells and intermetallic particles embedded in a dendritic primary α-phase in both Al–Si and AlSi–ZrO2 homogenized alloys. Difference in thermal conductivity between the α matrix and the ZrO2 particles generates a high temperature gradient resulting in an increase in the cooling rate which affects the microstructure and, consequently, the mechanical properties. On the other hand, the difference of the structures and the thermal expansion coefficient between ZrO2 particles and the matrix generates stress and increases the dislocation density. Presence of the ZrO2 particles enhances the ductility of the composite materials and reduces its Young's modulus. Addition of the ZrO2 particles increases the hardness of the composite materials at low aging temperature and reduces it at higher aging temperature.

Nafion/ZrO2 hybrid membranes solvated by organic carbonates. Transport and mechanical properties

The use of cation-exchange membranes solvated by organic solvents as electrolytes for lithium metal batteries increases their safety. However, the mechanical properties of the solvated membranes are poor. In this work we have shown that incorporation of zirconium dioxide in Nafion-212 membrane significantly improves the mechanical properties of the membranes while slightly decreasing ionic conductivity. Incorporation of 6.0 wt% ZrO2 increases Young's modulus up to 66 ± 4 MPa and tensile strength up to 15 ± 3 MPa which is almost three times higher than similar parameters for unmodified membranes. In addition, incorporation of ZrO2 reduces the volumetric swelling of the membranes during solvation.

Guar gum-driven high-energy plasma electrolytic oxidation for concurrent improvements in the electrochemical and catalytic properties of Ti-15 Zr alloy

A hybrid composite layer with optimal chemical stability and catalytic activity was formed on Ti-15 Zr alloy for the first time via high-energy plasma electrolytic oxidation driven by guar gum (GG). Here, the substrate was treated in a phosphate-based electrolyte containing GG (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 g/L), which might act as an electron donor during plasma-assisted electrochemical processes. The ability of GG molecules to form an adsorption layer on the substrate surface through either polar –OH or hetero-oxygen atoms would be responsible for the reduction in the intensity of plasma discharges observed at lower concentrations of GG (1 g/L). However, higher concentrations of GG would act as barriers to the electron avalanche by accumulating at the surface of the barrier passive layer developed on the substrate surface. As a result, the discharges in the 1.5GG and 2GG samples were more potent than those observed in other electrolytes to overcome the electron avalanche obstruction. In addition, the chemical incorporation of ZrO2 into the TiO2 layer would be affected by the GG additive, which would donate electrons to the oxygen bubble, acting as electron acceptors in the electrolyte. The chemical stability of the 1.5GG sample was superior to the other samples as it had the highest values of outer and inner layer resistances (1.79 × 107 and 4.81 × 107 Ω.cm2, respectively). The 1.5 GG sample achieved also a relatively good catalytic activity of 95.97% toward methylene blue. Thus, a multifunctional layer with high chemical stability and high catalytic activity was formed, which would be associated with the presence of rutile and ZrO2 in the coatings, respectively. The obtained results of the oxide layers were very high and comparable to other works.